Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• . These ligands can be covalently attached to the underlying surface coat through standard bioconjugation chemistry or utilizing bioorthogonal bioconjugation strategies such as click-chemistry [88][89]. Additionally, in certain situations, the targeting ligand can be directly conjugated to the NP

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• with these molecules using EDC/NHS and maleimide conjugation techniques for site-specific bioconjugation [60]. This conjugation is highly selective because it does not interfere with organic groups such as amine and carboxyl groups in the antibodies. Additionally, it does not require controlled pH

• functionalized with maleimide (dienophile) groups. The ACNPs increased the cytotoxicity, specificity, and intracellular uptake of the chemotherapeutic in cancer cells and resulted in a better therapeutic efficacy. Accumulating evidence revealed that click chemistry provides site-specific bioconjugation by

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• need to be functionalized through either harsh acid treatment or bioconjugation to increase their biocompatibility. It has been reported that COOH-functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) dispersed in hMSC media have the least toxicity to cells without adverse effects on the adipogenic

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• for bioconjugation [34]. Thus, oligonucleotide SERS spectra can indicate a positive charge of the SERS substrate surface. An oligonucleotide was labeled with a Black Hole Quencher dye (BHQ1) for better spectrum recognition due to exclusion of characteristic peaks with background fluorescence, which is

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• on the ability of functional fusion proteins presenting a lytic gamma peptide, to promote interactions with HeLa cells and delivery of large hybrid nanostructures. Keywords: bioconjugation; cellular uptake; nanoparticle hybrids; polymer encapsulation; self-assembly; Introduction Developing hybrid

Recombinant DNA technology and click chemistry: a powerful combination for generating a hybrid elastin-like-statherin hydrogel to control calcium phosphate mineralization

• Mohamed Hamed Misbah,
• Mercedes Santos,
• Luis Quintanilla,
• Christina Günter,
• Matilde Alonso,
• Andreas Taubert and
• José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 772–783, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.80

• post-synthesis reactions can be performed with the ELRs. As far as polymer bioconjugation is concerned, the thermoresponsivity of ELRs could be exploited to tune the bioactivity of biological components [13][31][32][33][34]. According to this idea, the use of recombinant DNA technology [23][35] allows

Comparison of four methods for the biofunctionalization of gold nanorods by the introduction of sulfhydryl groups to antibodies

• Xuefeng Wang,
• Zhong Mei,
• Yanyan Wang and
• Liang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 372–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.39

• nanochip. Results and Discussion Bioconjugation with GNRs to thiolate anti-IgG The biological receptor was first modified by Traut’s reagent, DTT reduction, dithiolaromatic PEG6-CONHNH2, and SH-PEG-NH2 combined with EDC reaction (SH-PEG-NH2/EDC) to effectively conjugate anti-human IgG with GNRs via Au–S

• the GNR surfaces after binding of anti-IgG. The four modified anti-IgG all induced a decrease in zeta potential after conjugation. This is consistent with previously reported observations that GNR surface potentials decrease after bioconjugation from highly positive surface charges packed with CTAB, a

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• applicability toward diverse substrates is “click chemistry” [29][30]. Moreover, multistep reactions could be shortened by combining click chemistry with other conventional bioconjugation methods. Such strategies are commonly involved in the preparation of multifunctional nano-biohybrids with the advantage of

• solvent dispersed, iron oxide nanocrystals must be transferred into aqueous phase and make them active in bioconjugation reactions with biomolecules [35]. In order to obtain the required aqueous stability, amphiphilic polymers like poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene (PMAO) are able to form oil-in

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• ] served as a carrier rod with more than 2,000 addressable thiols. These were equipped with maleimide-reactive bifunctional linkers (maleimide-PEG11-biotin; see [165] for details on bioconjugation techniques), resulting in biotinylated TMVCys/Bio. The PEG11 linker spacer provided increased degrees of

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• electrodes (SPCEs). The nanostructures were functionalized using ferrocenylmethyl lipoic acid ester which allowed for the tethering of the ferrocene group to gold, which serves as an electrochemical transducer/mediator. The bioconjugation of the surface with anti-human IgG antibody (α-hIgG) or horseradish

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• small pilot study we compared the effects of silver nanoparticles, which are conjugated to BSA “in situ” and “ex situ” on oocyte maturation. In case of in situ bioconjugation silver nanoparticles are synthesized by laser ablation of a solid target in the presence of the biomolecule of choice [52][79

• ]. The ex situ method is an alternative approach where the ablation site is physically separated from bioconjugation [80]. To this end laser ablation is carried out in a flow through reactor, while biomolecules are added at specified time delays. Innate to the in situ bioconjugation method is a distinct

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• Fe3O4 NPs that were incorporated in silica and functionalized with a carboxylic acid group for bioconjugation. The synthesis involved coating silica around citric-acid-coated Fe3O4 NPs by using the Stöber process. The MPS-activated silica-coated Fe3O4 NPs were then conjugated with TGA-modified CdTe NPs

• was then amine-functionalized through APS treatment for bioconjugation with FITC-IgG by using glutaraldehyde as linker. The characterization of the prepared NPs was carried out through XRD, UV–vis spectroscopy and PL emission spectra, VSM, TEM and SEM. The fluorescence spectra of mercaptosuccinic-acid

• . The fluorescence emission peak at 520 (from FITC) and 573 nm (from nanocomposites) confirmed the bioconjugation of amine-functionalized hybrid nanocomposites with FITC-IgG. In a similar way, Nai-Qiang et al. [41] reported a simple modified Stöber process in combination with layer by layer assembly for

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• laser post irradiation, delayed bioconjugation and in situ size quenching by low salinity electrolytes. Subsequent or parallel applications of these methods enable precise tuning of the particle diameters in a regime from 4–400 nm without utilization of any artificial surface ligands. The second

• 10−4 s [27]. Hence, the resulting particles are not believed to possess additional adverse effects when added to biological samples ex situ. Consequently, it is absolutely vital to geometrically separate the sites of ablation and bioconjugation, an approach possible in a flow-through reactor applying

• a process named delayed bioconjugation (fast ex situ bioconjugation) [92][93]. To this end laser ablation is carried out in a flow through reactor, while biomolecules are added at specified time delays. As gold nanoparticles generated in a carrier stream tend to grow on, possibly due to coalescence

A sonochemical approach to the direct surface functionalization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane

• Bashiru Kayode Sodipo and
• Azlan Abdul Aziz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1472–1476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.160

• among the common materials with which SPION can be functionalized. APTES is a coupling agent and in addition can prevent the agglomeration of the SPION through steric repulsion. The terminal amine group of the aminosilane molecule is suitable for bioconjugation [2][3][4]. Moreover, the amine moiety is

Optimizing the synthesis of CdS/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals for bioimaging applications

• Li-wei Liu,
• Si-yi Hu,
• Ying Pan,
• Jia-qi Zhang,
• Yue-shu Feng and
• Xi-he Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.105

• and CdS/ZnS QDs change less significantly after laser irradiation. This indicates that the bioconjugation with F127 did not affect the stability of the CdS/ZnS QDs. CdS and ZnS are group II–VI semiconductors with a similar crystalline structure and a lattice mismatch of 6.4%. As ZnS is a phosphor

Extracellular biosynthesis of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles, their biodistribution and bioconjugation with the chemically modified anticancer drug taxol

• Shadab Ali Khan,
• Sanjay Gambhir and
• Absar Ahmad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 249–257, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.27

• ) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The Gd2O3–taxol bioconjugate was confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy and was purified by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Keywords: bioconjugation; biodistribution; gadolinium oxide; humicola sp; transmission

• extended the work of biosynthesis of Gd2O3 nanoparticles to bioconjugation with taxol. Bioconjugation of taxol with gold and iron oxide nanoparticles has also been reported [15][16]. Taxol is one of the most important anticancer drugs used for breast, ovarian and lung cancers [17][18]. The potent

• bioconjugation of chemically modified taxol with biocompatible Gd2O3 nanoparticles. Experimental Materials Gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) and sodium carbonate were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Malt extract, yeast extract, glucose and peptone were obtained from HiMedia and used as received. Methods The thermophilic

Self-organizing bioinspired oligothiophene–oligopeptide hybrids

• Alexey K. Shaytan,
• Eva-Kathrin Schillinger,
• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Sylvia Schmid,
• Pavel G. Khalatur,
• Peter Bäuerle and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 525–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.57

• the recent progress in the field of the chemistry of polymer bioconjugation in which the biconjugation with amyloidogenic peptides is one of the most frequently used techniques. The resulting interplay of intermolecular interactions is affected by both the synthetic and peptide parts, leading to an

Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical NMR-based diagnostics

• Huilin Shao,
• Tae-Jong Yoon,
• Monty Liong,
• Ralph Weissleder and
• Hakho Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 142–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.17

• epichlorohydrin and activated by ammonia to provide primary amine group functionality. The amine groups can then be easily reacted with various agents containing anhydride, hydroxyl, carboxyl, thiol, or epoxide groups, to confer molecular specificity to the nanoparticle through bioconjugation [43]. Amine

• -terminated CLIO nanoparticles have an average hydrodynamic diameter of 25–40 nm, approximately 40–80 amines per nanoparticle for bioconjugation, and a r2 of ~50 s−1·mM−1 [Fe] [13][44]. Despite their relatively low r2, their unique coating makes CLIO nanoparticles exceedingly robust for use in biological

• nanomaterials, bioconjugation chemistry and microfabrication. As a novel technique, DMR offers a number of unique advantages, such as high detection sensitivity, rapid target measurement from minimal sample volumes, and the ability to profile a wide range of targets in a multiplexed manner. With new