Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• shoulder arises in the lower photon energies. Spectral analysis of this structure shown in Figure 4b indicates that the shoulder consists of two components; PO1 (531.6 eV) and PO2 (534.4 eV). These are assigned to π*(O=C from the carboxyl groups) and σ*(O–H from the hydroxyl groups), respectively [23]. It

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• , 2, and 3 wt % of MWCNTs functionalized with carboxyl groups with PBS in a batch mixer resulted in a uniform distribution of agglomerated MWCNTs within the polymer matrix, an increase in the storage modulus, and enhanced electrical conductivity of PBS. Moreover, MWCNTs had a significant effect on the

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• groups in commercial CMC. The adsorption band at 2875 cm−1 represents symmetric stretching vibrations of the –CH2 group. The strong peak at 1620 cm−1 likely corresponds to asymmetric C=O stretching vibrations in carboxyl groups such as ‒COONa. The sharp, symmetric peaks at 1424 and 1325 cm−1 correspond

• , corresponding to carbonyl (‒C=O) stretching in carboxyl groups, nearly disappears, indicating lateral bonding between PVA and GA. Additionally, the appearance of the peak at 668 cm−1 indicates the presence of a Zn‒O bond, while the peaks at 880 and 3416 cm−1 correspond to Zn‒OH vibrations, suggesting the

• aligns with the subsequent EDX results. The FTIR spectrum (Figure 2g) of commercial CMC displays distinct adsorption bands at 3219, 2875, 1424, 1325, 1053, 1029 and 893 cm−1. The broad band from 3219 to 3406 cm−1 corresponds to O‒H stretching vibrations, reflecting the abundance of hydroxy and carboxyl

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• to the ionized carboxyl groups of FA in the corresponding medium. Incorporation of TMZ in the CNs did not change their zeta potential significantly, confirming the assumptions regarding the TMZ loading (Table 1). The mean particle size for the parent CNs (MWCNTs-COOH and MWCNTs-G-COOH) was 136 and

• and MWCNTs-G-COOH (assigned to C=O vibrations from the carboxyl groups of PEG6000) probably implies on ester bond and confirms the covalent PEGylation of the CNs. Upon FA functionalization, the spectra of MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA (Figure 4b) and MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA (Figure 4d) showed a new band at 1679 cm−1

• -G-PEG6000-FA exhibit another novel band at 1728 and 1732 cm−1, respectively, resulting probably from C=O stretching vibrations of the ester RCOOR′ group formed between the carboxyl groups of FA and hydroxy groups of PEG6000. The bands at 1423 cm−1 in the spectrum of MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA and at 1428 cm

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• procurement) of the particles, which for SiO2 nanomaterials is either the Stöber method or the emulsion method, followed by chemical modification. Here, nanomaterial functionalisation was realised by addition of amino or carboxyl groups with shorter or longer aliphatic linkers. Alteration in the particles

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• strong repulsive forces among the nanoparticles (Figure 3a and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2) [28]. The highly negative zeta potential values are probably due to the exposed functional group of ʟ-carnosine molecules. The negatively charged carboxyl groups (COO−) of ʟ-carnosine are attracted

• peaks in FTIR suggested that carboxyl is the exposed functional group. Based on the earlier reports, free –NH2 and carboxyl groups are believed to participate in cross-linking and forming complexes between ʟ-car-AgNP1 and Cd2+/Pb2+ ions. The Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions interact with lone electron pairs of these

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• decomposed into oxygen in carboxyl groups (531.74 eV) and physically adsorbed –OH groups (533.30 eV) [40]. In the Fe 2p XPS spectra (Figure 2d), the binding energy peaks of Fe 2p3/2 correspond to Fe2+ and Fe3+ with peak positions at 711.42 and 713.35 eV, respectively. The Fe 2p1/2 peaks correspond to Fe2

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• . The purification process was carried out by successive washings by centrifugation, using ethanol and water. The addition of the tumor driver to the NPs was performed by activating the carboxyl groups of folic acid with the use of EDC, in the presence of NHS, and subsequent reaction with amine groups

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• Au3+ into Au(0) during the synthesis of the nanocomposite AuNPs@GluN/Alg without additional chemicals. Alginate serves as a stabilizing agent. In the ionotropic gelation mechanism, the cross-linking matrix of Ca–alginate, formed by Ca2+ ions and carboxyl groups in sodium alginate, becomes insoluble

• ). The broad band around 3445 cm−1 corresponds to O–H groups of sugar molecules in the polysaccharides, while the vibrations at 2925 and 2850 cm−1 are attributed to symmetric stretching of C–H bonds. The peaks at 1750 and 1620 cm−1 signify carboxyl groups in alginate chains, with the peak at 1035 cm−1

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• alginate matrix in which carboxyl groups of alginate were cross-linked with methacrylate and dialdehyde. They used this matrix as a sealant patch for the lungs and for the controlled delivery of soluble drugs such as DOX. The oxidation of alginate produces functional aldehyde groups, which that can form

• promising platform for metal sensing. First, alginate is non-toxic and biocompatible, making it safe for use in various applications [109]. Second, alginate has carboxyl groups, which can capture metallic cations in solutions and achieve local enrichment of the metal ions inside the nanoparticles [110

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• is randomly decorated with oxygen-containing functional groups, including hydroxy, epoxy, and carboxyl groups [64][65]. In contrast, rGO is derived from the partial removal of these functionalities [66][67][68][69]. Further details about the structure and properties of GO and rGO are given in section

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• , the O–C=O bond peak at 288.6 eV was exclusively detected in the as-grown films, proving that the HT+RTA procedure leads to the release of carboxyl groups originating from the copper(II) acetate precursor. A comprehensive surface analysis of the as-grown films and those prepared by repeating the HT+RTA

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• amide groups and free amine groups at the ends of its polymer chains, as well as carboxyl groups. These amide and amine groups provide excellent hydrogen bonding sites [23][24]. Regarding the binding of antibody to protein A/G, it has been described that this occurs at pH values between 5 and 8 because

• understandable as nylon is a polyamide that contains not only many amide groups and free amine groups at the ends of its polymeric chains, but also a large number of carboxyl groups, more than amine groups, which give the nanofibres a negative charge in the basic pH range [23]. Therefore, basic pH levels such as

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• NP surfaces, such as aldehyde, carboxylic acid, and epoxide groups [46][47]. The carboxyl groups on the NP surfaces are activated in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(-3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), and a zero-length carboxyl-to-amine crosslinker forms an amide bond through coupling with amine

• . In a two-step reaction, NHS/sulfo-NHS evades the intra- and intermolecular cross-linking of the antibodies as the antibodies have both amine and carboxyl groups [48]. Acharya et al. prepared rapamycin-loaded polymeric PLGA NPs and conjugated them with cetuximab using EDC/NHS cross-linking chemistry

• with these molecules using EDC/NHS and maleimide conjugation techniques for site-specific bioconjugation [60]. This conjugation is highly selective because it does not interfere with organic groups such as amine and carboxyl groups in the antibodies. Additionally, it does not require controlled pH

Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification

• Tiago Amarante,
• Thiago H. R. Cunha,
• Claudio Laudares,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Ana Carolina dos Santos,
• Cíntia L. Pereira,
• Vinicius Ornelas,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• André S. Ferlauto and
• Rodrigo G. Lacerda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44

• length was purchased from Maine University (3.0 wt % aqueous gel) [58]. Further characterizations and information about the MFC can be found in [58]. Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with hydroxy and carboxyl groups (–OH and –COOH), outer diameter between 20 and 50 nm and an average

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• . These nanoparticles featured a negatively charged surface (zeta potential between −30 and −40 mV) resulting from the terminal carboxyl groups of PLGA. The drug loperamide was solubilized in the nanoemulsion droplets so that loperamide-loaded PLGA nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 200 nm

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• carboxyl groups of PLGA at the NP surface [43]. CS is a cationic heteropolysaccharide, which promotes cellular uptake, mucoadhesiveness, and tissue penetration [42]. Therefore, CS interacts easily with negatively charged groups at the surface of the NPs and increases the tissue penetration. Morphology of

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• ) layers on the QCM surface was done through the pretreatment of mercaptoacetic acid on the QCM surface. The free carboxyl groups were then linked to SAs by a coupling agent to form SAMs. The QCM results indicated that BSA- and HSA-modified QCM sensors have a specific recognition ability, especially for

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• cm−1 corresponding to the O–H stretching vibration originating from carboxyl groups. Besides, an intense peak at 1641 cm−1 was assigned to the C=O stretching of carboxyl and/or carbonyl groups, a sharp peak at 1387 cm−1 corresponding to a –OH bend, and a strong peak at 1068 cm−1 ascribed to an alkoxy

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• thiol group in GSH and the aldehyde group in Rh6G2 undergo an addition reaction, followed by the formation of unstable intermediates [41]. Ultimately, the carboxyl groups of GSH will provide an acidic microenvironment so that a hydrolysis reaction will occur resulting in the formation of RGCOOH (Figure

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• comparison to PHEG-Tyr nanogel due to the presence of carboxyl groups of lysine in side chains of the zwitterionic Nα-Lys-NG nanogel [25][29]. The zeta potential of Nα-Lys-NG nanogel was not significantly affected by the change of temperature (Figure 3b). However, a slight decrease of zeta potential with

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• metals and other cations, electrospun membranes have been recognized as a promising solution. Most metal ion removing membranes interact with the targeted ions through ionic interactions via functional groups, such as hydroxy groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, and ester groups, on the membrane

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• nanoparticles (PWG) capable of spontaneous assembly under physiological conditions. Interestingly, since glycine provides carboxyl groups and is acid-sensitive, when the nanoparticles reach the tumor site, the acidity increases and the protonation of PWG promotes the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds