Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• photomodification to obtain NPs bearing a full protein corona on the lipid surface, the proteins of which could be identified by mass analysis [23]. Hossein Mohammad-Beigi and colleagues published another approach in 2020 [7]. They used methods of click chemistry to fix proteins on the surface of silica and

• polystyrene NPs and thereby obtained the full corona. In principle, the effect of click chemistry and photomodification is the same. Both fix the full corona; however, the methods differ in details. When click chemistry is performed, soft corona proteins bind only to pre-modified hard corona proteins, whereas

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• . These ligands can be covalently attached to the underlying surface coat through standard bioconjugation chemistry or utilizing bioorthogonal bioconjugation strategies such as click-chemistry [88][89]. Additionally, in certain situations, the targeting ligand can be directly conjugated to the NP

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• interactions, ionic cross-linking, and hydrogen-bonded gels). Chemically synthesised hydrogels are produced by covalent cross-linking pathways such as radical polymerisation, radiation cross-linking, grafting, thermogelation, enzymatic reactions, and click chemistry [4][5]. Hydrogel materials have quite a long

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• the interaction between antibodies and NP surfaces [45][46]. The most commonly used covalent binding techniques are related to the interaction between NPs and antibodies via carbodiimide crosslinker chemistry, maleimide-activated crosslinker chemistry, and click chemistry. Carbodiimide chemistry

• do not have sugar moieties in their structure. Click chemistry: Click chemistry is characterized as a group of chemical reactions with orthogonality and site-specificity. This chemistry yields promising reaction rates with high efficiency in aqueous solutions and generates minimal cytotoxic

• byproducts. Click chemistry involves a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition between an organic azide and a terminal alkyne to form a stable 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole ring (Figure 4c) [58][59]. Azides and alkynes are inert towards most functional groups and biomolecules. Hence, the NPs are functionalized

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• –Thr–Ser (LDTS) sequence in MAdCAM-1, and Ile–Asp–Ser (IDS) in VCAM-1 [19]. Another example of selective adhesion of cells expressing one type of integrin has been achieved by click chemistry to immobilize peptidomimetics of α5β1- or ανβ3-selective RGD peptides [45]. Two other commonly used adhesive

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• the PAAm-PMA assembly was found to be unstable at pH > 5.5 due to disruptions in hydrogen bonding, the block PAAm-DMDAAC copolymer assembly was stable even until pH 8 due to the transition from hydrogen bonding to electrostatic interactions. Click chemistry Click chemistry is the tagging of

• section, the antibodies were used to functionalize PVPAlk low fouling capsules using covalent click chemistry to target cancer cells [101]. They were very effective against LIM2405 colorectal cancer cells even at a low concentration of 0.1% cancer cells in the total cell population. Protein A (obtained

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• -fetoprotein (AFP) is the most commonly used biomarker for early screening and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, a combination of three techniques (click chemistry, the biotin–streptavidin–biotin sandwich strategy and the use of antigen–antibody interactions) were combined to implement a

• sensitive fluorescent immunosensor for AFP detection. Three types of functionalized glasses (dibenzocyclooctyne- (DBCO-), thiol- and epoxy-terminated surfaces) were biotinylated by employing the respective adequate click chemistry counterparts (biotin–thiol or biotin–azide for the first class, biotin

• was spotted onto them via microchannel cantilever spotting (µCS). Based on the fluorescence measurements, the optimal microarray design was found and its sensitivity was determined. Keywords: alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); cancer biomarker; click chemistry; fluorescent immunosensor; hepatocellular

Colorimetric detection of Cu²⁺ based on the formation of peptide–copper complexes on silver nanoparticle surfaces

• Gajanan Sampatrao Ghodake,
• Surendra Krishna Shinde,
• Rijuta Ganesh Saratale,
• Avinash Ashok Kadam,
• Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale,
• Asad Syed,
• Fuad Ameen and
• Dae-Young Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1414–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.134

• traditional organic probes [8][9][10], but the preparation of such functionalized quantum dots is a time-consuming process. Similarly, colorimetric methods based on Cu2+-dependent click chemistry are well-known for high selectivity and tolerance to interference caused by other metal ions. Nonetheless, these

Recombinant DNA technology and click chemistry: a powerful combination for generating a hybrid elastin-like-statherin hydrogel to control calcium phosphate mineralization

• Mohamed Hamed Misbah,
• Mercedes Santos,
• Luis Quintanilla,
• Christina Günter,
• Matilde Alonso,
• Andreas Taubert and
• José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 772–783, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.80

• advanced multifunctional materials. The generation of such multifunctional hybrid materials depends on the properties of their counterparts and the way in which they are assembled. The success of this assembly depends on the different approaches used, such as recombinant DNA technology and click chemistry

• bind to and nucleate calcium phosphate. The benefit of using click chemistry is that the hybrid elastin-like-statherin recombinamers cross-link without losing their fibrillar structure. Mineralization of the resulting hybrid elastin-like-statherin recombinamer hydrogels with calcium phosphate is

• . Recombinant DNA technology [22][23] and click chemistry [24][25][26] are two such approaches. Thus, recombinant DNA technology offers advantages such as reduction in production costs, a time reduction in large-scale bioproduction, close control of the biomacromolecules product sequence (size and uniformity

Phospholipid arrays on porous polymer coatings generated by micro-contact spotting

• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Monica de Freitas,
• Lea-Marie Tröster,
• Tobias Jochum,
• Pavel A. Levkin,
• Michael Hirtz and
• Harald Fuchs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 715–722, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.75

• water-based click-chemistry inks [10][14][15] where CuAAC mediated covalent immobilization of ink molecules and embedment’s within the polymer mesh makes the pattern highly stable in solution [10]. To determine if lipids deposited on nanoporous HEMA-EDMA polymer could be used to generate functional

Nanostructured carbon materials decorated with organophosphorus moieties: synthesis and application

• Giacomo Biagiotti,
• Vittoria Langè,
• Cristina Ligi,
• Stefano Caporali,
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda,
• Anna Flis,
• K. Michał Pietrusiewicz,
• Giacomo Ghini,
• Alberto Brandi and
• Stefano Cicchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.52

• corresponding phosphine derivatives and applied one of the materials produced as heterogeneous organocatalyst in a Staudinger ligation reaction. Keywords: azides; click chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis; organocatalysis; phosphorus; Introduction The term of carbon nanomaterial (CNMs) comprises many different

Selective photodissociation of tailored molecular tags as a tool for quantum optics

• Ugur Sezer,
• Philipp Geyer,
• Moritz Kriegleder,
• Maxime Debiossac,
• Armin Shayeghi,
• Markus Arndt,
• Lukas Felix and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.35

• [21]. Here we address this challenge and study tailored tags that are optimized to respond to light of lower photon energy with cleavage at a deterministic location. Click chemistry shall then allow attaching them to a wide class of analyte molecules and thus solve the problem. Results Design of the

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• cells, being bound the RGD peptides by “click chemistry” due to its selectivity and applicability. The thermal decomposition of iron metallo-organic precursors yield homogeneous Fe3O4 nanoparticles that have been properly functionalized with RGD peptides, and the preparation of magnetic fluids has been

• applicability toward diverse substrates is “click chemistry” [29][30]. Moreover, multistep reactions could be shortened by combining click chemistry with other conventional bioconjugation methods. Such strategies are commonly involved in the preparation of multifunctional nano-biohybrids with the advantage of

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• -resolution topographic imaging of the same sample surface by NC-AFM (Figure 6). In an extended study they synthetized an acetylene-terminated adamantane tripod, which was easily functionalized with various ligand moieties by means of click chemistry at the terminal acetylene (Figure 5). They prepared two

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• decreased the fluorescence intensity of RhB. Similarly, Zhang et al. [55] reported a click-chemistry method to incorporate RhB into paramagnetic silica NPs. The magnetic iron oxide NPs were prepared by a co-precipitation method and finally these were covered by amino-modified silica spheres through the

• Stöber process using TEOS. Subsequently, the prepared nanocomposites were carboxy-modified with glutaric anhydride and then converted to Fe3O4@SiO2–C≡C NPs by using propargylamine. Finally, the click-chemistry reaction was performed on the NP surface by using RhB-N3 in the presence of copper sulfate. The

Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• like copper, first experiments using copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycoladdition (Click chemistry) have proven the possibility to functionalize PI-b-PEG encapsulated QDs, retaining their fluorescence properties [26][30]. This superior property opens new paths in functionalization possibilities for this

• about glycol-conjugated strategies using click chemistry is provided in [39]. The encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles like iron oxide particles or QDs in the as functionalized PI-b-PEGs did not change the properties of the material, as it has already been observed for regular PI-b-PEG. This

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

• storage. On similar grounds, rGO was initially modified by phenylacetylene units, which were used to mediate the grafting of zinc–porphyrin (ZnP) and ruthenium–phenanthroline (RuP) chromophores through a copper-catalyzed “click” chemistry reaction [52]. The preparation of the RuP–rGO hybrid material is

• 270 ps, respectively, in DMF were identified, suggesting that the ultra fast charge-separation in the Pc–graphene is followed by a slower charge-recombination. Recently, a sulfonyl-substituted zinc phthalocyanine was synthesized and covalently bound to exfoliated graphene via “click” chemistry (Figure

• pendant phenylcarboxylic acid units present as substituents of pyrrolidine rings on pre-modified graphene sheets [60]. Sulfonyl-substituted zinc phthalocyanine covalently bound to pre-modified graphene via “click” chemistry [61]. Extended tetrathiafulvalene units covalently attached to exfoliated graphene

Cyclodextrin-poly(ε-caprolactone) based nanoparticles able to complex phenolphthalein and adamantyl carboxylate

• Daniela Ailincai and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.76

• Chemie, Geb. 26.33, Eb. 00, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.5.76 Abstract A new compound composed of poly(ε-caprolactone) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was synthesized by click chemistry. This compound was used to obtain stable nanoparticles, which have been proven to be able to

• poly(ε-caprolactone), which is known for its high hydrophobicity. To obtain an amphiphilic behavior requires the presence of a hydrophilic compound, which also has to comply with the biocompatibility, biodegradability and nontoxicity requirements. Copper catalyzed click chemistry became a very

• potential application for antimicrobial delivery have been described [16]. The aim of this study was to develop a β-CD-poly-ε-caprolactone compound by click chemistry, which is able to form nanoparticles in water. Once obtained, the nanoparticles were used for host–guest behavior studies with different

Selective surface modification of lithographic silicon oxide nanostructures by organofunctional silanes

• Thomas Baumgärtel,
• Christian von Borczyskowski and
• Harald Graaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 218–226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.22

• high dissociation energy (several 100 kJ/mol), and with the knowledge of their successful implementation on nanostructures, the whole realm of modular chemistry can be applied (e.g., “Click”-chemistry [18]). Mechanisms such as electrostatic binding or binding by intermolecular forces (e.g., polar

Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical NMR-based diagnostics

• Huilin Shao,
• Tae-Jong Yoon,
• Monty Liong,
• Ralph Weissleder and
• Hakho Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 142–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.17

• ). Bioorthogonal nanoparticle detection In addition to the previous strategies to improve the MNP core to enhance their relaxivities, surface modification of nanoparticles also improves their biosensing capabilities by amplifying their targeting valency for DMR applications. Bioorthogonal “click” chemistry has