Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• past decade demonstrating how these polymers improve gene silencing efficiencies, particularly in cancer and neurodegenerative disease models. Despite the progress achieved, barriers such as immunogenicity, delivery limitations, and scalability still need to be overcome for broader clinical application

• activity and immune-related adverse effects, limiting their clinical application [12][13]. Antisense oligonucleotide-based therapies have garnered great attention as precision disease treatments because of their increased target specificity and resistance to nuclease degradation, as well as enhanced

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• ophthalmic photothermal nanomaterial treatment methods will emerge in the future. However, several challenges need addressing before these technologies can be integrated into clinical ophthalmology (Figure 7). Safety remains a paramount concern for the clinical application of photothermal nanomaterials [210

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• from research to clinical application faces significant hurdles, primarily due to interactions with the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). After administration in host bodies, NCs encounter systems of phagocytic cells, predominantly resident macrophages such as Kupffer cells (KCs) in the liver and

• macrophages in the spleen and lymph nodes, that sequester them. This occurs often independent of their design and structure [7]. Although a significant challenge, this interaction presents a unique clinical application opportunity. Macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases and thus can

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• wide range of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. However, their clinical application is often hindered by poor water solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and instability under physiological conditions. Polymer lipid

• compounds, and antimicrobials, offering a natural and multifaceted arsenal for combating a wide array of diseases [6][7][8]. Despite their promising bioactivities, the clinical application of phytochemicals is often limited by several inherent drawbacks such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability

• conventional delivery of phytochemicals faces numerous challenges that limit its clinical application and therapeutic efficacy. These challenges arise from the physicochemical characteristics of phytochemicals, as well as from the physiological barriers they encounter in the body. One major challenge is poor

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• discovered to have exceptional inherent tumor-targeting characteristics without any modification, and it is a fluorophore enabling near-infrared imaging. However, IR780 iodide has low water stability and photostability [23] and shows acute toxicity at high doses [24], which limits its clinical application

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• regulating the expression through a miRNA-mediated mechanism [4]. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that CUR induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Huh-7) by activating p38, leading to FasL-associated apoptosis [5]. However, the clinical application of CUR is restricted by

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• limited their clinical application [89][90]. To overcome these obstacles, cisplatin-loaded NPs encapsulated by 4T1 cell membranes were designed for breast cancer treatment and effectively increased the targeted accumulation in the tumor site. The immune evasion of cancer cell membranes prolong the time

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• technology into the clinical application, but rather to evaluate honestly and realistically whether there truly is a benefit that should be exploited). Third, following selection of the disease to be evaluated, we suggest that the project include a well-thought-out device development and measurement strategy

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• materials. In addition, AB-LNPs could cause severe cytotoxicity when exposed to only a very low dose of laser irradiation (0.5 W/cm2, 60 s), which is beneficial to clinical application. Conclusion AB-LNPs were prepared by simply mixing Au-LNPs with BDP. The physicochemical properties of AB-LNPs were closely

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• review aims to present a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of TiO2-based nanotherapeutics and the corresponding future challenges. Keywords: clinical application; nanostructures; physicochemical; theranostics; titanium dioxide (TiO2); Introduction Nanomaterials can be described as any organic

• nanotubes , nanobelts, mesostructured, nanoflowers, including many more as displayed in the SEM image of Figure 1 [3]. Moreover, TiO2 has recently been approved for use in food and drug products by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [4]. The first clinical application of nanoscale TiO2 was

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• more precise understanding of the neuronal mechanism of language processing. Sustained research progress in neuroimaging and nanomaterials will facilitate further investigation of brain functions. Ultimately, it is only a matter of time before the gap between research and clinical application is closed

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• application of such materials in treating infections and eliminating biofilms that are formed at the surface of indwelling medical devices. Even though promising for clinical application, this approach needs to be intensively investigated through preclinical studies and clinical trials. Pie chart showing the

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

Engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for dual-modality imaging of intracranial glioblastoma via EGFRvIII targeting

• Xianping Liu,
• Chengjuan Du,
• Haichun Li,
• Ting Jiang,
• Zimiao Luo,
• Zhiqing Pang,
• Daoying Geng and
• Jun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1860–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.181

• is a primary consideration for clinical application. Therefore, the viability of U87MG and U87MG-EGFRvIII cells treated with NPs and PNPs with different concentrations was investigated using the MTT assays. Even at a high Fe concentration of 200 µg/mL, more than 95% of cell viability was found

Microfluidic manufacturing of different niosomes nanoparticles for curcumin encapsulation: Physical characteristics, encapsulation efficacy, and drug release

• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Ibrahim Khadra,
• Abdullah Albaloushi,
• Margaret Mullin,
• Hanin Alyamani and
• Valerie A. Ferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1826–1832, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.177

• longa that has been used in antitumor and anti-inflammation applications, exhibits very limited water solubility and rapid in vivo degradation, which limits its clinical application. To overcome these limitations, niosome nanoparticles were prepared by microfluidic mixing for curcumin encapsulation

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• model. Due to the presence of silanols in the calcined MSNs, the aqueous solubility becomes significantly reduced [11], which restricts the clinical application of MSNs. Calcium phosphate falls into the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) category as outlined by the United States Food and Drug

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• lipophilic groups [48][49]. Due to this phenomenon, PCX is recrystallized in minutes as a result of dilution in isotonic saline solution for intravenous (iv) infusion, which is the preferred delivery route for chemotherapy. This is one of the main problems of clinical application of PCX. In the light of the

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• reproducibility, low detection limit, wide linear range, considerable selectivity, and especially no need for sample pretreatment, present this miRNA biosensing procedure as an ideal way to detect and evaluate miR-106a in biological samples for clinical application. It is believed that this miRNA-nanobiosensor

Au nanoparticle-based sensor for apomorphine detection in plasma

• Chiara Zanchi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Sebastiano Trusso,
• Ugo de Grazia,
• Emilio Ciusani and
• Paolo M. Ossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2224–2232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.228

• .6.228 Abstract Artificially roughened gold surfaces with controlled nanostructure produced by pulsed laser deposition have been investigated as sensors for apomorphine detection aiming at clinical application. The use of such gold surfaces has been optimized using aqueous solutions of apomorphine in the

PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy

• Maria J. Ramalho,
• Joana A. Loureiro,
• Bárbara Gomes,
• Manuela F. Frasco,
• Manuel A. N. Coelho and
• M. Carmo Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1306–1318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135

• antineoplastic activity of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3, has been well documented both in vitro and in vivo. Despite calcitriol clinical application, it exhibits several limitations. This work addresses the ability of PLGA NPs to overcome some of the described drawbacks. PLGA nanoparticles were