Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• acceleration voltages of 5, 8, and 16 kV. Deposition rates Deposition rates of Ga+ and Cs+ FIBID-Pt were measured using the dimensions of the cross sections determined via FIB cut and SEM imaging. The deposition rates of Pt on Si (shown in Figure 4) increase with increasing ion current density. This applies to

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• cross sections. Shirley background subtraction was used in analysis of fine lines. For the Mo 3d, S 2p, and Na 2s spectra, curve fitting was performed using a Gaussian (40%)/Lorentzian (60%) product function. For the C 1s spectra, the main peak at ≈284.4 eV was fitted using a Lorentzian asymmetric line

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• extinction and particle-related extinction cross sections are conceivable. To differentiate molecular extinction properties from those of the particles, both suspensions were transformed to their molecular state by dissolution. Figure S13, Supporting Information File 1, shows the extinction spectra of

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• in solar cells based on these materials. To do so on operating solar cells, we created samples with exposed cross-sections and examined their potential profile distributions with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), implementing our comprehensive measurement protocol. Using the Lewis acid tris

• evaporated as a back contact under vacuum (Edwards FL 400 Au evaporator). The devices were characterized in terms of efficiency with a solar simulator (Abet Technologies, SunLite) under AM1.5 illumination. Cross-section preparation To create solar cells with exposed cross-sections, we mechanically cleaved

• ) spiro-OMeTAD doped with BCF, (iii) PTAA doped with LiTFSI and tBP, and (iv) PTAA doped with BCF. All the cells from all the batches were nominally identical, except for the HTL. We examined the potential distribution in all configurations via KPFM. We cleaved the devices and prepared smooth cross

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• ][23]. Element-specific relative sensitivity factors resulting from photoemission cross sections and analyzer transmission of photoelectrons were used to determine atom percentages [22]. The measured O 1s atom percentages for each component were used to constrain the respective C 1s peak fits. The

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• , which can adversely affect mechanical performance. Besides SEM and FESEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has the additional ability to visualize fiber cross sections and can be employed to examine core–shell, encapsulated, and particle-incorporated fiber structures [112][145][146]. Atomic force

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• for a wide flat central part of the deposit. The condition ≪ σf0 proves true for typical precursor dissociation cross sections and higher beam currents that are ultimately needed for the method described here. By using together with a sufficiently reliable estimation of the surface precursor flux Φ

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• optical properties [1][2][3][4]. Hf and its alloys are used in nuclear reactors because of their large neutron absorption cross sections and high melting points [5]. They are also used in submarines because of their corrosion resistance [6][7]. The high refractoriness of some Hf compounds [2][4] allows

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• characteristics of cuticle cross sections, we prepared the samples by sectioning, allowing for the visualization of the underlying structures. Prior to SEM imaging, a thin layer of gold–palladium, 10 nm thick, was applied to the samples. We utilized a Hitachi S-4800 SEM, operating at 3 kV. Images were captured at

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• comparison of the CO loss and Pt(II) reduction from Pt(CO)2Cl2 as functions of the Ar+ dose. Both data sets are fit to a first-order kinetic decay profile producing very similar reaction cross sections of 8.5 × 10−15 and 1.9 × 10−14 cm2, respectively. Figure 4 shows how the photoelectron spectrum of Pt(CO

• Cl LMM and C KVV Auger transitions. Reaction cross sections for Pt(CO)2X2 dissociation. Supporting Information FTIR spectra of Pt(12CO)2Cl2, Pt(13CO)2Cl2, and Pt(CO)2Br2, evolution of film contrast as a function of Ar+ dose, the decay of the C 1s X-ray photoelectron intensity as a function of Ar

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• cross sections and TEM lamellae of biological samples as well as of other thermally low conductive materials such as polymers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The easily induced heat damage is increasingly being reported [3][6][14][15][16][17]. Despite the importance of this topic, there is

• simulations and experimental data Cross sections were cut into collagen using 5 keV energy Ga ions to evaluate the results from the simulations and the proposed model. One cross section was cut with an acceleration voltage of 30 kV, beam current of 1 nA, 200 nm blur, and 20% overlap to assess the heat damage

• when using nanoampere beam currents. The unnaturally smooth surface areas, visible in the cross sections in the SEM image in Figure 4A, indicate that heat damage occurs when using higher ion energies and nanoampere currents for collagen, even when blurring the beam and reducing the overlap. This result

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

• Hlib Lyshchuk,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Thomas F. M. Luxford,
• Miloš Ranković,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Juraj Fedor,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

• spectra, however, with rather low abundances. The strong energy variation is not surprising. DEA is a resonant process; hence, particular fragments are created only at certain energies. Figure 4 shows ion yields (relative cross sections) of selected fragment anions as a function of the electron energy

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• , and their cross sections were visualized in scanning transmission electron microscopy images. The superimposition of the calculated structure profiles onto the images showed a satisfactory agreement between simulation and experimental results. In the case of boxes that were prepared with an asymmetric

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• mechanisms alongside the vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) method. Following an examination via SEM, it became evident that the NWs exhibit variations in their dimensions, highlighting a nonuniform geometry (Figure 2). The observed NWs and NB-like structures exhibited various cross-sections, including square-like

• frequency calculations), inaccuracies in measuring these dimensions can cause a scattering effect on the elastic modulus [28]. In this work, this effect is further complicated by the fact that β-Ga2O3 NW cross-sections tend to deviate from the rectangular geometry (e.g., trapezoid), giving an additional

• deviations from rectangular cross-sections, e.g., trapezoid). Minimal and maximal values of possible geometry deviations are used for modelling elastic modulus variations. These cross-section errors are detailed in Table S4 and Table S5, along with Figure S4, available in Supporting Information File 1. These

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• microscopy (CLSM), histological staining of longitudinal and cross sections (toluidine blue and Cason), and micro-computed tomography (µCT), our investigation of the arolium and euplantulae of the stick insect M. extradentata addresses the following questions: (1) Are there structural and material

• tarsi and cross sections of the pretarsal (arolium) and tarsal (euplantulae) attachment pads of adult female stick insects M. extradentata were analysed using CLSM. Fresh tarsi of M. extradentata were cut off, directly placed in 100% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) for 30

• min, and then transferred to glycerine. To analyse the entire tarsus, it was directly transferred onto a glass slide and mounted with a coverslip (thickness = 0.170 ± 0.005 mm, refractive index = 1.52550 ± 0.00015, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany). For the cross sections of arolium and

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• ]. In these cases, though, the initial CO loss was more rapid, which was ascribed to the larger size of the molecules and consequently larger reactive scattering cross sections. Overall, the results summarized above show that there is room for further improvements to devise FEBID processes for

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• ) and the energy dependence of the cross sections for the respective electron-induced processes. For more quantitative comparison with the UHV FEBID experiments presented here and the earlier HV experiments on this precursor, Figure 8 shows the energy dependence of the relative cross sections for the

• incident electron energy [25], and the attachment cross sections are highest at the 0 eV threshold. Consequently, exothermic DEA processes that proceed at the 0 eV threshold are generally the most efficient. This is also the case here, and we find the single methyl loss leading to the formation of [Au2Cl2

A bifunctional superconducting cell as flux qubit and neuron

• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Pavel V. Pikunov,
• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1116–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.92

• approximation according to Equation 12 with accuracy equal to PLZ > 1%. For D = 0.0044 (e) and DR = 0.008 and DF = 0.002 (f), cross sections of probabilities P1(l) are given, which are marked with red arrows in (c, d). (g, h) Population of the excited state as a function of Δt = t2 − t1 with fixed values of (a

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• dynamics (i.e., decay time-constant). In turn, this experiment confirms that DHe-KPFM allows an ac-demodulated imaging of the SPV (to within the K1 scalar constant) with a very high spatial resolution (a lateral resolution of a few nanometres has been achieved according to image cross-sections, not shown

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• representing the ratio of the density of neutral precursors, must then be weighted with the (yet unknown) electron attachment cross sections to compare the experimentally measured ratio between CoL2− anions and MnL2− anions, via Nion = ε·Ne·Nneutral·σion·L, where ε is the ion detection efficiency, Ne and

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• with a super depth-of-field microscope, measure cross-sections of veins of wings via SEM, and characterize the nanomechanical structural and elastic behaviour of the structures using a nanoindenter. The authors use the detailed observations obtained to explore the relative aerodynamical performance of

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• . The verified sensitivity of our KPFM setup to the narrower layers will be crucial for the study of the cross sections of operating solar device in future works. The analysis of the surface potential profile identified the presence of space charge regions and, thus, the formation of several junctions

SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms

• Magdalena A. Zając,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Łukasz Gutowski,
• Jan L. Weyher and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46

• the surface of each sample. Ten AFM cross sections from different scanning areas were made and averaged for each sample, from which the average layer thickness and the standard deviation of thickness were determined. To measure the thickness of Ag layers deposited by MS, Ag was deposited in the same

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• longitudinal ridges extend beyond the apical portion of the scale, thus forming an apical fringe (Figure 3c). Some details of the nanostructures, characterising the tarsal scales of Ae. albopictus, have been clarified with the aid of TEM (Figure 4). Cross sections of the tarsi in their white (Figure 4a–d) or

• . Cross sections of the tarsi in their white (a–d) and black (e–h) portions. In (a) and (e) note the series of overlapping four to five convex scales around the tarsus (T). The lower (LS) and the upper (US) surfaces are closely juxtaposed even if some empty spaces representing nanovoids, originating from

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• with respect to changing parameters of the material under consideration can be developed with a few examples of the theoretically arrived optical cross sections of a few generic morphologies of nanoparticles and will be discussed next for the case of nanospheres, nanorods, and nanomatryushkas. The

• of the absorbance of a plasmonic nanoparticle is done by calculation of its optical cross sections and specifically the extinction cross section, which includes the absorption as well as the scattering cross section. A few examples of the same will be discussed to compare the differences that need to

• approximation. Simulated absorption cross sections of Ag nanomatryushkas for different radii of different concentric spheres are shown in Figure 7. From the few examples presented, it is clear that information such as the absorption range, the intensity of absorption, and importantly the changes in absorption