Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• description of Fock-based qudit control First, we need to quantize the field in the harmonic oscillator that corresponds to a high-quality resonator. The energy of the electric field stored in the capacitor and the energy of the magnetic field stored in the inductor can be written as follows: with operators

• interaction strength of the resonator mode with the Josephson subsystem is taken as , where is the dipole moment of the transmon, is the vacuum electric field in the resonator that affects the transmon, and l is the distance that the Cooper pair travels when tunneling through JJ [43]. The conditions for the

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• mobility of charged particles in a suspension under an electric field to deposit them onto a substrate (Figure 14e). The key advantages of EPD include precise control over film thickness, uniform deposition, scalability for large-area coatings, and compatibility with a variety of materials achieved through

• use of solvents. EPD provides the notable benefit of film densification through the strong electric field near the substrate surface, eliminating the need for adhesives and binders [134][145][146][147]. Guo et al. reported a ligand-free method to synthesize colloidal metallic NPs using liquid-phase

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• ]. These hot spots significantly enhance the local electric field, thereby improving SERS efficiency relative to isotropic spherical nanoparticles. For AgNPrs, hot spots at the tip and edges play a key role in SERS enhancement, while the flat surfaces contribute less [25]. Consequently, AgNPrs with

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• absorption in the metal and scattering in other directions, which depend on the properties of the metal [43]. The penetration depth of SPPs into the metal measures how far the electric field of the SPP decays exponentially inside the metal. Ash and colleagues reported the impact of wavelength and beam width

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• we develop an experimental and theoretical framework for evaluation of TXMs that uses Mie theory to compute the electric field emerging from a nanosphere. We approximate the microscope’s condenser illumination by plane waves at the mean illumination angle and the zone plate by a thin lens. We find

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• amplitude contrast showed that grains have different piezo responses. According to the applied electric field, bright areas correspond to regions with active piezoelectric response, while dark regions indicate piezoelectric activities in the opposite direction of the applied electric field on the surface

• applied electric field, the acquired phase signals determine the polarization direction of hBNs [49]. The direction and angle of polarization of piezoelectric hBNs were recorded by phase contrast measurement, and it was found to be 300°. This high value indicates that hBNs gave spontaneous responses as

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• had a smectic crystal phase that had a tilted chromophore (the part that gives the molecule its color) at 45° from the layer normal. This tilted chromophore caused a macroscopic polarization (a change in the electric field) when a direct current (DC) bias was applied during cooling from a high

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• liquid dynamics in laser excitation of solvated NPs, especially regarding the ionization and heating of the liquid water environment either directly by the laser electric field under high-intensity regime or through electron ejections from the NPs. Figure 5A–C shows the result of ΔImol(q, t) for the

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• cation layer on their surfaces, which is responsible for ionic conductivity in physiological media (Figure 8b). Microtubules align along direct current electric field lines and can be vibrationally excited at megahertz frequencies by electric dipole antennas [46]. Other relevant properties include

• a microtubule. As electric fields (and therefore the electric field originating from the ζ-potential, too) in physiological media are attenuated over short distances [27][51], a morphodynamic response would only occur when the nanopipette is within a few pipette diameters of the mitochondrion. The

• current flows, which generates an electric field (symbolised by the black arrow). The surface charges perform a relative movement due to the jittering of the microtubule. This also generates a current and an electric field from the point of observation of the mitochondrion (symbolised by the black arrow

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• at higher fluences. Moreover, AFM studies reveal grain size reduction leading to the enhancement in the density of grain boundaries. This generates an intrinsic electric field, which in turn evolves Raman optical modes [49]. Further, the fall in intensity of the E2 (high) mode is corroborated with

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• model catalyst”, pages 8-13, Copyright (2019), with permission from Elsevier. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) Ce–O interatomic distances for 2 ML and 10 ML CeO2 films evaluated by fitting Ce L3-edge EXAFS with the electric field parallel (dCe−O PAR) and perpendicular (dCe−O PER) to the

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• carriers. In p-n junction photodetectors, an internal electric field further facilitates this separation, enhancing the response of the device [65]. The effect of light intensities at different wavelengths was also investigated while illuminating using 532 and 785 nm continuous laser source with variable

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• cantilever coated with Pt at the resonance frequency of 68 kHz with an elastic constant of 1–5 N/m (AppNano) and doped diamond tips with 120 kHz and 8 N/m elastic constant (ADAMA). Kelvin probe force microscopy images were taken via double passage before and after applying an electric field by elevating the

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• accumulation at the perovskite junctions because of the applied bias (like the aforementioned defect-state and relative work function contributions). Consequently, we use these bias-induced potential profiles (that result from the aforementioned subtraction of CPD profiles) to plot electric field profiles

• (Figure 3i–l) that reflect the junction quality of the perovskite absorber with its adjacent transport layers. We chose to present the results as electric field differences and not as bias-induced voltage profiles, since the electric field peaks provide a more intuitive way of immediately identifying the

• position of the built-in fields that enable charge separation. These profiles that are being referred to as “electric field difference” are presented in Figure 3i–l. To extract the electric field difference profiles, we applied the following equation: Here, E is the electric field difference, V is the

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• reliability of capacitors [10]. Similarly, in next-generation photovoltaic devices, the dielectric properties of absorber layers, such as lead-halide perovskites, affect carrier recombination and electric field distribution, thereby influencing power conversion efficiency [11]. At the nanoscale, the

• capacitors depends strongly on the local electric field distribution around tip apex, tip cone, and cantilever. Whereas the apex capacitance contains the desired local information, the stray capacitance from cone, lever, and cables produces a background signal that effectively reduces the lateral resolution

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• electrospun polymer fibers is affected by electric field intensity, solution viscosity, charge density of the solution, and solution supply rate [56]. The size of the fibers also affects the performance of electrospun nanofiber composites [57]. Numerous polymers and precursors including polylactic acid, PU

• hemostatic agent for trauma treatment [107]. Patil et al. explored three types of silk forms, namely, regular film, lamellar porous film, and electrospun silk nanofibers for wound dressings. Factors such as solvent solution, electric field intensity, spinning distance, and SF concentration affected the

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• a strong electric field generated in the cavity, the ECR-based ion sources equipped with microwave cavities neither contain any filament nor any type of electrode [26]. The high plasma density within a quartz cup is confined by solenoid magnets surrounding it, creating a multi-cusp magnetic field

• electric field generated by the magnetron induces gas breakdown (discharge), leading to the formation of a highly intense plasma. The produced plasma is confined and sustained by a permanent magnet positioned near the plasma cup. For the extraction and focusing of the beam, a gridded electrostatic einzel

• plasma are accelerated towards the sample with an energy approximately equal to the applied voltage. Grid 2 (extractor) This grid is employed to control the divergence of the ion beam. A negative voltage is applied to the extractor grid, creating an electric field that influences ion trajectories

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• reactions of adatoms between neighbor layers acts in the opposite manner to the adsorption coefficient [41]. An applied external electric field can affect the type and size of the surface structures [37][42][43]. Anisotropy of surface diffusion, induced by properties of the substrate, can lead to fractal

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• . Thus, in a strong electric field, the tip of a polymer solution or melt extruded from a capillary changes from a spherical to a conical shape, the so-called Taylor cone [14]. The parameters involved in the electrospinning process can be divided into three categories, namely, electrospinning, solution

• , and environment. For electrospinning, factors such as applied electric field, distance between the needle and collector, flow rate, and needle diameter affect the fabrication of the nanofibrous sample. Solution parameters include the types of solvent, polymer concentration, viscosity, and solution

• , including irregular fluid jet movement, variations in surface tension, and sensitivity to external parameters such as temperature, humidity, and airflow. These factors can disrupt the uniformity of the fiber formation. When the fiber jets are drawn in the direction of the electric field force, the polymer

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• mixing Bi(NO3)3 and Na2WO4 using different methods. The distinctive layered structure of this material creates gaps between the slabs that form an electric field. This electric field opposes the movement of electrons and holes. This effect decreases the recombination of charge carriers, leading to an

• g-C3N4 with other semiconductors with comparable band structures can take advantage of the differences in energy band structures while simultaneously combining the best features of both components. The result is an intrinsic electric field between the materials, which slows down the recombination of

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• reason for the National Comprehensive Cancer Network to recommend standard RT and adjuvant TMZ plus alternating electric field therapy for patients with GBM at ages up to 70 years with good performance status and having either a “methylated” or “indeterminate” MGMT promoter status [33]. However, the

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• ρn are, respectively, the free density distributions of holes and electrons. The Poisson equation explains the change in electric field with respect to charge densities. The continuity equations are [21]: where Jn and Jp are electron and hole density, respectively, G is the generation rate of free e

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• temperature control [36][43]. However, due to vesicle fragmentation and reassembly, achieving uniform size can be challenging [44]. Electroporation involves exposing vesicles in a microfluidic device to an electric field, creating membrane pores for nanocarrier incorporation. Key parameters, including pulse

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• wavelength can be tuned by changing the electric field without altering the reflectance values [32]. Shuai et al. introduce a bulk acoustic resonator (BAW) comprised of a sandwich-like structure with an LN film positioned between two aluminum electrodes. In this setup, acoustic waves are generated and

• approach takes the form Equation 8 [51]: where U(x) and S(x) are the quantities corresponding to the resultant electric field and phase, respectively. The power flow density across the structure also known as the Poynting vector S(x) is proportional to the square of new field intensity and the spatial

• derivative of phase (Equation 9): The solver solves for electric field E using Equation 6 and Equation 7 under the following boundary conditions iteratively within the error limits: Using the finite element method (FEM), the relevant partial differential equations will be solved on each discretized spatial

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• given molecule to acquire an electric dipole moment in the presence of an external electric field were taken into account. The mentioned QSAR/QSPR descriptors were obtained from the Drugbank dataset (https://go.drugbank.com). Initial drug structures and connectivity were also obtained from the