Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• yield of submicrometer particles and nanoparticles was quantified using UV–vis extinction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical centrifugation, while high-performance liquid chromatography determined degradation. We found improved fragmentation efficiency at lower mass

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• , atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the TaN films exhibit excellent crystallinity and smooth surface morphology, when deposited at optimal temperatures of 750 and 850 °C. The films exhibit superconducting transition temperatures (Tc) ranging from 5.0 to

• 750 °C, the sample, which has δ-TaN as the significant phase, exhibits a superconducting transition at Tc = 5.3 K. The highest value of Tc was obtained for the film deposited at 850 °C with pN2 = 90 mTorr (Tc = 6.3 K). Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy samples were prepared by a 4 kV Ar

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images (See Supporting Information File 1, Section 4). The lateral resolution for both AFM and SEM measurements is a few nanometers. The AFM channel that exhibited the clearest contrast between the layers was the amplitude error signal

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• granules, each being hundreds of micrometers in size (Figure 1A). In contrast, the obtained FLG–TA colloid has a layered structure, and sheets seem to have been peeled off from the graphite surface (Figure 1B,C). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of the flakes’ edges (Figure 1D,E) reveal

• with FLG–TA concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 µg·mL−1. Cellular morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Figure 5), with untreated cells as controls. The occupancy index (OI) of FLG–TA in cell populations and the lateral dimensions of FLG–TA particles on cell membranes were

• the percentage reduction in ROS levels compared to the control group. Cell morphology To assess potential changes in cell morphology induced by FLG–TA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on treated and untreated cells after 24 and 48 h of direct contact. Cells were cultured on 12 mm

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• solubility and enhanced dissolution using a minimum quantity of carriers. The developed SLNs were evaluated regarding drug content and using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as polydispersity index (PDI), particle size

• . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs of APT-NPs were obtained on a JSM-6380A, Joel, Japan operating at a voltage of 10.0 kV. The specimens were mounted on a metallic stub with double-sided adhesive tape and gold-coated in an argon atmosphere prior to observation [28]. Drug excipient interaction

• analysis. APT-loaded SLNs were prepared by the precipitation method and characterized by physicochemical studies including particle size and zeta potential measurements, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• placement of the thermocouple within the flame, a two-axis positioning system was employed with an Arduino-based control unit. The positioning system has 1 mm accuracy with x- and y-axis traverse ranges of 100 and 200 mm, respectively. The grown CNFs were characterized by field-emission scanning electron

• microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss Crossbeam 340) for morphological analysis. Raman spectroscopy (HORIBA XploRA PLUS, 532 nm) was carried out to analyze the signature spectra of the grown CNFs. Results and Discussion Flame characterization and temperature The flames were characterized regarding flame shape and

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• spectrometer (Bruker), equipped with an Ar ion laser (532 nm) with 0.2 mW laser operating power. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was carried out with a HITACHI SU8020 model, using an electron beam energy of 3.0 keV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using an ESCA-5000 Versa Probe

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• protein at clinically relevant concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was explored to characterize the surface of the electrodes after electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles (Figure 2). Because of the high conductivity of gold, a difference in contrast is

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• oxygen signal of the native oxide layer is separated from the signal of oxygen from ligand residues of [Pd(tbaoac)2] in the deposit. Nanostructural observations were performed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a probe-corrected ThermoFisher Scientific Titan Themis 200 G3 operating at an

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The initial natural zeolite samples were also examined via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns were recorded using a PW 1218 diffractometer (Philips, Almelo, Netherlands) equipped with a curved graphite monochromator and Cu Kα

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• formation of well-defined nanoscale ripple patterns. The prominence of ripple structures increases with prolonged irradiation time, while bombardment at 72.5° with the same ion beam parameters leads to the coarsening of nanostructures. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• solution without IPA. On the other hand, when 10 vol % IPA was added (red line in Figure 1), an increase in absorbance was immediately seen after the start of laser irradiation, and the absorbance levelled off after 5 min of laser irradiation. Figure 2 shows the transmission electron microscopy (TEM

• alloy nanoparticles by LRL with the addition of IPA as a radical scavenger to a solution containing multiple metal ions, and the structure of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated by scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). In this case, we selected an

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• Scherrer method. This difference is proportional to the strain value [17]. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy of Ag@ZnO nanorods The general morphological characteristics of the as-obtained nanorods were analyzed by electron microscopy. Figure 2a depicts the typical field-emission scanning

• electron microscopy (FESEM) image of the as-obtained nanomaterials. The produced nanomaterials had rod-shaped morphologies and were grown at extremely high densities, as seen by the SEM image. Figure 2b represents the average diameter of Ag@ZnO NRs which was calculated using the Image J software. The

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• the morphology and size of the NPs synthesized by PLAL, the colloidal samples were drop-cast on a silicon wafer and dried for microscopic analysis. All NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Quanta 400 FEG, FEI Company, USA and TESCAN MIRA3 LMH, Brno, Czech Republic). The

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• connected through a 3-contact slider for AFM drive, AFM readout, and STM readout. (b) Scanning electron microscopy image of a 25 μm wide chemically etched Pt/Ir wire tip. qPlus resonance frequency (black dots) as a function of the temperature ranging from room temperature to 500 K. The red curve is a fit

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• performed using SEM (FEI Quanta 250, Netherlands). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also performed to measure nanoparticle mean size and their distribution. The sample was diluted 1000-fold from the stock solution, and 5 µL of the sample was placed onto a carbon-coated copper grid with 200 mesh

• delivery and biosensing. Further insights into the size and morphology of the PEG–PCL NPs were obtained through electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surface structure and to conduct a quantitative size distribution analysis. The SEM images (Figure 2c) revealed that the

• surface-area-to-volume ratio, which enhances interaction with target molecules. Transmission electron microscopy was also employed further to confirm the shape and size of the nanoparticles. The TEM images confirmed that nanoparticles were spherical with a narrow size distribution, and the mean size was

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• nanoparticles Morphology of nanoparticles The morphological characterization of nanoparticles was done via scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Zeiss, GeminiSEM500) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM, Ziess, GeminiSEM500). For SEM analysis, nanoparticles were air-dried on SEM stabs and coated

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• , rapid, scalable, acid-free process to make carbon fiber paper hydrophilic without destroying the carbon network, as other carbon fiber paper oxidation methods do [22], evident from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging (Figure 2A). Hydrophilicity was achieved by graphitic edge carbon oxygenation

• custom-made Teflon tub, in 2.0 mL of commercially available aqueous colloid of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (100 nm, nanoComposix), followed by drying under a heat lamp at 60 °C for 20 min. Physical characterization Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained at UR-Nano. A Zeiss Auriga

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• obtained micrographs were then analysed regarding various statistical parameters such as roughness, skewness, kurtosis, and power spectral density using the NanoScope Analysis software. Surface morphology and composition of the films were studied by field-emission scanning electron microscopy attached with

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• the specific experiment. Each group contained four technical replicates and three biological replicates for each experiment. In each assay cells without nanoconjugates were used as a control. Transmission electron microscopy analysis The A549 cells (2 × 105 cells/mL/well in 6-well plates) were exposed

• nanoconjugates. The observed data with relative % are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1. The morphological analysis of GO was carried out using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). In Supporting Information File 1, Figure

• to GO–Chl (25 μg/mL) for the determination of acidic vacuoles (scale bar = 50 μm). (b) Representative transmission electron microscopy photomicrographs of GO–Chl-(25 μg/mL) exposed A549 cells showing the presence of autophagosomes. Black arrows indicate the presence of autophagosomes. Scale bars are

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• prepared using a wet-milling method with zirconium balls to enhance bioavailability and expand potential applications. The particle size and physicochemical properties of the BerNPs were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier

• from the wells in the MIC assay were dripped on the TSA plate and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The MBC value was determined as the lowest concentration at which no visible bacterial colonies were observed. Evaluation of the effect of BerNPs on S. mutans cells Filed-emission scanning electron microscopy

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• electron microscopy (SEM) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) are more commonly used to analyze the fiber diameter, distribution, and overall surface morphology [144]. Microscopic images obtained from these techniques help to identify defects such as beading or non-uniformity in fibers

• , which can adversely affect mechanical performance. Besides SEM and FESEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has the additional ability to visualize fiber cross sections and can be employed to examine core–shell, encapsulated, and particle-incorporated fiber structures [112][145][146]. Atomic force

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• detectible. Extinction values for the Cu and Fe colloids can be found in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1 and Table S2, and the fractions of colloidal NPs in the propylene carbonate phase are found in Supporting Information File 1, Table S3. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• used as a carrier for two rhizobacteria strains (Pd and Tb). The structural and morphological properties of nHA were examined through XRD and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Rhizobacteria were encapsulated within the carrier material, and their viability was evaluated using the total plate count

• . The morphology of the analyzed sample, observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at magnifications of 15,000× and 50,000× are depicted in Figure 3. Figure 3 provides a clear view of the sample demonstrating spherical shapes with a consistent particle size distribution. The SEM analysis