N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• to 300 nm also led to noticeable changes in morphology. With the increase in thickness, rough peaks evolved into broader and flatter shapes. The fast Fourier transform images indicate random distribution with different orientations of particles. The surface morphology parameters are listed in Table 3

• films as a function of the thickness. 2D and 3D AFM images of Mo thin films: as-deposited (a) 150 nm, (b) 200 nm, (c) 250 nm, and (d) 300 nm, and implanted (a′) 150 nm, (b′) 200 nm, (c′) 250 nm, and (d′) 300 nm. The fast Fourier transform images are insets in the 2D AFM micrographs. Measured SE data

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• increases with bombardment time. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) images of the nanopatterned surface are inset in the lower right corner of each image. In the present case, the fluence is represented by irradiation time. The quality and the growth of the nanostructures are quantitatively discussed in Figure 6

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution (Excitation: 325 nm, Lens: 40×, spot size: 1 μm) was used. Image J software was used to extract spatial periodicities and to generate 2D fast Fourier transform images (2D FFT) of the Hf surface structures. Results and Discussion Nanoparticles Figure 3 shows TEM images, the

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

• Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
• Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
• Larissa Otubo,
• Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
• Almir Oliveira Neto and
• Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

• detailed view of the materials structure, revealing that it retained some crystallinity, typical of 2D nanofilms. This retention of crystalline structure was further confirmed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. Notably, the d-spacing of the (200) crystal plane increased from 2.08 to 3.09 Å (as

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• ) setup, the PAAO structure was analyzed using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method [21]. However, the optimal PAAO thickness for FFT analysis was ≈2.5–5.0 μm, where multiple interference fringes can be observed in the reflectance spectra. Here, the PAAO thickness was calculated in real time by fitting

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• reciprocal space vector related to the tilt of the reference wave. Note that the phase φi(r) is now separated in the third term inside the cosine; it can be retrieved by taking the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the intensity [24]. The phase shift can then be used to recover the in-plane magnetic

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• refractive indices. These structures are referred to as photonic crystals and can be manufactured synthetically for various optical applications. Similar optical behavior of the opal-like structures formed in this study will be demonstrated and discussed below. The fast Fourier transform of the SEM images

• , asterisk: clusters of approx. 10 nm particles). SEM micrographs of (a, c) single-layer and (b, d) multilayer self-assembled SiO2 particles (insets: corresponding fast Fourier transform diffraction pattern of the images). (e) UV–vis spectrogram of the self-assembled particles on a quartz surface. (f) Zeta

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• the anisotropy of the Te crystal structure [20][21]. However, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of different areas of the HRTEM images (see Figure 3a) shows that the nanostructures are polycrystalline, with well-oriented large grains and rotated small grains at the edges. Small amorphous areas

Self-assembly of C₆₀ on a ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate: observation of a quasi-freestanding C₆₀ monolayer

• Guglielmo Albani,
• Michele Capra,
• Alessandro Lodesani,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Alberto Brambilla,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Andrea Picone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.76

•  2b shows a blowup of one fullerene domain, where individual C60 molecules are visible inside a hexagonal lattice with a lattice parameter of about 1 nm, a value very similar to that measured in C60 films stabilized on either metallic [51] or oxide [25] substrates. Figure 2c shows the fast Fourier

• transform (FFT) calculated from the image reported in Figure 2a. Four hexagonal domains can be identified, differing by their angular orientation with respect to the substrate. Interestingly, the domains do not possess a well-defined epitaxial relation with respect to the (5 × 5) lattice of ZnTPP

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• /CNT (1.13) and Zn4Co1–C/CNT (1.23) composites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations with corresponding fast Fourier transform (FFT) patterns confirm the different crystallinity of ZnxCoy–C particles, depending on the concentration of Co during the synthesis. After the carbonization, the

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• (Figure 2a), similarly to what have been reported [64][65][66][67]. Figure 2b (top panel) shows a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-enhanced image of the α-phase, where the absence of Moiré-like superstructures indicates a commensurate molecular arrangement with respect to the Au surface. Figure 2e (top panel

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• capping layer from the nanocrystal and perform image processing on a squire containing two particles protruding under vacuum using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. For this purpose, a reduced fast Fourier transform (FFT) of a region containing two SPION@bPEI crystal particles protrude

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• steady-state oscillation position of the probe tip versus time, with the undeflected sample surface location provided for reference. Figure 2g and Figure 2h are the accompanying fast Fourier transform (FFT) data for the steady-state oscillation slope response of the cantilever at the location above the

• Figure 1, the system was simulated at a selected bending moment couple drive amplitude until steady-state, at which point the frequency was stepped incrementally up or down using final state variable values from the previous simulation point as initial conditions. A fast Fourier transform of the steady

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• (Figure 5). We indexed the spots indicated in the fast Fourier transform (Figure 5b) of the image in Figure 5a with the planes (−11−1), (−200) and (−1−11), and the [011] zone axis of the WC1−x fcc structure, with a lattice parameter of a = 0.4272 nm. A lower magnification STEM image of the NW grown at 1.3

• : STEM image, right panel: snapshot of the 3D tomographic reconstruction. (a) HRSTEM image of a typical hollow WC NW grown at 1.3 pA. (b) Fast Fourier transform of the image in (a), showing the crystalline nature of the material and indexed as the [011] zone axis of the fcc WC1−x structure. (c) Lower

Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)

• Maximilian Schaal,
• Takumi Aihara,
• Marco Gruenewald,
• Felix Otto,
• Jari Domke,
• Roman Forker,
• Hiroyuki Yoshida and
• Torsten Fritz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101

• as clusters of molecules on top of the first DBP layer. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) of that STM image resembles the LEED simulation of the molecular lattice (considering eight symmetry equivalent domains only), which supports our structural model. Valence band structure and work function change

Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• –sample interaction is excited with a white-noise signal. Then, a fast Fourier transform is applied to the deflection signal that comes from the photodiodes of the atomic force microscopy (AFM) equipment. This approach allows for the measurement of several vibrational modes in a single step with high

• compared to conventional techniques. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; fast Fourier transform; mechanical properties; system theory; white noise; Introduction There are several methods to measure mechanical properties at the nanoscale level, based on, e.g., nanoindentation or on other physical phenomena

• -AFAM). S-AFAM works as follows: While a conventional AFM is scanning in contact mode, the tip–sample interaction is excited by a white-noise signal generated by a function waveform generator through a piezoelectrical actuator. At the same time, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) is computed by data

Synthesis and acetone sensing properties of ZnFe₂O₄/rGO gas sensors

• Kaidi Wu,
• Yifan Luo,
• Ying Li and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2516–2526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.242

• ) planes of the spinel ZnFe2O4 crystals. In addition, the angle of the two is measured as 25.24°, which is consistent with computations of the crystal structure. Moreover, the inserted fast Fourier transform (FFT) image reveals the typical hexagonal diffraction ring of rGO. As shown in Figure 6d, the

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• hundreds of nanometers and heights of approximately 1.2 nm can be observed. These dimensions are consistent with those expected for [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O]n chains (see below). These objects are aligned along three preferential directions on the (001) mica surface. The two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

Magnetic properties of biofunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

• Natalia E. Gervits,
• Andrey A. Gippius,
• Alexey V. Tkachev,
• Evgeniy I. Demikhov,
• Sergey S. Starchikov,
• Igor S. Lyubutin,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Vladimir P. Chekhonin,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Alevtina S. Semkina and
• Alexander G. Mazhuga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1964–1972, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.193

• shown in Figure 3. Roughly 70% of the particles are of 5–8 nm in diameter (half maximum of the size distribution) and all of them exhibit an equiaxed morphology. The analysis of the electron diffraction pattern along with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) patterns (see insets in Figure 2a and Figure 2b

Development of a new hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM for the nanoparticle dimensional metrology

• Loïc Crouzier,
• Alexandra Delvallée,
• Sébastien Ducourtieux,
• Laurent Devoille,
• Guillaume Noircler,
• Christian Ulysse,
• Olivier Taché,
• Elodie Barruet,
• Christophe Tromas and
• Nicolas Feltin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1523–1536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.150

• area of 250 µm, it is difficult to measure exactly at the same place with both instruments. Consequently, five images were acquired by each instrument on different areas of the grating. The mean pitch was evaluated by fast Fourier transform of the image and the obtained results are reported in Table 1

Highly ordered mesoporous silica film nanocomposites containing gold nanoparticles for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Mohamad Azani Jalani,
• Leny Yuliati,
• Siew Ling Lee and
• Hendrik O. Lintang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1368–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.135

• with the XRD data. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) and auto-correlation images are shown as inset figures (top and bottom, respectively) in Figure 3b. These reveal the corresponding planes of mesostructured silica with a hexagonal structure [39]. Hence, the structural analysis from XRD and TEM

Biomimetic surface structures in steel fabricated with femtosecond laser pulses: influence of laser rescanning on morphology and wettability

• Camilo Florian Baron,
• Alexandros Mimidis,
• Daniel Puerto,
• Evangelos Skoulas,
• Emmanuel Stratakis,
• Javier Solis and
• Jan Siegel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2802–2812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.262

• . The morphology corresponds to horizontal parallel lines that are oriented perpendicular to the laser polarization. The periodicity imprinted into the material is Λ = 850 nm, measured from a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the SEM micrograph, which is much smaller than the laser spot size (2ω0 = 38.8

Accurate control of the covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for the electro-enzymatically controlled oxidation of biomolecules

• Naoual Allali,
• Veronika Urbanova,
• Mathieu Etienne,
• Xavier Devaux,
• Martine Mallet,
• Brigitte Vigolo,
• Jean-Joseph Adjizian,
• Chris P. Ewels,
• Sven Oberg,
• Alexander V. Soldatov,
• Edward McRae,
• Yves Fort,
• Manuel Dossot and
• Victor Mamane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2750–2762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.257

• HIPCO-HNO3-FcETG2 sample. In the HAADF micrograph (Figure 10a) the arrows point to the two sides of the typical object. The structure of the CNT that is present at the outer edge of a bundle was determined from the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the BF image presented in Figure 10b. The chiral indices