Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• pore sizes, fast charge transfer, high density and long lifetime of photoinduced charges, and strong interaction between ZnO and N,O-containing biochar [81]. Roy and colleagues [82] effectively synthesized a rGO-ZnO composite functionalized with ferrocene through a simple hydrothermal method. This Fc

• , rGO-ZnO, ferrocene-rGO-ZnO, α-Fe2O3/ZnO/rGO, CdS-Bi2MoO6/rGO, and rGO-modified tin selenide (see below in Table 5). Tungsten oxide-based materials or composites Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is considered environmentally benign, making it a preferable option for eco-friendly water treatment applications. In

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• interesting magnetic properties [9][14][15]. However, considering that Fe is by orders of magnitude more abundant than Co, the further development of FEBID processes based on Fe precursors is appealing. Although there were early attempts to use triiron dodecacarbonyl (Fe3(CO)12) or ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2) for

Control of morphology and crystallinity of CNTs in flame synthesis with one-dimensional reaction zone

• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Ni Luh Wulan Septiani and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 741–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.61

• front, and flame composition [9]. A premixed flat flame was utilized by Zhang et al. [10] to synthesize single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) through rich hydrogen/air combustion with a ferrocene catalyst. The temperature profile was estimated to be relatively uniform across HAB values up to 10 mm. An increase in

• CNT yield was observed at a high mass flux of hydrogen/air at a fixed equivalence ratio, resulting in higher temperature and an increase in IG/ID ratio of up to ten times. A similar approach in spray pyrolysis CVD by Casanova et al. [11], utilizing ferrocene catalyst with cyclohexanol as a carbon

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• endogenous H2O2 by Fenton-type reactions without photoirradiation [83][84]. A nanomedicine was prepared from (i) β-CyD bearing both a ferrocene and a platinum(IV) complex (–O–PtIV(Cl2)2(NH3)2(OH)) as prodrug of cisplatin and (ii) poly(ethylene glycol) terminated by ferrocene [85]. The ferrocene molecules

• form inclusion complexes with β-CyD to produce supramolecular nanoparticles. Upon the entry of these nanoparticles to tumor cells, ferrocene is oxidized by endogenous H2O2 into more hydrophilic ferrocenium, which is only loosely bound to β-CyD. Accordingly, the supramolecular nanoparticles are rapidly

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• , hybrid carbon nanomaterials such as ferrocene-thiophene modified by carbon nanotubes, zinc(II) phthalocyanine-boron dipyrromethene attached single-walled carbon nanotubes were used for the direct detection of pesticides [12][13][14][15]. So far, only limited electrochemical nanosensors modified by

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• . For the synthesis performed, a size increase is relatively easy to be achieved since ferrocene, source of the iron atoms, is constantly provided (see Experimental section). However, a size decrease is possible mainly by a size change of the catalyst nanoparticle and by some “loss” of the catalyst (e.g

• of the structures (Figure 3a–d) and the fact that the outer part of the rolled MWCNTs is made of particle-like structures (Figure 3e). These iron nanoparticles formed as catalyst from ferrocene, under certain reaction conditions [21], appear in the SEM micrographs as brighter features and are

• . First, a liquid precursor consisting of toluene (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich) and 5 wt % of ferrocene (98%, Aldrich, purified via sublimation at 90 °C prior to use) was injected into the furnace with Ar gas flow at 2000 sccm in a first precursor line (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3) for 3 min. In a

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

• for the oxygen–calcium distance of a carboxylic acid moiety of a ferrocene derivative that binds vertically to CaF2(111) [33]. The oxygen displacement does not occur on the other side of the molecule where the carbonyl oxygen atoms are located on top of the lower-lying surface fluorine atoms. Thus

Protruding hydrogen atoms as markers for the molecular orientation of a metallocene

• Linda Laflör,
• Michael Reichling and
• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.127

• Linda Laflor Michael Reichling Philipp Rahe Fachbereich Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.127 Abstract A distinct dumbbell shape is observed as the dominant contrast feature in the experimental data when imaging 1,1’-ferrocene dicarboxylic

• of the ferrocene moiety, herein on CaF2(111) surfaces, by using the protruding hydrogen atoms as markers. Keywords: calcium fluoride (CaF2); ferrocene; functionalised tips; high-resolution imaging; non-contact atomic force microscopy; Introduction It is still a challenge to determine the precise

• ferrocene, the rotational barrier between these conformers amounts to only 0.04 eV in the gas phase [11][12][13], while for substituted ferrocenes the energy barrier values determined in the gas phase amount up to 0.2 eV [14][15][16]. In solution, barrier values of up to 0.7 eV are measured [17][18] and for

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• interactions [60][61][62][63]. For instance, positively charged ferrocene-modified PAA thin films over β-cyclodextrin dimer were first fabricated in 2002, showing that LbL assemblies can be formed by overcoming electrostatic repulsion [60]. Similar attempts were made to construct LbL films by interaction

• derivatives [62]. Photo-responsive and redox-responsive hydrogels of cyclodextrin with guest molecules of azobenzene and ferrocene have also been constructed [63]. Very few attempts have been made for fabrication of weak PE capsules under this category, as shown in Figure 3d [39]. Notably, the host and guest

• capsules that are switchable by two parameters, namely, solvent polarity and temperature [47]. Multilayer β-cyclodextrin films with ferrocene-modified PAA, adamantyl-modified dedrimer and adamantyl-modified poly(isobutene-alt-maleic acid) have been successfully reported with weak PE systems [60][61][88

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• electrochemical band gap energy, the valence and conduction band energies (EVB and ECB) were calculated using the following Equation 1 and Equation 2: and where E[onset,ox] and E[onset,red] are the onset potentials of the oxidation and the reduction relative to ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc+/Fc), E[½(Fc)] is the half

• -wave ferrocene potential of 0.20 V, and the additional energy of 4.8 eV represents the difference to the vacuum level potential of the normal hydrogen electrode. Thus, we determine an EVB of −4.99 eV and an ECB of −4.20 eV, resulting in a reasonable band gap energy of 0.79 eV, which is in line with the

Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors

• Camila A. Proença,
• Tayane A. Freitas,
• Thaísa A. Baldo,
• Elsa M. Materón,
• Flávio M. Shimizu,
• Gabriella R. Ferreira,
• Frederico L. F. Soares,
• Ronaldo C. Faria and
• Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2171–2181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.210

• ][28], ferrocene [28] and others [29][30]. A major challenge regarding the use of immunosensors in real samples lies in the difficulty to analyze considerable amounts of data in a single analysis, especially owing to the expected variability of blood serum, saliva, urine and tissue samples. This has

Accurate control of the covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for the electro-enzymatically controlled oxidation of biomolecules

• Naoual Allali,
• Veronika Urbanova,
• Mathieu Etienne,
• Xavier Devaux,
• Martine Mallet,
• Brigitte Vigolo,
• Jean-Joseph Adjizian,
• Chris P. Ewels,
• Sven Oberg,
• Alexander V. Soldatov,
• Edward McRae,
• Yves Fort,
• Manuel Dossot and
• Victor Mamane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2750–2762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.257

• Strasbourg 7177 10.3762/bjnano.9.257 Abstract Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were functionalized by ferrocene through ethyleneglycol chains of different lengths (FcETGn) and the functionalized SWCNTs (f-SWCNTs) were characterized by different complementary analytical techniques. In particular, high

• the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) co-factor by the f-SWCNTs is due to the presence of grafted ferrocene derivatives playing the role of a mediator. This work clearly proves that residual impurities present in our SWCNT sample (below 5 wt. %) play no role in the

• electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations confirm the essential role of the PEG linker in the efficiency of the bioelectrochemical device in water, due to the favorable interaction between the ETG units and water molecules that prevents π-stacking of the ferrocene unit on the

Magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ antidot arrays synthesized by AFIR: atomic layer deposition, focused ion beam and thermal reduction

• Juan L. Palma,
• Alejandro Pereira,
• Raquel Álvaro,
• José Miguel García-Martín and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1728–1734, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.164

• 200 °C in stop/exposure-mode. The ferrocene (FeCp2) was held in a stainless-steel container (bottle) heated to 90 °C to ensure sufficient vapor pressure. The pulse times of ferrocene and ozone in the FeCp2/O3 cycle were 2 s and 0.2 s, respectively; the exposure and pump times were 5 s and 15 s

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• SP1 and SP2 imines were investigated in CH2Cl2 solution by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV). To estimate ionization potential and electron affinity (HOMO and LUMO energies) of the materials, the IP of ferrocene of −5.1 eV was assumed [48]. Table 1 contains calculated HOMO and LUMO levels, and the

• ], electrochemical measurements were carried out using an Eco Chemie Autolab PGSTAT128n potentiostat, glassy carbon electrode (diameter 2 mm), platinum coil and silver wire as working, auxiliary and reference electrodes, respectively. The potentials are referenced with respect to ferrocene (Fc), which was used as

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• ][16] has been studied as well. Phase stabilization of ZrO2 by Fe doping was investigated by using ALD [17]. Ferromagnetism in ALD-grown Fe3O4/ZrO2/Fe3O4 multilayer nanotubes has been demonstrated [18], while the precursors for distinct solid oxide layers constituting these samples were ferrocene/ozone

• from zirconium chloride and ferrocene precursors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Zr/Fe cation ratio on the film structure as well as on the magnetic and electrical properties, and to examine whether alternately deposited iron and zirconium oxides form dilute solids or

• The ZrO2/Fe2O3 films were grown in a low-pressure (200–260 Pa) flow-type in-house built hot-wall ALD reactor [22] at 400 °C. Zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl4 (Aldrich, 99.99%), and ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)2 (ABCR, 99%), were used as zirconium and iron precursors, respectively. Ozone, O3, was used as the

The interplay between spin densities and magnetic superexchange interactions: case studies of mono- and trinuclear bis(oxamato)-type complexes

• Azar Aliabadi,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Vladislav Kataev and
• Tobias Rüffer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2245–2256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.224

• adapted for the design of higher nuclear complexes that could potentially act as molecular magnetic capacitors [12], or we reported to which extent a ferrocene group in multinuclear bis(oxamato)-type complexes is suited to vary magnetic properties with respect to its oxidation state [13]. Among many

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• floating-catalyst CVD process with a use of ferrocene as catalyst precursor and a small amount of ammonia. Over 90% of SWCNTs had near-armchair structure. It was suggested that NH3, which is a strong etchant, selectively etched off SWCNTs with small chiral angles due to their higher reactivity and lower

• ][142], only a few works discussed the mechanism of the inner tube growth from SWCNTs filled with other molecules. In [143], the authors grew inner tubes via the thermally-induced chemical transformation of ferrocene molecules inside the host SWCNTs. They mentioned that ferrocene molecules are

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• Campus, Lecce 73100, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.8.14 Abstract This work aims to investigate and characterize the photo-ignition phenomenon of MWCNT/ferrocene mixtures by using a continuous wave (CW) xenon (Xe) light source, in order to find the power ignition threshold by employing a different type of light

• -induced ignition process, the absorption spectra of MWCNT/ferrocene mixtures and ferrocene only were obtained. The experimental results show that the luminous power (related to the entire spectrum of the Xe lamp) needed to trigger the ignition of MWCNT/ferrocene mixtures decreases with increasing metal

• spectra, which present higher absorption values in the UV–vis region for both MWCNT/ferrocene mixtures and ferrocene only diluted in toluene. Finally, a chemo-physical interpretation of the ignition phenomenon is proposed whereby ferrocene photo-excitation, due to photon absorption, produces ferrocene

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• methodology and reached a low detection limit for miRNA [29], most of the label-free miRNA biosensors are developed using molecular probes such as methylene blue [30], Oracet blue [21], and ferrocene boronic acid [31]. In spite of the quicker and more accurate results offered by the label-free methods, it

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• feedstock on catalyst particles, i.e., chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [2][36]. CNT can be produced by using organo-metallic compounds as precursor (e.g., ferrocene), a carbon feedstock (e.g., toluene) and a carrier gas (e.g., hydrogen) [130]. It is difficult to control the diameter of the nanotubes

• spray pyrolysis process in which ferrocene acts as precursor and hexane is used as carbon source [131]. Spray pyrolysis is very simple and does not involve harmful ingredients such as benzene. Hexane is used in the process which is a good solvent for ferrocene. Hexane suppresses the formation of

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• vapor deposition (c-CVD) [20]. This is the most common method of MWCNT synthesis. The inherent consequence of the application of a metal catalyst (e.g., ferrocene, aluminum oxide) is the presence of a nanometallic deposit in the tubes [21]. Thus obtained MWCNTs are already an interesting scaffold for

• materials, oMWCNT#Maciejewska, were investigated by Maciejewska [18]. A different catalyst (ferrocene) percentage (2 wt %, 5 wt %, 10 wt %) in the c-CVD procedure resulted in corresponding residual iron contents of 3.9, 5.8 and 12.4 wt %, as well as in varying diameters of 29, 49 and 40 nm, respectively

• °C) allowed for the production of hybrids uniformly coated with metallic superparamagnets, yet an increased temperature was responsible for agglomeration of the nanoparticles on the nanotube walls. Yin, finally, presented a method of SPIO deposition by thermal decomposition of ferrocene under aerobic

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• ], corroborating that the lateral interaction between neighboring redox active ferrocene units is negligible. The bulkiness of the adamantane platform, which is higher than the volume of ferrocene, leads to a spatial arrangement with laterally separated ferrocenyl tail groups protruding from a surface

• measurements confirmed the characteristic molecular resonance states (HOMO−1, HOMO and LUMO) originating from the ferrocene group when spectrum was measured at ferrocenyl adamantane 19. The STS mapping succeeded in imaging the spatial distribution of the HOMO state of ferrocenyl adamantane 19, which is

• observed for the ferrocene-terminated adamantane 19. This is in contrast to the fact that n-alkanethiols form closely packed SAMs, in which flexible alkyl chains are fixed at a linear conformation to maximize the intermolecular affinity. Recently Weidner and co-workers presented a study of adamantane-based

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• electrodes (SPCEs). The nanostructures were functionalized using ferrocenylmethyl lipoic acid ester which allowed for the tethering of the ferrocene group to gold, which serves as an electrochemical transducer/mediator. The bioconjugation of the surface with anti-human IgG antibody (α-hIgG) or horseradish

• and concentration of the ferrocene derivatives have been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Selectivity and specificity tests have been also performed in the presence of potentially interfering substances to

• concentrations of, e.g., biologically active analytes and disease-related biomarkers [9][10]. Many electrochemical biosensors use ferrocene to transduce the biological reactions into readily measurable electrical signals [11][12]. For instance, Chen and Diao developed a glucose biosensor using gold nanoparticles

Charge carrier mobility and electronic properties of Al(Op)₃: impact of excimer formation

• Andrea Magri,
• Pascal Friederich,
• Bernhard Schäfer,
• Valeria Fattori,
• Xiangnan Sun,
• Timo Strunk,
• Velimir Meded,
• Luis E. Hueso,
• Wolfgang Wenzel and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1107–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.112

• hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) was used as a supporting electrolyte (0.1 M) and CH2Cl2 was used as the solvent. The concentration of the samples was 1.0 × 10−4 M, and the solutions were degassed with argon prior to the measurements. A scan rate of 100 mV·s−1 was employed. Ferrocene was used as an internal standard to

• calculation of reorganization energy, a def2-TZVP [47] basis set was used. Tris(1-oxo-1H-phenalen-9-olate)aluminum(III) (Al(Op)3) structure. H atoms are omitted for clarity. Cyclic voltammogram for Al(Op)3 recorded at room temperature in CH2Cl2 solution using TBAPF6 as the electrolyte and ferrocene as an

Fulleropeptide esters as potential self-assembled antioxidants

• Mira S. Bjelaković,
• Tatjana J. Kop,
• Jelena Đorđević and
• Dragana R. Milić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1065–1071, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.107

• investigation of fulleropyrrolidine esters 1–12 by CV was carried out in dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature with tetrabutylammonium perchorate (TBAP) as the supporting electrolyte and a ferrocene/ferrocenyl couple (Fc/Fc+) as the internal redox standard. The observed half-wave reduction potentials (E1

• . Ferrocene (Fc) and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Cyclic voltammetry The electrochemical behavior of the fullerene esters was investigated using a 1 mM solution in dry DMF, containing 0.1 M TBAP as the supporting electrolyte, in a similar manner

• , calibrated with a ferrocene/ferrocenyl couple (Fc/Fc+) as an internal standard. All experiments were performed at room temperature in the potential range of −3.0 to 0.6 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE), with sweep rates between 0.01 and 1 Vs−1. Scanning electron microscopy Investigations of sample