Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

• need of separating shot noise from background 1/f noise caused by fluctuations in the physical environment [66]. The shot noise is a purely nonequilibrium property that results from the fact that current is not a continuous flow but a sum of discrete pulses in time. Shot noise is a zero-frequency

• backscattering. The flow of single quasiparticles and pairs can be viewed as a current carried by two different charges e and 2e, and they are backscattered with different probabilities [93][103]. Simultaneous presence of one- and two-particle scattering can be interpreted in the language of the universal

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• , and measurements were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere with a flow rate of 50 mL·min−1. 3 mg of each sample were used for the analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were carried out using a SmartLab RIGAKU diffractometer operating with a Cu anode X-ray source (Cu Kα radiation, λ

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• pH was adjusted to 3.0 using triethanolamine. Chromatography was conducted at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with an injection volume of 20 µL, and curcumin was detected at a wavelength of 427 nm. The method was linear over the concentration range of 2.5–50.0 µg/mL of curcumin (y = 126634x − 12894; r

• tangent (tan δ), were measured using an oscillatory frequency sweep over an angular frequency range of 1–600 rad/s at a constant strain of 0.5%. Flow behaviour was assessed using a shear rate ramp from 0.1 to 1.0 s−1 and subsequently from 1.0 to 0.1 s−1, in order to determine the best-fit flow model for

• calorimeter (Shimadzu DSC-60), at a heating rate of 10 °C/min, from room temperature to 300 °C. N2 gas was used at a flow rate of 50 mL/min. All film components (chitosan, CMC and alginate), as well as the resulting films (FC-NC and FC) were analysed separately. Skin adhesion measurements Bioadhesion tests of

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• is a measure of the plastic flow at the crack tip; low B/G values will lead to difficulties of plastic flow and, correspondingly, result in brittle behavior. In contrast, high B/G values give rise to an ease of the plastic flow and result in ductile behavior [32]. In terms of B/G, the boundary of DTB

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• PEG-PLGA NPs via microfluidic flow, covered with RBC membrane and modified with folic acid. The loading efficiency was 20%, and coating with the biomimetic membrane reduced the initial burst release during the first 4 h while sustaining gradual release over 48 h. The biomimetic coating increased the

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• tuning NP size, crystallinity, defects, and optical properties. Conventional batch PLAL setups often exhibit lower productivity than large-scale chemical or gas-phase syntheses; however, recent advances using megahertz-repetition-rate lasers and continuous-flow configurations have significantly increased

• efficiency, throughput, and colloid stability. Therefore, optimising ablation conditions (e.g., using high-repetition-rate lasers, flow-through cells, and improved cavitation management) will be critical for enabling commercially viable production [94]. One promising strategy to overcome these limitations

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• analysis of Abrikosov vortex dynamics and flux-flow instabilities was performed in NbRe/Au and NbRe/Py bilayers to compare superconducting/normal metal (S/N) and superconducting/ferromagnetic (S/F) heterostructures based on the same superconducting layer. The heterostructures, fabricated by sputtering

• , were characterized through electrical transport measurements. The I–V characteristics show that, in the NbRe/Py bilayer, vortices reach higher critical velocities than those observed in the NbRe/Au structure. The analysis of the flux-flow instability within the Larkin–Ovchinnikov framework allows one

• bilayers, having a relaxation time one order of magnitude smaller than values reported in NbRe microbridges, have great potential for the realization of devices where fast relaxation processes are required. Keywords: flux-flow instability; quasiparticle relaxation time; superconducting heterostructures

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• fibers and tracheids, paving the way for more effective modeling applications, such as finite element modeling or computational simulations of fluid flow or heat transfer, aiding in development of various industrial applications of delignified wood. Accurate 3D models provide valuable insights into

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• precursor was introduced for 30 min. The graphene growth atmosphere consisted of 250 SCCM Ar, 26 SCCM H2 and 9 SCCM CH4 (0.1% diluted in Ar) for all samples except the BO sample where a flow rate of 30 SCCM CH4 (0.1% diluted in Ar) was used due to the very low nucleation density. After the growth step the

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• for asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation analysis (AF4 analysis). Experiments were carried out by in-line coupling the AF4 system with UV–vis, multi-angle light scattering (MALS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) detectors. The AF4 system used was composed of an Eclipse Dualtec separation system

• nm. In the Eclipse SC separation channel, regenerated cellulose membranes (10 kDa) and a spacer height of 350 μm were used. Phosphate buffer was used as the eluent. The detector flow rate was set to 0.5 mL/min and the injection volume was 50 µL. The separation settings were: a) elution 0–3 min; b

• ) focus: 3–5 min (focus flow: 1.0 mL/min); c) focus + injection: 5–10 min (focus flow: 1.0 mL/min); d) elution: 10–50 min (cross-flow: 1.0–0.1 mL/min); e) elution: 50–55 min (cross-flow: 0.1 mL/min); f) elution: 55–60 min (cross-flow: 0.1–0.0 mL/min); g) elution: 60–70 min (cross flow: 0.0 mL/min). The

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• nm on a plate spectrophotometer (Nivo-Perkinelmer). The cellular viability was calculated as the percentage of viable cells compared to the control group and half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50). 2.6.1 Competitive EGFR-binding of anti-EGFR immunoliposome and EGF in HCT-116 cells using flow

• μM) for viable cell selection. Flow cytometry analyses were conducted on a CytoFLEX (Beckman Coulter) using 405 nm and 488 nm lasers to detect DAPI and Alexa Fluor™ 488 signals, respectively. Competitive binding to EGFR was quantified by measuring the cellular fluorescence intensity of Alexa Fluor

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• applied for thermogravimetric analysis. The measurement was performed in an inert gas flow. The heating rate in this experiment was set to 3 °C/min with a final temperature of 800 °C. The sample was cut to fit the platinum pan. Elemental combustion analysis A LECO O836 analyzer was utilized to determine

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• × 10−7 mbar. Ar was introduced as a sputtering gas, keeping a constant flow rate of 40 sccm. Sputtering was carried out at a constant current of 200 mA (≈70 W) applied to the target. The sputtered atoms start to form NPs and to grow in the aggregation zone, where the aggregation length was adjusted to

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• 100 µL of UCNPs in a round-bottomed flask. The resulting mixture was then evaporated under a constant flow of N2 gas while stirring in a circular motion for 30 min. After solvent evaporation, 2 mL of Milli-Q water were added to the flask for rehydration overnight at 4 °C. The resulting water

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• proven itself for many times both in laboratory and in real-life conditions. The terahertz SIS-mixer integrated on the same chip with the LO based on a flux-flow oscillator (FFO) and a receiving antenna [13] was used to study the irradiation of the human body [15], gas spectroscopy [16], and the

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• NPs (see Table 1) and 52.61 mL of benzyl ether (276.77 mol) [14][15]. The mixture was heated under an argon atmosphere (flow rate of ≈100 mL·min−1) at a rate of 5 °C·min−1 to 290 °C and maintained at this temperature for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature under ambient conditions, ethanol (100

• was heated in an argon atmosphere (flow rate of ca. 100 mL·min−1) at a rate of 5 °C·min−1 to 290 °C and maintained at this temperature for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature under ambient conditions, ethanol (100 mL) was added to precipitate the nanoparticles. The resulting black solid was

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• ][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114]. Qin et al. designed a CL sensor to detect VB12, incorporating flow injection analysis, where the catalytic activity of Co2+ released from the VB12 structure acted as the recognition element, luminol served as the indicator luminophore, and the

• hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2 is electrochemically produced in real-time by utilizing a negative bias to an electrode, which converts dissolved oxygen in the flow cell. The linear range, LOD, and RSD for the detection of VB12 were 0.001–10 mg/L, 0.0035 mg/L, and less than 3.5%, respectively [102

• efficiency, and ease of implementation [22]. Moreover, Lok et al. assessed VB12 doses in a continuous-flow lab-on-a-chip system based on luminol-peroxide CL tests to monitor Co2+ in the molecular structure of VB12 [24], where the released Co2+ acted as the recognition target, luminol as the indicator

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• , we observed a very small number of NPs and higher agglomeration than on APDMES (Figure 6E,F,K,L). Like on APDMES, PEG AuNPs are less uniformly distributed than dimanno-AuNPs. The differences are likely due to the delicate balance between capillary flow and surface interactions. The flow is likely the

• evaporated under nitrogen flow. The VSFG experiments were achieved under dry air flushing at room temperature (24 °C) at four different center frequencies to measure the complete CH and OH stretching region in the broadband infrared. The tunable infrared laser produced femtosecond pulses of ca. 5.5 mW (at

• negative staining, 0.35 µL of dimanno-AuNPs (1.9 × 1013 particles/mL) were deposited on glow-discharged carbon TEM grids (air flow, 20 mA, 4 min). Then, 0.35 µL uranyl acetate (0.5% w/w) was deposited and dried on the sample. AFM imaging AFM topography images were recorded with an Agilent 5500 AFM

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• transparency, a “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA) flow diagram (Figure 1) is provided to describe the article selection process. 3 Vulnerability of Himalayan lake ecosystems to microplastic pollution This section presents the environmental setting and vulnerability

• widely used to simulate groundwater flow and contaminant transport processes [20]. Such models have been adapted to cold mountain environments by adding glacier-fed recharge zones, freeze–thaw processes in soils, and topography-induced flow [21]. Semi-distributed models such as SWAT and MIKE SHE have

• also been used regarding Himalayan catchments to simulate subsurface flow and contaminant loading under varying climate and land use scenarios [22]. The models can be used to simulate MP transport in high-altitude lake basins, although particle-bound adaptations are under development. The melting of

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• . The current is computed for biases in range between 0.0 and 1.0 V with steps of 0.2 V. The computed current for one layer in the Pt/graphene/Pt junction and one layer in the Pt/h-BN/Pt junction is 2.6·10−4 A for 1.0 V of applied bias. The results are identical and, for one layer, the current flow

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• strain, offering critical information about viscosity, flow characteristics, and structural stability. According to the proposed QTPP, a higher viscosity with pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) behavior is preferred for topical formulations, as it ensures ease application and good retention on the skin

• shown in Figure 10A, the base ME demonstrated Newtonian behavior, with viscosity remaining constant regardless of shear rate or temperature. This is consistent with microemulsions that possess globular or discontinuous droplet structures, which typically exhibit Newtonian flow characteristics [50][51

• , Agilent – Santa Clara, USA) coupled with a mass spectrometer (5977B GC/MSD, Agilent – Santa Clara, USA). Prior to injection, samples were dissolved in 1 mL of n-heptane. The GC system operated with helium as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL·min−1. The injection and detection temperatures were set at

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• at room temperature (25 °C) for 30 min under Ar flow. Then the reaction medium was started to be heated and when the reaction medium reached 160 °C, freshly prepared 1-DDT (0.52 mL) and t-DDT (3.52 mL) mixture was rapidly injected into the hot reaction medium under vigorous stirring. The synthesis

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• the behavior of chiral guests inside chiral porous host materials and correlate the ESR results to chromatography phenomena, it is important to emphasize that the spectra were recorded under static conditions. In contrast, HPLC operates under dynamic flow using analyte mixtures. Neighboring group

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• optimal core formulation (1% w/w HA, 2% w/w NE) and process parameters (17 kV applied voltage, 6.25 flow rate ratio (0.04 mL/h inner; 0.25 mL/h outer), 12 cm needle-to-collector distance). These conditions provided highly uniform fibers with an average diameter of 439 ± 100 nm, notably 37% larger than

• process variables, such as high voltage, flow rate, and the distance from the Taylor cone to the collector, which significantly impacts nanofiber morphology [17]. Furthermore, selection of the material to be electrospun is crucial, requiring control over key attributes such as molecular weight, polymer

• composition on fiber formation by analyzing the concentrations of the core components and the process flow rate as variables. It was observed that the concentration of NE-βCp in the core had a significant impact on fiber morphology, as illustrated in Figure 2. The presence of NE-βCp led to an increase in the

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• (exceeding the value of Δ − eV) move from the metal to the superconductor, and those with lower energy remain in the normal metal. As a result, a heat flow arises from the normal metal (P is the power of electron cooling) [26]: where Q is the total power released in the superconductor, IV is the Joule heat