Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• is that the productivity and morphology/size of the NPs generated can be regulated by carefully managing the input parameters [16]. Due to the challenges in obtaining phase-pure FeS2 by PLAL, this is a much less explored material despite its high potential. A strong reducible ferric ion and an

• oxidizable sulfide ion coexist in iron sulfides, making their synthesis more difficult than that of iron oxide [17]. Unlike FeS2, there are reports on the synthesis of other iron-based oxides via PLAL. These studies have demonstrated the successful production of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by ablating iron plates in

• needs fitting as it exhibits broadening in high-spin Fe3+ and Fe2+ compounds compared to Fe(0) metal or low-spin Fe2+ [48]. In our analysis, where pyrite (FeS2) is a high-spin Fe2+ complex due to the weak field ligand (sulfur) around the Fe2+ ion, a fitting approach similar to the one outlined in their

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• to . Assuming that the volume of the 4 nm diameter nanoparticle is ≈351 × 10−21 cm3, and the average number of Fe3+ ion per cm3 for all FeO(OH) polymorphs is ≈2.5 × 2022 Fe3+·cm−3 [16], the obtained values were as follows: n ≈ 880, ≈ 30, to ≈ 10. The quantities of the uncompensated spins calculated

• ]. Possibly, the alginate–cellulose structures are visible in the TEM images from the FST sample. On the other hand, another explanation could be an ion exchange mechanism (Ca→Fe) and chemical interactions between the carboxylate groups of alginate and iron Fe3+ ions, which tend to bind alginate more strongly

• contribution decreased almost twofold. At first glance, according to Table 2, it may be concluded that the dissolution process in physiological saline contributed to the destruction of the calcium alginate shell, as the Ca ion concentration significantly decreased. It should be mentioned that calcium alginate

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• interactions with functional acidic and basic groups, the cross-linking agent glutaraldehyde (GA), and an inorganic ion mixture (Ca2+ and Zn2+), which enhances the mechanical properties of the material by promoting the formation of a controlled hydrogen bonding network, thereby reinforcing the polymer matrix

• Field-emission SEM analysis was performed using a Merlin Compact instrument (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with an SE2 detector. The sample was mounted on a clean silicon wafer and coated with a nanoscale platinum layer using an ion sputter coater (Q150T Plus, Quorum Technologies, UK). EDX analysis was

• equipped with a Turbo Ion Spray source, which was operated in both positive mode and negative mode (QTRAP®4000, AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). The analyses of the tetracyclines were performed using a Sunfire C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm i.d., 5.0 mm particle size) from Waters (Milford, MA, USA), and the

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• and independently pumped by ion and Ti sublimation pumps. Every chamber has a base pressure of about 10−9 Torr. A Nd:YAG laser with a fourth-harmonic generator (266 nm), was focused onto a 99.999% Ta target (purchased from Kurt J. Lesker Company) with 4 ns and hv = 1.5 eV. The laser was operated at a

• frequency of 7.5 Hz, the substrate-to-target distance was 5 cm, and the incident energy density was 4.88 J·cm−2. We studied the stoichiometry and properties of the thin films as a function of gas pressure by introducing N2 to realize RPLD. At this time, the ion pumps were closed and isolated from the PLD

• focused ion beam (FIB) for SEM observation; Au films were evaporated on the TaN samples before the FIB process to protect the samples (Figure 6a). The sample in Figure 6b shows a film thickness of 70 nm, and one can distinguish the Au protective layer used for the FIB process. Figure 6c shows the

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• -sections by means of argon ion polishing. To get results that closely simulate the operation of working devices, we used a comprehensive static KPFM measurement protocol (See Supporting Information File 1, Section 2) and measured potential profiles across all layers while applying a voltage or under

• illumination. Our results indicate that the inclusion of BCF has a passivating effect on iodide defects within the devices. Particularly, a major improvement on the diode character of the HTL/perovskite interface was observed, in both spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA cells. The details of device fabrication, ion milling

• of each batch. A slow scan rate of 60 mV/s was used for the current density–voltage (J–V) curves so as the ion distribution within the cell is under quasi-equilibrium [39]. We notice that BCF had a beneficial effect on both spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA in terms of photovoltaic parameters. Whilst the

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• metal ion chelation. Chromatin contains copper ions, which readily participate in redox reactions and bind strongly to DNA. These ions can form complexes with TA. Within cancer cells, for instance, this interaction can trigger ROS production and DNA damage [17]. However, when TA is complexed with

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• study materials such as perovskite solar cells [18][19][20] and Li-ion batteries [21][22][23]. AFM enables simultaneous acquisition of topographic and electronic data by applying AC or DC voltages across the tip–sample gap, allowing for the detection of capacitive forces [24][25] or contact potential

• nanospectroscopy experiments. The microcapacitors were produced by focused ion beam (FIB) milling on a silicon wafer with a 300 nm layer of SiO2 and a 14 nm sputtered layer of Pt on it (Figure 2). Results and Discussion To investigate whether the C″-sensitive detection leads to an improved spatial resolution of

• Nanolab FIB apparatus with a dual Ga+ ion beam. Multifrequency heterodyne electrostatic force microscopy MFH-EFM was measured on an Oxford Instruments/Asylum Research MFP-3D Infinity AFM in a nitrogen glovebox (level of humidity below 0.3%, level of oxygen below 0.1%). The typical resonance frequency of

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Krakow, av. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.16.47 Keywords: deposition; etching; focused electron beams; focused ion beams; lithography; milling; nanofabrication; 3D nanostructures; It

• underdeveloped technology at that time. In his visionary address, he proposed techniques such as direct ion lithography using focused beams and introduced the concept of combined photo-electron lithography. Feynman's contribution was not limited to his visionary approach of advancing technology through

• the best of times, it was the worst of times" [2] – onto a 200 × 200 micron square of plastic using an electron beam. This achievement prompts a reflection: is nowadays the best or the worst of times for the development of electron and ion beam technologies? With the hope to contribute addressing this

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• the injury and helped increase the production of VEGF, which aids in vasculogenesis. At the same time, the heat produced by NIR-II light activated specific ion channels of the nerve cells. These channels were permeable to calcium, and the influx of this ion triggered the release of important growth

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• complex, together with the co-activation of the mGluR5 receptor, leads to the activation of intracellular Fyn kinase. This activation causes dysregulation of calcium ion homeostasis, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and disruption of synaptic functions. Together, these processes, as depicted in Figure

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• as an effective tool. Exposure to 120 MeV silver ion irradiation results in the complete amorphization of the B2 phase in CdO nanoparticles, while the crystalline hexagonal wurtzite phase of zinc oxide (ZnO) remains intact. In contrast, 80 MeV oxygen ion irradiation preserves the B2 phase and

• facilitates the reemergence of the B1 phase. The partial damage caused by electronic energy loss during oxygen ion irradiation in the willemite Zn2SiO4 phase is identified as a trigger for the B1 to B2 phase transformation in CdO nanoparticles, enabling the recovery of the B1 phase. The diminishing local

• pressure exerted by the Zn2SiO4 phase on CdO nanoparticles during oxygen ion irradiation leads to the coexistence of both B1 and B2 phases. X-ray absorption near-edge spectra (XANES) reveal minimal changes in the intensity of the spike-like Zn L3,2 pre-edge feature associated with the Zn2SiO4 phase under

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• with Ni2+ and Co2+ chloride solutions through traditional ion exchange (IE) and impregnation (Imp) processes. Special attention was given to analyzing the cationic and anionic composition of the resulting materials. The catalytic potential was evaluated in the selective hydrogenation of citral, focused

• produce unsaturated alcohols, suggesting that synergistic Ni–Co interactions played a role in their formation. Keywords: citral hydrogenation; cobalt–nickel mixture; impregnation; ion exchange; natural zeolite; Introduction Numerous publications in the literature highlight zeolites modified with

• metallic species for various applications, leading to the invention of new functional materials for sustainable development, such as catalysts [1][2][3]. Among the various methods used to modify zeolites, ion exchange is the most widely employed. Different ion exchange methods are known, such as ion

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• as a molecular sieve [22][23][24][25]. Theoretical studies using molecular dynamics simulations analyzed the impact of the partial charge on the h-BN membrane surface on water molecules and salt ion transport [26]. They noted that the Coulomb interaction between water molecules/ions and the channels

• in both water and ion flow [27]. h-BN membranes can feature pores of various types and sizes, which play a crucial role in the flow of water. The difference in the electroaffinity of B and N atoms gives these pores edges with asymmetric charge distributions, resulting in fields that affect the

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• Usha Rani Kafi Devi Divya Gupta Sanjeev Aggarwal Ion Beam Centre, Department of Physics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.38 Abstract Molybdenum (Mo) thin films have extensive applications in energy storage devices and photovoltaic solar cells because of their

• sputtering allows for precise control of film thickness, shape, and stoichiometry, making it a key method for preparing films with specific characteristics [12]. Numerous approaches exist to improve the performance of thin films, including ion implantation techniques that enable precise alteration of

• material characteristics. Ion implantation is one of the most attractive techniques because it introduces considerable changes in the surface morphology and composition of the films [13][14]. The uses of implanted Mo thin films cover a broad range of applications including microelectronics and

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• generating ion beams in a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy electron cyclotron resonance ion source, generally used for nanostructuring solid surfaces. The investigation focuses on developing, accelerating, and extracting Ar ions from a magnetron-coupled plasma cup utilizing a three-grid ion

• extraction composed of molybdenum. The study systematically examines the dependence of ion beam current on critical parameters, such as gas pressure, magnetron power, extraction voltage, and ion energies. The Gaussian nature of the beam profile is scrutinized and elucidated within the context of grid

• extraction-based ion sources. Plasma physics principles are employed to interpret the observed variations in the beam current with various parameters. The optimized beam current is used to investigate the inert ion-induced nanopatterning of silicon surfaces, at various ion fluences and incidence angles. The

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• target source material is a ‘solid’ or a ‘metal ion’. Methods for synthesizing particles using solid materials include laser ablation in liquid (LAL) [13][14][15], laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL) [16], and laser melting in liquid (LML) [17], and many excellent reports have been published on the

• 2 min after laser irradiation, reaches a maximum after 6 min, and then decreases to a constant value at 26 min. This is assumed to be based on the following mechanism. 1) From the start of laser irradiation to 2 min: equilibrium between nucleation due to ion reduction and atom re-dissolution due to

• compatibility. We will conduct additional experiments to clarify the specific mechanism of reaction and attempt to select the optimal radical scavenger. Increasing the efficiency of nanoparticle synthesis by changing solution concentration with radical scavengers When the precursor ion concentration is

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• the ZnO crystal lattice results in a decrement in the peak position values because Ag+ ion (12.2 nm) has a larger ionic size compared to that of the Zn2+ ion (7.4 nm). Consequently, the given data aligns with the decrease in the highest location of the point, indicating a reduction in the c-axis

• lattice. This implies that the Ag ion has filled the spaces between the atoms in the ZnO structure. Also, Ag functions as an amphiprotic dopant, meaning it can both donate and accept protons. It tends to occupy interstitial sites and also substitute for Zn [15][16]. Debye–Scherrer’s relation is used to

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• setup by means of a load lock and transferred throughout the chambers with a transfer stick. The preparation chamber accommodates standard surface preparation techniques including an ion sputter gun, an e-beam evaporator, a quadrupole mass spectrometer, as well as a combined low-energy electron

• contact with the sample surface, the seal’s maximum temperature poses a reaction temperature limitation of 600 K [11]. The vacuum is maintained by a corrosion-resistant turbo pump as well as an ion pump. A gas cabinet for gas mixing, consisting of several rotating valves, mass flow controllers, and back

• tunneling current simultaneously (Figure 5c,d). Consequently, the tip–sample distance will be maintained throughout the image while the current signal will be a direct indication of the conductivity of the surface. The Pd(100) surface has been prepared using the standard recipe of repeated cycles of Ar-ion

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• sulfate group, with sodium as the counter-ion. The amphiphilic structure of SDS, integrating a hydrophobic alkyl chain and a hydrophilic headgroup, confers unique physicochemical properties that are leveraged in various applications. However, the widespread use of SDS in different applications led to the

• –PCL) nanoparticles (10 mg/mL), 500 μL of Bradford reagent, and 100 μL of the respective metal ion solution or surfactant, with a total reaction volume of 1 mL. Visual color changes were observed, and absorbance was measured in the 300–900 nm range using a spectrophotometer (Multiskan G0, Thermo

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• electrochemical conditions [2]. On the laboratory scale, attachment is achieved electrostatically or by adding ion-conducting polymer (i.e., ionomer) binders to the nanoparticles, either as mixtures (inks) or overlayers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Electrostatic attachment of nanoparticles to supports lacks long

• ]. Alkaline electrolytes can decrease acid-based side reactions but alter Nafion [11][14], impeding ion conductivity and overall performance [5]. Adding binders additionally complicates reaction mechanisms and introduces competing pathways or by-products [5]. Further challenges in traditional nanoparticle

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• Kafi Devi Usha Rani Arun Kumar Divya Gupta Sanjeev Aggarwal Ion Beam Centre, Department of Physics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.25 Abstract In this study, zinc telluride (ZnTe) films were grown on quartz substrates at room temperature, 300 °C, 400 °C, 500

• ± 0.30 nm for the films deposited at room temperature, 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. The structural aspects of the ZnTe/Qz films were analysed using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GXRD) on a Bruker AXS D8 Advance with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) available at Ion Beam Centre

• -3600 Plus) equipped with Integrating Sphere Assembly (Model-ISR-603) in the wavelength range of 200–2000 nm (accuracy 1 Å) available at Ion Beam Centre, Kurukshetra University. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra of ZnTe/Qz films were recorded using a HORIBA Scientific (Fluorescence 3.5

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• of nanoparticles, and preserves the sterility of the material [19][20]. In this study, sodium dodecyl sulfate, a negative ion surfactant, was adsorbed in the production process onto the surface of nanoparticles, resulting in negatively charged particles. Particles with the same surface charge repel

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• apoptosis via activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-, caspase-, and mitochondrion-dependent pathways, such as p53-mPTP [13][17][18], and reduce the expression of voltage-dependent ion channel genes and extracellular receptors in glioma cells, damaging the cell membrane and changing its potential [19

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• can affect the stability of a substance, ion interactions, and molecular ionization in a solution. However, the effect of pH and EC values on the psychochemical properties highly depends on the material’s application [28][29]. Pd rhizobacterium typically thrives optimally at pH 7.5 and exhibits

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• -sensitive ion channel antibodies. This combination successfully targeted the optic cone photoreceptors, inducing NIR photosensitivity in the residual photoreceptor cells of blind mice and human retinas tested in vitro (Figure 6a). By employing Au nanorods of varying lengths, the retina’s response to