Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• of the ultrablack cuticle in Traumatomutilla bifurca, an enigmatic and visually striking species of velvet ants (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae). Using a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and optical

• , Leica Biosystems, Solms, Germany) and contrasted with osmium tetroxide. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) The capacity of insect cuticle to emit autofluorescence at various wavelengths is extensively documented, influenced by material composition, degree of sclerotization, and the presence of

• . Confocal laser scanning microscopy micrographs (maximum intensity projections) showing different types of autofluorescence exhibited by the cuticle. Blue regions contain resilin or some other proteins, while green, orange, and red structures represent different degrees of sclerotization. Black regions are

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• , situated on the foreleg tibiae, were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the presence and distribution of resilin, an elastomeric protein that enhances cuticle flexibility, were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Eye and antennal grooming behavior were analyzed to evaluate the

• confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The eye and antennal grooming behavior of the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Vander Linden, 1820) adults (Odonata, Coenagrionidae) was observed and analyzed to evaluate the particle removal efficiency in intact and ablated insects. Material and Methods Insects

• scanning electron microscope FE SEM LEO 1525 (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany) at 5 kV accelerating voltage. Confocal laser scanning microscopy A CLSM-based method established by Michels and Gorb [37], to analyze material compositions and their gradients in arthropod cuticle by visualizing autofluorescence, was

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• extending over a larger time frame. Ageing effects on the morphology of the attachment pads and the autofluorescence of the cuticle were documented using light, scanning electron, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results show that both adhesion and friction forces decline with age. Deflation of

• Zeiss Axioplan microscope and an AxioCam MRc camera with the AxioVision software (v. 4.8.2) (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). The tarsi were examined at 5× magnification. Sets of excitation and emission filters were used according to [50]. 7 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) A confocal laser

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• stick insect Medauroidea extradentata using scanning electron microscopy, micro-computed tomography, light microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our observations revealed structural differences between both attachment pads, reflecting their distinct functionality. Furthermore, our results

• obtained using a scanning electron microscope (TM 3000, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp, Tokyo, Japan) at 3 kV acceleration voltage. The recorded images were stitched, merged, and processed using the software Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). Confocal laser scanning microscopy Whole

• relatively large adhesive organs that bear no further surface microstructures [47][55][56] and because the droplet morphology of its tarsal secretion has been recently analysed [28][38][47][55][56]. Combining different imaging techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• Standard and high-resolution fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to determine the localization of the fluorescent BSA/PDA NPs with a BSA/DA ratio of 10 in bacterial cells. One colony of E. coli was transferred from the agar plate into fresh liquid LB and incubated at 37 °C

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• ; N = 3. Different uptake of untagged E. coli (39.8 ± 11.4%) vs HbMP (30′: 51.9 ± 6.0%; 120′: 47.1 ± 5.1%) by monocytes; N = 3. Phagocytosis of PMMA-FluoroGreen-COOH-MP diameter between 0.4 and 2.1 µm by monocytes and granulocytes. N = 3. The confocal laser scanning microscopy image showing the uptake

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• structure was quantitatively described with confocal laser scanning microscopy and a surface analysis software. The data show a polar development of cuticular ridges and a basipetal ridge progression during leaf ontogeny. Traction experiments with Colorado potato beetles as model species showed low walking

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• field of filtration technologies. Keywords: adhesion; confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM); feeding efficiency; feeding structures; mechanical properties; Introduction Particle capture mechanisms are common in a huge variety of aquatic animals, such as polychaetes, bryozoans, bivalves, sponges

• chose the copepod Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg, 1853). This species belongs to the Calanoida, where filter feeding is the derived condition [19][20][29][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. For this species (Figure 1), previous confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies on the

• right side = 50 µm. Figure 1 was adapted (by adding arrows and circles) from [57], J. Michels, “Confocal laser scanning microscopy – detailed three-dimensional morphological imaging of marine organisms”, Imaging Marine Life, with permission from John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag

Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches

• Feitao Li,
• Siyao Wan,
• Dong Wang and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.14

• measured by laser scanning microscopy (LSM, Olympus LEXT 4100). Morphology around decomposed areas (a–c). Distribution and composition of nanoflowers and particles outside the decomposition cavity in 10Au10Ni, respectively (d, e). Images (a–c) show 5Au15Ni, 10Au10Ni and 15Au5Ni, respectively. The dotted

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• samples by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed the expected persistence of the air layer (see Figure 2). The images taken directly after the submersion of the sample show an almost perfectly flat air–water interface. After two weeks under water the same sample still kept an air layer and was

• , the silvery shine indicates the kept air. c) SEM image of the surface structure of the Salvinia leaf. d) SEM image of the MSM. Confirmation of the persistence of the air layer in low water depth and analysis of the shape of the air–water interface by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM

Growing up in a rough world: scaling of frictional adhesion and morphology of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)

• Anthony J. Cobos and
• Timothy E. Higham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1292–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.107

• 2000 grit sandpaper surface (D), and a 3D image of the 2000 grit sandpaper surface using confocal laser scanning microscopy (E). The relationship between morphological characters and SVL of 15 individuals. The relationship between toepad area (digit IV) and SVL (y = 2.03x − 6.46, r2 = 0.95) (A). The

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• to other non-GNP methods. It must be acknowledged that the detection window of GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 is very wide (0.025–0.3 mM) but at the cost of a high LOD. GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 bioimaging in living cells To study bioimaging of GSH-Rh6G2 and GNPs-GSH-Rh6G2 in living cells, confocal laser scanning microscopy

• were washed with HEPES buffer three times. Then, 30 μL of Hg2+ solution was added. Residual ions were washed with HEPES buffer before imaging. Confocal laser scanning microscopy with 543 nm excitation was carried out. Cytotoxicity assays Cytotoxicity assays were used to investigate the bio-safety of

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• was used to incubate these cells for 5 min and the fluorescence intensity of the cells was recorded via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results and Discussion Synthesis and characterization of MZG We chose Zn2+, a typical essential metal, to effectively bond Myr and GSH via coordination

• to effectively protect cells from damage. DCFH-DA was used to probe ROS in cells, which showed no fluorescence signal without ROS, while it turned to highly fluorescent 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein after interacting with ROS in cells. As shown in the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images, the

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• CCD method produces nearly uniform, peanut-shaped particles. The size distribution determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 759 ± 25 nm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images confirmed this size range (Figure 1C). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of particles produced with

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• of adaxial leaf surfaces at various ontogenetic stages to study the morphological changes occurring on the leaf surfaces. We characterized the replica surfaces by using confocal laser scanning microscopy and commercial surface analysis software. The development of cuticular ridges is polar and the

• changes Figure 1 shows S. calyptrata leaves at their different ontogenetic stages (Figure 1a) and the corresponding confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observations (Figure 1b–f) on leaf microstructures. A schematic representation of the leaves and the corresponding locations of smooth and ridged

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• histidine-tag at the extracellular side of a PM mutant (c-His PM). The functionalization and the resulting hybrid membrane were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and infrared

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• detect and observe the fluorescence signal in cells. Further, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was utilized to observe the internalization. Cells were seeded into 6-well plates and incubated for 24 h. After co-incubation in 2 mL of medium containing free DOX or DOX-loaded nanocarrier

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• ) analysis were performed with a Zeiss Merlin field-emission SEM instrument. Transmission electron microscopy images were collected with a Zeiss Libra 120 EFTEM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging of bacterial biofilms was performed with a Nikon AIR MP microscope equipped with a 60×, NA 1.4

• staining [53], was taken as the MBIC. Each determination was performed in triplicate. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to assess the bacterial viability in biofilms using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacterial viability kit. Overnight cultures of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were 100-fold diluted in MH

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• force [13] using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and reflection interference contrast microscopy (RICM). Fabrication conditions such as the type of polymer (e.g., thicker layers are formed by PEs having lower charge density) [14], concentration of the polymer

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• the formula (L·w2)/2 where L and w stand for tumor length and width, respectively. Cellular uptake of CCMV and BMV viruses. (a) Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of MCF-7 cells treated with virus–NanoOrange (green channel). (b) Representative flow cytometry data (c) and the statistical

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• , e: after 16 h. The endosomal escape of the polyplex after 4 h of incubation in A549 cells visualized using endotracker (stains early endosomes green) and the red fluorescence from Cy-3 labeled siRNA observed with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The co-localization of the Cy3-labeled siRNA and

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• . Besides a specific surface chemistry with a tendency to avoid the interaction with mucins, NPs smaller than the pore size of mucus [54] need to be applied to avoid the size-filtering mechanism [5][10]. A confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)-based set up was used to study the penetration of NPs

• muco-penetrating PLGA NPs through pulmonary human mucus The permeation of rhodamine B labelled, F68-stabilized PLGA NPs (preparation with 0.1% Pluronic F68) was confirmed by 3D time lapse imaging utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSM710, Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Each 40 µL of pulmonary human

• nanoparticles stabilized with different types of Pluronic before and after their distribution and interaction with mucin. xz-micrographs taken in confocal laser scanning microscopy study of the penetration of differently sized F68-stabilized PLGA NPs. Fluorescently labelled (red fluorescence) 60, 120 and 400 nm

Nonlinear absorption and scattering of a single plasmonic nanostructure characterized by x-scan technique

• Tushar C. Jagadale,
• Dhanya S. Murali and
• Shi-Wei Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2182–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.211

• nonlinearity of a single nanostructure, but also reports surprisingly large plasmonic nonlinearities. Keywords: absorption cross section; laser scanning microscopy; nanoplasmonics; nonlinear absorption; nonlinear scattering; single gold nanostructures; Introduction It is well known that the optical

• scanning microscopy, where an excitation beam spot moves in the lateral x-direction across a single nanostructure. Similar to the requirements of z-scan, but converted into the x-direction, the diameter of the nanostructure should be much smaller than the point spread function (PSF) of the laser focus. At

• technique has extensively been applied to study the nonlinear absorption of thin plasmonic films [20], but not that of a single plasmonic nanostructure. In this study, we propose a different method named x-scan to characterize the optical nonlinearity of a single nanostructure. The method is based on laser