Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• 30 min before imaging. The FEP tubes were inserted into a capillary tube for structural support to mount the samples. Using a metal plunger, the samples were drawn into the exposed end of the FEP tube, as illustrated in Figure 3. Light sheet microscopy The LSFM setup is described in [40]. Here, the

• upconversion nanoparticle UCNP (left). TEM micrograph of as-bought UCNPs dispersed in toluene. Inset: functionalized UCNPs@lipids dispersed in Milli-Q water. Scale bar: 50 nm. General scheme of the sample mounting holder used for temperature mapping in the light sheet microscopy system. The numbers in the

• -sheet microscopy; temperature mapping; upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles; Introduction Biological processes involving energy exchange often manifest as temperature fluctuations. Materials sought to measure such changes should exhibit high sensitivity, accuracy, high spatiotemporal resolution, good