Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• growth [175]. Zhou et al. focused on the fabrication of a novel composite membrane suitable for photothermal cancer therapy based on black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets because of their high biocompatibility and photothermal efficacy. SF was used as an exfoliating agent in stable liquid exfoliation with

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• , resulting in a localized deposit at the irradiated area. When the precursor is delivered to the substrate in its gaseous form through a gas injection system (GIS), the process is termed as gas-assisted FEBID [23], commonly called FEBID. Variants such as liquid FEBID [24] and cryo-FEBID [25] also exist

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• zero was considered at this point. During the catalytic test, the reaction was carried out under constant pressure using a pressure control system. After various reaction times, liquid samples were manually collected and analyzed by gas chromatography to determine conversion and selectivity values. It

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• Rikuto Kuroda Takahiro Nakamura Hideki Ina Shuhei Shibata illuminus Inc., 307 Wako Riken Incubation Plaza, 2–3–13, Minami, Wako, Saitama, 351–0104, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.16.35 Abstract Laser-induced reduction in liquid (LRL) is a physicochemical technique for synthesizing nanoparticles by

• target source material is a ‘solid’ or a ‘metal ion’. Methods for synthesizing particles using solid materials include laser ablation in liquid (LAL) [13][14][15], laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL) [16], and laser melting in liquid (LML) [17], and many excellent reports have been published on the

• synthesis of various nanoparticles that maintain the crystal structure and composition of the source solid material. In contrast to those methods, laser-induced reduction in liquid (LRL) is a nanoparticle synthesis method based on reduction reactions induced by laser in solution. Synthesis of nanoparticles

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• their acute exposure leads to chronic disorders by affecting organ functions [2]. For example, lead poisoning in liquid effluents, is one of the worst environmental hazards which can affect human health and readily impact immune responses [3]. Due to the detrimental effects on the environment and human

• NRs were studied using dynamic light scattering analysis, and their zeta potential was determined. Figure 5 represents the zeta potential of Ag@ZnO NRs. The samples were collected in the liquid state and the Ag@ZnO NRs zeta potential of ≈30 mV accounts for the stability of the nanoparticles in water

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• ][26], ligands [27], and low-salinity ions [28], or by choosing different liquid media [29]. Nevertheless, the addition of molecular stabilizers or the use of liquids that increase the stability reduces the versatility of the technique and limits the applicability of the produced colloidal NPs. The

• that occurs after absorption of the laser radiation and localized heating of the target surface. The plume interacts with the surrounding liquid. This interaction defines the cooling rate of the species present in the plasma and significantly affects NP growth (i.e., plasma quenching forms small NPs

• ). The plasma temperature and pressure determine the cavitation bubble and NP formation [40][41]. The plasma plume that heats up the liquid causes liquid vaporization and subsequent bubble nucleation. The initial pressure of the bubble is very high (higher than 1 GPa) allowing it to expand until it

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• % in frozen or liquid egg whites. In the context of marshmallow production, where SDS functions as a whipping agent, its concentration must not exceed 0.5% of the gelatine weight. Interestingly, SDS has been reported to exhibit a temporary suppressive effect on the perception of sweetness, which

• applications within permissible limits. To assess the safe dose of SDS in other products, various high throughput tools are available, including spectrophotometrics, potentiometrics, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis, and fluorescence-based methods [15][16][17][18][19

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• surfactants for size control [17][18][19]. Nanoparticles prepared by pulsed laser in liquid synthesis are surfactant-free [1], but the same binder strategies are used for nanoparticle–support composites as for conventionally made nanoparticles. Capping ligands and binders hinder intimate contact between

• . Results and Discussion Carbon fiber paper served as electrode support material because graphite is cost-effective, scalable, and the premier electrode support material for reduction reactions [21]. Gold nanoparticles were laser grafted from aqueous HAuCl4 solution. The use of an aqueous liquid requires

• laser in liquid synthesis [1], the nanoparticles resulting from reactive pulsed laser processing are surfactant-free. We used nanosecond laser pulses to minimize surface damage to the graphitic carbon fiber paper. Based on the thermal time constants of graphite, a few nanoseconds are required to

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• single-phase homogeneous liquid. Polymer blending allows for the creation of novel materials through the incorporation of the unique properties of the component polymers [78]. In blend electrospinning, the preparation of a homogenous solution is crucial in ensuring the formation of uniform fibers during

• liquid, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride into cross-linked electrospun chitosan/PVA nanofibers to improve water resistance and adsorption properties. The mechanical properties, however, were not reported. Coating of nanofiber structures can also provide improvement of the mechanical properties. Kang

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• degradation and solid–liquid separation are also commonly used in making the pollutants non-toxic or non-hazardous [13][23]. It should be noted that many of the conventional methods fail in degrading antibiotics completely since most antibiotics are very complex in structure and are even resistant to

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• modify the nanomaterials in situ via chemical reactions of the nanoparticles with the molecules or solutes of the liquid. Particularly when organic solvents are used as liquids, photothermally induced C–C cleavage, addition or dehydrogenation reactions of the solvents, as well as (carbon

• ) functionalization of the nanoparticles have been observed, which ultimately should affect their lipophilicity and, hence, colloidal stability in apolar or polar solvents. Two-phase liquid systems and the possibility to transfer the surfactant-free nanoparticles from one liquid phase into another remain practically

• in liquid; laser synthesis and processing of colloids; phase transfer; size separation; thermomorphic multiphase system; Introduction Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) provides nanoparticles without the need of external surfactants while retaining the initial composition of the educt material in the

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• additives that enhance the adhesion between MOFs and the polymer matrix can be used to improve the MOF–polymer interface. For example, Lin et al. [132] utilized [Emim][Tf2N], an ionic liquid (IL), as an interfacial binder between micrometer-sized HKUST-1 and 6FDA-Durene polymer, see Figure 8e. The

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• . Typically, such pillars are amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles formed during the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) introduced into liquid crystalline 2D CTAB layers that fill the interlamellar space between the 2D zeolite nanosheets. Tetraethoxytitanium (TEOT) is a homolog of TEOS, and its hydrolysis

• efficiency than the bulk phase, but the bandgap of anatase particles smaller than 10 nm is very sensitive to their size [14]. One of the disadvantages of such free photocatalyst nanoparticles is the limitation of mass transfer between solid and liquid phases. From this perspective, the problem of

• in a mechanical mixture of TiO2 with microporous zeolite, but higher than for composites obtained by a liquid impregnation method [40]. Thermogravimetric (TG) profiles of the studied samples together with the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves are shown in Figure 6. As can be seen, mass loss

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• software tool (”unDrift”), which allows reliable and fast drift correction. Dickbreder et al. demonstrate the robust performance of the software tool by AFM data recorded under varying conditions (vacuum or liquid environment) on calcite surfaces with recording times up to several hours. The work by Nony

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• , 15, 30, 35 and 40 °C using a self-made cryo-stage made from copper and equipped with a heater. The stage was cooled via a thick strand of copper wires connected to a Meissner trap cooled with liquid nitrogen. The temperature was controlled via a heating element inserted as an interface layer between

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• applications of mimicking the liquid-repelling properties of their skin to address a common industrial challenge: The scaling of steel surfaces. Scaling, a pervasive issue in various industries, results from unwanted water adhesion and mineral deposition, leading to corrosion, reduced efficiency, and increased

• maintenance costs. By understanding and replicating the nanostructured [3][7][8][9], liquid-repelling features of Collembola skin, we propose a novel approach to mitigate this issue. Figure 1 displays the cuticle micro- and nanostructure which leads to effective water repellency [5]. It has been shown how the

• phenomenon, known as the Cassie state, results in the liquid being more in contact with air than with the solid surface, leading to high apparent contact angles [22]. The high contact angles also become apparent in Figure 1B, where a water droplet is resting on the Collembola surface. Here, we explore the

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• ). The bio-NPs in the photomodified samples had a body of average electron density, the substance of which looked slightly non-homogenous. The LPs resembled tennis balls (Figure 4a–f), while the EVs, which in their native state had liquid contents, were deformed and resembled collapsed balls with a

• copper grids covered with formvar film. A drop of a sample was adsorbed for 1 min on a grid, excess of the liquid was removed by a pipette; then, the wet grid was placed on a drop of 0.5% aqueous uranyl acetate solution for 10 s, excess liquid was removed with filter paper. Grids were air-dried and

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• different liquid media, namely, deionised water (DW), toluene, and anisole, to fabricate HfO2 and HfC NPs along with Hf NSs. Spherical HfO2 NPs and nanofibres were formed when Hf was ablated in DW. Hf ablated in toluene and anisole demonstrated the formation of core–shell NPs of HfC with a graphitic shell

• liquid medium. The target material absorbs the pulse energy via the electrons. It transfers it to the lattice, which expulses the surface material as a plasma plume confined because of the pressure created by the surrounding liquid [16][20][23][24]. A cavitation bubble is formed as the energy is

• transferred to the surrounding liquid from the decaying plasma because of the existing temperature differences between the liquid and the plasma plume, leading to the emergence of a vapour layer with a volume equivalent to the plasma plume [16][20][23][24]. The cavitation bubble collapses because of cyclic

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• heavy metal ion monitoring in environmental samples involve complex analytical instrumental techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography [8][9]. Environmental remediation of P-NP requires processes such as

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• both liquid and solid lipids. The non-ideal crystalline structure of the NLCs reduces the crystallinity degree, thus offering enhanced drug loading capacity while preventing drug expulsion [103]. Because of their advantages, such as improved encapsulation of lipophilic drugs and increased brain

• concentration in the brain by a factor of 6.15 compared to the oral clozapine tablet [109]. Nanoemulsions Emulsions are colloidal systems consisting of two immiscible liquid phases where one phase is dispersed in the other. Nanoemulsions can be prepared via low-energy or high-energy methods, including

• microfluidics and high-shear-force homogenization [110]. As DDS, nanoemulsions can be reservoirs for encapsulating hydrophobic substances [111]. Moreover, emulsions of emulsions or double emulsions can be prepared by dispersing the droplets of primary emulsion into another liquid phase. Double emulsions can be

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• surface coatings based on the slick surfaces of carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthes), termed slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS). This study introduces a simplified method to produce SLIPS using a polydopamine (PDA) anchor layer, inspired by mussel adhesion. SLIPS layers were formed on

• cyclic olefin copolymer, silicon, and stainless steel substrates, by first growing a PDA film on each substrate. This was followed by a hydrophobic liquid anchor layer created by functionalizing the PDA film with a fluorinated thiol. Finally, perfluorodecalin was applied to the surface immediately prior

• biomimetic approach to surface passivation involves a series of surface coatings based on the slick surfaces of carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthes), termed slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) [4]. When wetted, the slippery surfaces on the plant cause prey to slide into the bottom of the

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• probability that these excitations will result in the vaporization of one or more helium atoms from the liquid surface. The vaporized atoms then strike the surface of the microcalorimeter, whose task is to determine their recoil energy. When such atoms are adsorbed on the surface of metals, in addition to the

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• . Quantification of CTAB through UHPLC The quantification of bound CTAB on the nanoparticles’ surface was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC; Shimadzu, Nexera, Tokyo, Japan). The chromatography system equipped with an SPD-M20A photodiode array (PDA) detector with a wavelength range

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• nanostructured materials from liquid, solid, and gaseous precursors [2]. Nonetheless, many of these methods are constrained by the necessity of high temperatures and pressures, lengthy reaction times, and toxic reagents [3][4]. Although physical methods offer high reproducibility, chemical methods are often

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• adsorbed on the SiO2NPs, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used. The proteins were separated in SDS-PAGE as described limiting the protein run to only enter in the beginning of the resolving gel. Then, the gel was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue, and the unique bands

• Biosystems) liquid chromatography system through a Proxeon nanoelectrospray ion source. Peptides were separated at a flow rate of 300 nL/min in a 2–90% acetonitrile gradient in 0.1% formic acid for a total gradient time of 65 min (35% acetonitrile at 33 min) using a PicoFrit analytical column (20 cm × ID75