Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• particles, fibers, and whiskers [166][167][168]. Chitosan/PVA/nanoclay composite nanofibers were successfully prepared by electrospinning. Chitosan and PVA solutions were prepared and mixed in a 30:70 volume ratio. Montmorillonite nanoclay was then dispersed in acetic acid and mixed with the chitosan/PVA

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• endeavors have been undertaken, including the creation of heterojunctions or the introduction of metal doping. Wang et al. [84] synthesized BiOCl/Mt photocatalysts in which montmorillonite (Mt), which is naturally rich in iron, was combined with bismuth nitrate. According to the authors, the composite

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• regeneration of the adsorbent. Various adsorbents including chitosan, cellulose, organophilic clays, kaolinite and montmorillonite clays, and activated carbon have been used for removing toxic compounds from polluted water [6]. Among these adsorbents, bentonite and smectite clays exhibit advantageous

• natural clay has predominantly the bentonite phase (at least 50%), known as montmorillonite. Isomorphic substitution of cations between the interlayer space of montmorillonites by exchanging Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+ cations add other functionalities to the resulting material [7]. Heterogeneous

• Figure 2. The XRD analysis for bentonite before modification with niobium indicates dioctahedral montmorillonite (M-COD 9002779 Mx(Al4−xMgx)Si8O20(OH)4) with an amount of kaolinite (K-COD 1011045 Al2H4O9Si2) and quartz (Q-COD 9012600 SiO2) at 13.8%, 41.6%, and 44.6%, respectively [8]. The characteristic

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• osteogenic properties of the produced biocomposite [89]. Chitosan–zinc oxide nanocomposites Zinc was utilized as a trace element in composites for bone tissue engineering applications since it improves bone density and minimizes bone loss. In this study, montmorillonite clay was modified with chitosan

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• nanohybrid membrane by incorporating montmorillonite (Mt) into CS and PVA mixed nanofibers to be used as affinity membranes for dye removal with ultrafast permeating adsorption. With 2 wt % of Mt, a high water flux of 1765 LMH under 0.4 bar operating pressure and a dye removal efficiency of 95% of BB 41 was

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• + ions or growing up to the micrometer scale. Some routes stabilize Ag-NPs by nucleating silver into clay substrates [15][16], such as kaolinite [17][18][19], montmorillonite [18][19][20][21], and halloysite nanotubes [22][23][24]. The advantages are, for instance, preventing particle agglomeration

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• detection using clay materials intercalated with silacrown ethers, dimethylsila-14-crown-5 and dimethylsila-17-crown-6 [93]. The nanoengineered montmorillonite-based intercalation materials were included in poly(vinyl chloride)-based electrodes for potentiometric sensors towards alkali-metal ions in

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• irradiation (Table 1). Among the 2D clay-based solids (layered silicates), montmorillonite and other smectites used for assembly with diverse NPs exhibit excellent adsorption, rheological, ion-exchange, and swelling properties as well as a large relative surface area for incorporating the NPs. Kaolinite clay

• layered clay minerals showed a strong blue-shift compared to bare ZnO prepared at the same precursor concentrations. In kaolinite, the particle size of ZnO was larger and the intercalation ratio was smaller than in montmorillonite 2:1 (a typical smectite clay mineral). In this last case, the average

• particle size of ZnO (2.6–13.0 nm) obtained from the same concentration of the precursor was affected by the cation-exchange capacity of the clay minerals [85]. Layered clay minerals belonging to the smectite group, such as montmorillonite, hectorite, stevensite and beidellite [99][100][101][102][103][104

Photocatalytic and adsorption properties of TiO₂-pillared montmorillonite obtained by hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes

• Mikhail F. Butman,
• Nikolay L. Ovchinnikov,
• Nikita S. Karasev,
• Nataliya E. Kochkina,
• Alexander V. Agafonov and
• Alexandr V. Vinogradov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 364–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.36

• of Sciences, Akademicheskaya St. 1, Ivanovo 153045, Russian Federation ITMO University, Lomonosova St. 9, St. Petersburg 197101, Russian Federation 10.3762/bjnano.9.36 Abstract We report on a new approach for the synthesis of TiO2-pillared montmorillonite, where the pillars exhibit a high degree of

• removal of 100% MO and 97.5% RhB (with an initial concentration of 40 mg/L and a photocatalyst-sorbent concentration of 1 g/L) in about 100 minutes. The produced TiO2-pillared montmorillonite showed increased photocatalytic activity as compared to the commercially available photocatalyst Degussa P25

• . Keywords: adsorption; intercalation; mesoporosity; photocatalytic activity; pillared montmorillonite; titanium oxide; Introduction Titanium dioxide in its nanometer-sized form is one of the most promising modern photocatalysts [1]. However, the use of pure TiO2 nanoparticles is hindered by some

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• characterized using optical transmittance spectroscopy. Nanocomposites prepared from Laponite RD (LAP) and Cloisite Na+ (montmorillonite, MTM) were also compared to the bare PEDOT:PSS to evaluate the change in transmittance caused by the addition of nanoclay. Figure 1a demonstrates the tunability of the

• and establish structure-functionality relations for advanced functional materials. Methods Sample preparation Nanoclay dispersions with 0.5 wt % of Laponite RD (LAP) or Cloisite Na+ (montmorillonite, MTM), both from Rockwood Industries, were prepared in deionized water (DI-H2O) and stirred for 24 h at

Organoclay hybrid materials as precursors of porous ZnO/silica-clay heterostructures for photocatalytic applications

• Marwa Akkari,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Abdessalem Ben Haj Amara and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1971–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.188

• Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia 10.3762/bjnano.7.188 Abstract In this study, ZnO/SiO2-clay heterostructures were successfully synthesized by a facile two-step process applied to two types of clays: montmorillonite layered silicate and sepiolite microfibrous clay mineral. In the

• ultrasound irradiation to the silica–organoclay hybrid heterostructures dispersed in 2-propanol, and finally, the resulting solids were calcinated to eliminate the organic matter and to produce ZnO nanoparticles (NP) homogeneously assembled to the clay–SiO2 framework. In the case of montmorillonite the

• water solution was tested using methylene blue and ibuprofen compounds, respectively, as model of pollutants. Keywords: delamination; montmorillonite; organoclays; photocatalysis; porous clay heterostructures; sepiolite; ZnO nanoparticles; Introduction In the last decades, great effort has been

Controlled supramolecular structure of guanosine monophosphate in the interlayer space of layered double hydroxide

• Gyeong-Hyeon Gwak,
• Istvan Kocsis,
• Yves-Marie Legrand,
• Mihail Barboiu and
• Jae-Min Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1928–1935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.184

• condensation of amino acids was determined to favor heteropeptide rather than homopeptide. Besides polymerization of amino acids, it was reported that abiotic oligomerization of RNA nucleotides was catalyzed by montmorillonite clay [7]. In the presence of clay, the length of polymerized RNA oligonucleotides

Effective intercalation of zein into Na-montmorillonite: role of the protein components and use of the developed biointerfaces

• Ana C. S. Alcântara,
• Margarita Darder,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1772–1782, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.170

• /bjnano.7.170 Abstract Biohybrid materials based on the intercalation of zein, the major storage protein in corn, into sodium-exchanged montmorillonite were prepared following two synthesis strategies. The first one made use of zein dissolved in 80% (v/v) ethanol/water solution, the usual solvent for this

• silicate when an aqueous dispersion of montmorillonite is added to the ethanol medium containing both phases. The diverse steps in this second route were investigated individually in order to understand the underlying mechanism that drives to the intercalation of this complex hydrophobic biomacromolecule

• into the hydrophilic interlayer space of sodium-exchanged montmorillonite. In addition to physicochemical characterization of the resulting materials, these biohybrid interfaces were also evaluated as biofillers in the preparation of diverse ecofriendly nanocomposites. Keywords: biohybrids

Manufacturing and investigation of physical properties of polyacrylonitrile nanofibre composites with SiO₂, TiO₂ and Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles

• Tomasz Tański,
• Wiktor Matysiak and
• Barbara Hajduk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1141–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.106

• ][4][5][6], metals (Au, Ag, Al, Fe) [7][8][9], SiC [10] and clays (saponite, montmorillonite, hectorite) [11][12][13]. In nanocomposites, which use inorganic materials at the nano-scale as reinforcement, there is a significant enhancement of properties with a much lower fraction of the reinforcing

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

Green synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of natural bentonite-supported copper nanoparticles for the solvent-free synthesis of 1-substituted 1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazoles and reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Akbar Rostami-Vartooni,
• Mohammad Alizadeh and
• Mojtaba Bagherzadeh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2300–2309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.236

• bentonite (Figure 3b) are shown in Figure 3. The XRD pattern in Figure 3a reveals that the principal constituents of the employed natural clay are montmorillonite (M) and quartz (Q), where the characteristic peaks located at 2θ = 19.84, 34.80, and 61.84° were indexed to (020), (130), and (060) planes of

• montmorillonite, respectively, and 2θ = 26.81, 36.25, and 48.84° were indexed to (101), (110), and (201) planes of quartz, respectively. The other peaks are impurities corresponding to crystobalite, feldspar and illite [25]. It is expected that after modification of bentonite with Cu, a number of new peaks appear

• shows the FE-SEM of Cu NPs/bentonite. The sheet-like structure of montmorillonite can be seen in SEM images. These images show that the adsorption of Cu NPs can occur on both the external surface and interlayer spaces. However, in the EDS spectrum (Figure 5), peaks related to Cu (6.07 % w/w), Si, Al, Mg