Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• polymers in thin films are known to markedly differ from those observed in the bulk, with significant differences in glass transition behavior, diffusion, and viscoelastic properties [4]. The assembly of polymer molecules from solution to solid state play a critical role in determining thin film morphology

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• , making it a promising candidate for studying toepad evolution. We investigated the subdigital microstructures of 27 Cyrtodactylus species occupying a wide range of habitats, and exhibiting a spectrum of subdigital morphology, from the presence of the ancestral condition of small, rounded scales to the

• bear microscopic epidermal filaments (microstructures) and are associated with modified musculature, bone morphology, and blood vessels [10][11][12][13][14]. This effective system allows geckos to adhere, despite being at the upper weight limit for organisms bearing adhesive toepads [15]. In geckos

• adhesive apparatus evolved from padless precursors, and how the ecology of species influences digital morphology at the microscopic level, are far from being elucidated. This is mostly because functionally intermediate forms representing the potential evolutionary transition to a fully expressed adhesive

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• electrode material in lithium-ion cells. Mildly reduced graphene oxide paper underwent further thermal reduction steps. The structural and chemical properties of the obtained materials were determined using Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies and elemental combustion analysis. The morphology

• eletrochemical reduction methods may result in a more defective structure of the graphene material [29][30], which, in this case, should be considered as a shortcoming of such an approach. Thermal methods may be additionally beneficial as they promote changes in the material's morphology introducing air pockets

• [31] and flake edge exposition on the rGO paper surface, improving accessibility of the redox sites for electrolyte and lithium ions. Microwave methods, which also lead to changes in morphology (i.e., expansion) of the material, require thermal pre-treatment since GO weakly absorbs incident microwaves

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• is then calculated plane-by plane, and the corresponding temperature map is generated using the calibration curve of Figure 4b. Figure 5e presents the z-axis projection of the FIR as a red-hot temperature map overlaid with the nematode’s autofluorescence (cyan), which delineates its morphology across

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• least tenfold). The designed core NPs are composed of a Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 core and a MnFe2O4 shell. Their size and morphology were determined by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate their chemical composition. The iron oxide phase was confirmed by

• chemical composition of magnetic nanoparticles is critical, the morphology of the particles also plays a significant role in determining their magnetic properties. Although spherical nanoparticles have been extensively studied, recent research suggests that polyhedral nanoparticles exhibit superior

• their spherical counterparts [12]. This observation highlights the importance of morphology control in the design of high-performance magnetic nanoparticles. One effective approach to achieving both enhanced magnetic properties and biocompatibility is the formation of core–shell structures, where the

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• [11]. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) bypasses many of these resolution limits by preserving the hydrogel through rapid freezing and subsequent fracture, thereby maintaining native-like morphology in the microscope in the form of a xerogel (no solvent) nature [12][13][14]. High

• material. The application of confocal microscopy, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, and conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to a supramolecular peptide material has been shown to allow for sub-diffraction resolution imaging of fibre morphology in situ without covalent

• artefacts stresses the need for multiple orthogonal approaches when interpreting gel morphology [18]. In this study, the morphological features of imidazolium-based supramolecular hydrogel fibres incorporating two distinct fluorescent probes, namely, a zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid (ZnPc) and a

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• the NS junction. In this work, we systematically investigate how geometrical characteristics of the NS interface, such as local curvature and morphology, affect both the spatial decay of the superconducting order parameter in the NM and the effective interface transparency. We aim to elucidate how

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• the fabrication details and morphology of the CPL-enabled cPNSs in Section 2. In recent years, chiral assemblies of PNSs from mechanical forces via magnetic fields [60][61] or strain [62][63] have also been demonstrated. Although the cPNSs prepared via mechanical forces are relatively scarce, they

• the final NC morphology on the EM field distribution of symmetric nanoparticle precursors [98]. A representative example is the plasmon-mediated synthesis of Au NCs, where the surfactant polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) relays warm (not hot) electrons to reduce [101]. Growth was directed by the spatial

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• , while size and morphology under completely dry conditions were measured by electron microscopy. DLS yields a hydrodynamic diameter of the PEG AuNPs of 67.7 ± 9.4 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.35. However, the size distribution (Figure 2) reaches a maximum at 41.1 ± 4.2 nm. In contrast, the

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• aggregate, agglomerate, and self-assemble according to their morphology. These issues cannot be fully eliminated without external stabilization and suggestively impact their performance in real-world applications. Furthermore, such an instability becomes more pronounced as the particle size decreases. For

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• morphology (glacier-fed and rain-fed) influence MP density, though this interaction is poorly studied and requires further work [2]. Similar to what has been happening in Ladakh’s Pangong Lake, MPs carried in the air and over long distances are deposited in water bodies via atmospheric deposition. This is a

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• . Keywords: atomic force microscopy (AFM); high eigenmodes; multifrequency AFM; nanoscale material analysis; surface characterization; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become an indispensable tool for characterizing the morphology and surface properties of materials at the micro- and the

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• Yash Jain Saeed Norouzi Tobias Materzok Stanislav N. Gorb Florian Muller-Plathe Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 8, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany Zoological Institute Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• process variables, such as high voltage, flow rate, and the distance from the Taylor cone to the collector, which significantly impacts nanofiber morphology [17]. Furthermore, selection of the material to be electrospun is crucial, requiring control over key attributes such as molecular weight, polymer

• morphological analysis. Varying the process parameters and the concentration of the constituent(s) seems to be an effective way to control the morphology of the electrospun mats, especially the diameter of the fibers, as demonstrated by Coelho et al. [45]. This study investigated the influence of core

• composition on fiber formation by analyzing the concentrations of the core components and the process flow rate as variables. It was observed that the concentration of NE-βCp in the core had a significant impact on fiber morphology, as illustrated in Figure 2. The presence of NE-βCp led to an increase in the

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• organ is the external part of an extended glandular system comprising two types of cement cells located in the parathoracic region of the worm, around the digestive tract and at the base of parapodia. The two types of cells can be distinguished by the morphology of their secretory granules, which are

• distinguish both types of cement glands based on their secretory granule morphology, and images were taken with an AxioCam 305 digital camera (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging). Results Tube structure As described by Vovelle [6], the tubes of S. alveolata are generally rectilinear and cylindrical, measuring up to 12

• . The sizes of the electron-dense granules and lacunae are 50–700 nm and 50–1400 nm in diameter, respectively. They are homogeneously distributed in the matrix between the hollow spheroids (Figure 2F,G). Morphology and ultrastructure of the adhesive glands The body of S. alveolata measures approximately

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• of their impact on the conditions for anisotropic NP formation and growth. The description of the methods developed for the control over nanomaterial morphology is summarized by the vision of the current challenges and development routes of laser ablation in liquids. Keywords: laser ablation in

• liquids; laser irradiation; nanofabrication; nanoparticles; shape control; Perspective 1 Introduction: Mechanisms and key parameters influencing the morphology of laser-produced NPs The precise control and tailoring of NP parameters has long been an aim of the laser ablation synthesis in liquids

• (nanosecond), this interaction should be taken into account, resulting in the ionization and heating of the ejected material. The initial stages of interaction of a laser beam with a solid target are strongly dependent on laser pulse duration and fluence, surrounding liquid, target morphology and composition

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• new metal-organic precursors, in the form of supported thick layers, to the ion beam irradiation is studied through analysis of the chemical composition and morphology of the resulting structures. This is done using SEM backscattered electron/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy along with machine

• cost-intensive nature of analyzing the morphology and composition of the deposits, we propose a method/approach to minimize studies within the experimental reactor and identify promising potential precursors. Testing Pathway and Methods Used The proposed approach for effectively testing new metal

• irradiation and what kind of morphology is developed for the finally formed metal-rich structures. (3) Analyzing BSE images of the evolving surface morphology at successive stages of FIB irradiation in order to determine “the sputtering point”, that is, the threshold ion fluence at which the sputtering

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• work, we expressed recombinant P. pollicipes cp19k (rPpolcp19k) in E. coli and identified key environmental modulators of fibril formation by the protein. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the rate of fibril formation and morphology under varied pH and salt concentration

• positive in the ThT assay, indicating that, despite the difference in morphology, they contain a β-sheet-rich architecture characteristic of amyloid structures, which is increasingly implicated in enhancing cohesive strength in marine adhesives [33]. rPolcp19k-his fibrils formed in the high pH/low salt

• curled-fibril morphology has been reported for cp19k homologues from other barnacle species, but at the low pH/low salt concentration conditions noted above, and these fibrils did not exhibit fluorescence in ThT assays and were instead proposed to be largely non-amyloid and α-helical in content [29

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• biomaterials [16][17]. Owing to their high adaptability to various metals, including silver, zinc, iron, and platinum, their operational simplicity, and the ability to control nanoparticle size and morphology by selecting plant extracts and reaction conditions, green synthesis is gaining increasing prominence

• morphology and size, which are crucial for optimizing biological activity [8][38]. The Myrtaceae family, particularly Syzygium aromaticum, is a well-established source of eugenol, a potent phenolic compound with known antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, enhancing the bioactivity of synthesized

• between them and results in more uniform nucleation and better control over particle size and morphology. Moreover, continuous stirring prevents aggregation of the nanoparticles, contributing to their colloidal stability. Studies have shown that variations in stirring speed can significantly impact the

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• a magnetic nanoseed concentration of just 0.002 g·L−1, these composites enabled 98% PET extraction, with the separation efficiency largely influenced by the morphology of the magnetic seeds. In addition to ensuring highly efficient magnetic separation of MP particles, this approach significantly

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio

• evaluated over a 30-day period by monitoring droplet size, PdI, ZP, and pH using the same methodologies previously described. Morphology The morphology of the nanoemulsion droplets was examined by transmission electron microscopy using a FEI Tecnai G2 Spirit Biotwin microscope operating at 120 kV (FEI

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• of GO and PI. Elemental and structural changes induced by implantation were analyzed using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface morphology was assessed via

• amorphization of the material and probably to the carbonization of the polyimide. Surface morphology studied by AFM Changes in the surface morphology of PI implanted with 20 keV and 1.5 MeV Ag ions at different fluences were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The basic parameters arithmetic average

• height (Ra) and mean roughness (RMS) are listed in Table 4 [25]. Figure 9 illustrates the alteration in the surface morphology of graphene oxide (GO) resulting from the implantation of 20 keV Ag ions (Figure 9) depending on the applied ion fluence. The minimal roughness was achieved when the GO sample