Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• nanometals can be swiftly heated to temperatures around 100 °C using low-energy laser pulses of specific wavelength. This rapid heating effectively evaporates a limited amount of water in the adjacent nanoscale region, forming vapor nanobubbles (VNBs) (see below in Figure 2c) [50]. The swift expansion and

• materials initiate photothermal conversion through localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), characterized by absorption at a single wavelength [48][49][50]. The therapeutic process involves mechanical forces generated by the rupture of vapor nanobubbles, effectively treating tissues or cells. (d–f

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• [83]. Plasmonic nanobubbles (formed when the irradiation fluence exceeded a threshold value), although being excellent tunable scatterers themselves, did not result in thermal phenomena such as heating and only led to mechanical phenomena such as cavitation effects. Explosive boiling is of explicit

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• performance of the RT Na–S battery reported by Xia et al. [32] who used nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanobubbles supported on porous carbon nanofibers as sulfur hosts. The nitrogen content of this carbonaceous structure is shown by a mapping image in Figure 3C. When studying the electrochemical properties of

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• implantation phenomena (such as the formation of helium nanobubbles and blisters), as well as the opportunity to leverage these phenomena for practical applications. Using the HIM, individual grains/interfaces/regions of interest can be irradiated with a known dose of ions for systematic studies on the

• induced. Future work in this direction using the high-resolution patterning capabilities of the HIM for highly tunable strain engineering on the nanoscale is to be expected. Related to this are the ion implantation-induced membrane folding studies discussed at the end of Section 3. Helium nanobubbles and

• blisters At higher doses, the vacancies and interstitials that form in a crystalline material upon helium ion irradiation can diffuse and combine to form helium nanobubbles. And upon increasing the irradiation dose further, nanobubbles can coalesce to form larger cavities. Eventual rupture of cavities

Enhancement of X-ray emission from nanocolloidal gold suspensions under double-pulse excitation

• Wei-Hung Hsu,
• Frances Camille P. Masim,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Hsin-Hui Huang,
• Tetsu Yonezawa,
• Aleksandr A. Kuchmizhak,
• Saulius Juodkazis and
• Koji Hatanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2609–2617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.242

• location. The density of nanoparticles in the solution corresponds to the situation when a pressure build-up around the neighboring nanobubbles hinders their growth as observed from acoustic studies [45]. The 2 ns transient was observed in photo-acoustic excitation experiments using the same density of

• localization of light is affected by a complex pattern of surface nanoroughening of the liquid surface [28] and an internal pattern of nanobubbles. Figure 4a shows the temporal evolution of the position for maximum X-ray emission of the distilled water film consistent with a roughening of the liquid surface

• intensity in real time. The enhancement of X-ray emission was discussed in terms of an optimized overlap of the focal region of the laser and the solution flow, which resulted in a nanorough surface and the generation of nanobubbles leading to a strong localization (ENZ regions) and absorption of light. The

Automated image segmentation-assisted flattening of atomic force microscopy images

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li and
• Huimin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.91

• , imaging is the most basic one. Various samples, such as molecules [14][15], live cells [1], and interfacial nanobubbles (NBs) [16][17] can be imaged with AFM, in environments ranging from ambient to liquid, or even vacuum. Sample images obtained from AFMs can be compromised by distortion and artifacts

• as follows. The Experimental section introduces the sample preparation and imaging of surface nanobubbles using an AFM. In the section Methods, the exclusion mask extraction and polynomial fitting will be presented individually. In the section Results and Discussion, the comparison of different

• scale bar is 10 µm. AFM image segmentation with flattened images. (a) A raw AFM image of nanobubbles (NBs) with artifacts in the background. (b) Segmentation of NBs with adaptive thresholding method, followed by the contour expansion operation on the raw AFM image. Both over-segmentation and under

Scanning speed phenomenon in contact-resonance atomic force microscopy

• Christopher C. Glover,
• Jason P. Killgore and
• Ryan C. Tung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 945–952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.87

• . Additionally, nanobubbles on the sample surface may also affect the formation of a thin, highly ordered, viscous water film. Maali et al. [39] posited that the presence of nanobubbles explains liquid slip at the interface and the long-range attraction between hydrophobic surfaces in water. Maali et al. [39

• ] and Tyrell et al. [40] were able to image nanobubbles in tapping mode and found that the bubbles could be easily moved by the probe tip and could not be imaged in contact mode. The presence of nanobubbles on the hydrophobic HOPG sample may prevent a continuous film from forming. The scan speed

Robust nanobubble and nanodroplet segmentation in atomic force microscope images using the spherical Hough transform

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li,
• Shuai Ren and
• Shusheng Bi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2572–2582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.257

• Yuliang Wang Tongda Lu Xiaolai Li Shuai Ren Shusheng Bi School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China 10.3762/bjnano.8.257 Abstract Interfacial nanobubbles (NBs) and nanodroplets (NDs) have been attracting increasing attention due to their

• characterization; nanobubbles; nanodroplets; segmentation; Introduction In the past two decades, interfacial nanobubbles (NBs) [1][2][3] and nanodroplets (NDs) [4][5][6] have been attracting more and more attention because of their enormous potential in numerous applications. It is reported that NBs can

• extracted. Then, the contour expansion method [27] was applied to the initial contours to get the optimized boundary detection based on the active contour model [29], followed by the morphological characterization. Experimental Imaging of nanobubbles and nanodroplets In this study, NBs were produced on a PS

Air–water interface of submerged superhydrophobic surfaces imaged by atomic force microscopy

• Markus Moosmann,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Matthias Mail

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1671–1679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.167

• interface have been limited to the micrometer regime. In this work, we utilized a nondynamic and nondestructive atomic force microscopy (AFM) method to image the interface of submerged superhydrophobic structures with nanometer resolution. Up to now, only the interfaces of nanobubbles (acting almost like

• investigation of nanobubbles [9][10]. These are bubbles of air forming on immersed hydrophobic substrates with typical diameters of 100 nm to 1 µm and heights of 10–100 nm [11]. Because of their surprising stability [12], they are relatively easy to image in different AFM modes of operation [9][13][14

• present a new approach for AFM imaging the air–water interface of submerged air-retaining surfaces with unprecedented nanometer resolution. Beyond imaging the well-known, almost solid-like behaving nanobubbles, we expand the scope of AFM measurements to a much more fragile system. This was achieved by

Characterization of spherical domains at the polystyrene thin film–water interface

• Khurshid Ahmad,
• Xuezeng Zhao,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Danish Hussain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.51

• were studied and characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The study showed that these domains have similar characteristics to micro- and nanobubbles, such as a spherical shape, smaller contact angle, low line tension, and they exhibit phase contrast and the coalescence phenomenon. However

• ; contaminants; defects; nanobubbles; water permeation; Introduction Thin films of several nanometer thickness have long been a topic of interest for researchers. The application of such thin films has been demonstrated in nonvolatile memory devices [1], sensors [2][3], for the modification of emissive

• example, to study boundary slip and micro-/nanobubble formation [15][16][17][18][19]. Nanobubbles are gaseous domains that may be found at a solid–liquid interface. Over the past few decades, dedicated research has been carried out on nanobubbles at the solid–liquid interface. AFM has been proven to be a

Automatic morphological characterization of nanobubbles with a novel image segmentation method and its application in the study of nanobubble coalescence

• Yuliang Wang,
• Huimin Wang,
• Shusheng Bi and
• Bin Guo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 952–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.98

• Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China 10.3762/bjnano.6.98 Abstract Nanobubbles (NBs) on hydrophobic surfaces in aqueous solvents have shown great potential in numerous applications. In this study, the morphological characterization of NBs in AFM images was carried out with

• of density, covered area, and volume occurring during coalescence under external disturbance. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; characterization; coalescence; nanobubbles; segmentation; Introduction Over the last ten years, spherical-capped bubbles on various hydrophobic surfaces in aqueous

• solvents have gained increasing attention [1][2][3][4][5].These gas bubbles with dimensions of 5–100 nm in height and 100–800 nm in diameter are often referred to as nanobubbles (NBs). The existence of NBs has been verified through various techniques, including atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1][5][6][7][8

The study of surface wetting, nanobubbles and boundary slip with an applied voltage: A review

• Yunlu Pan,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1042–1065, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.117

• The drag of fluid flow at the solid–liquid interface in the micro/nanoscale is an important issue in micro/nanofluidic systems. Drag depends on the surface wetting, nanobubbles, surface charge and boundary slip. Some researchers have focused on the relationship between these interface properties. In

• this review, the influence of an applied voltage on the surface wettability, nanobubbles, surface charge density and slip length are discussed. The contact angle (CA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) of a droplet of deionized (DI) water on a hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) surface were measured with

• applied direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) voltages. The nanobubbles in DI water and three kinds of saline solution on a PS surface were imaged when a voltage was applied. The influence of the surface charge density on the nanobubbles was analyzed. Then the slip length and the electrostatic

Digging gold: keV He⁺ ion interaction with Au

• Vasilisa Veligura,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Robin P. Berkelaar,
• Raoul van Gastel,
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet and
• Bene Poelsema

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 453–460, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.53

• , at low ion fluences helium ions can occupy existing crystal defects and interatomic positions without causing a substantial volume increase. The subsequent fluence increase leads to the creation of helium nanobubbles in the bulk gold. The formation of voids in metals due to He+ ion bombardment is a

• . The helium nanobubbles are highly over-pressurized. Up to a certain bubble size the excess pressure is relieved by loop punching. This bubble growth mechanism was first suggested by Greenwood et al. [37] and later on discussed by Evans [38]. As bubbles grow, several neighboring bubbles eventually

• this stage of the damage development was not resolved and only the volume of the already formed blister was measured. We have made rough estimations of the pressure in the nanobubbles, and the pressure in the final blister at 35 keV. Not all of the incident helium is trapped in the bubbles: a part of

Biomimetics inspired surfaces for drag reduction and oleophobicity/philicity

• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 66–84, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.9

• ][43][44] and experimental studies [33][45][46][47] suggest that the presence of nanobubbles at the solid-liquid interface is responsible for boundary slip on hydrophobic surfaces. Roughness-induced superoleophobicity The surface tension of oil and organic liquids is lower than that of water, so to