Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Technische Universtät Darmstadt, 64289 Darmtadt, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.68 Abstract Conical nanopores in amorphous SiO2 thin films fabricated using the ion track etching technique show promising potential for filtration, sensing

• nanopores in thermal and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor-deposited (PECVD) SiO2 using synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The nanopores were fabricated by irradiating the samples with 89 MeV, 185 MeV, and 1.6 GeV Au ions, followed by hydrofluoric acid etching. We present a new approach for

• differences between the nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO2. The track-to-bulk etching rate ratio is significantly different for the two materials, producing nanopores with cone angles that differ by almost a factor of two. Furthermore, thermal SiO2 exhibits an exceptionally narrow size distribution of only 2

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• nanopores, we calculated the formation energy according to Equation 1: where Etotal and nN, nB, nH, and nO are the total energy of the nanopore and the numbers of N, B, H, and O atoms for each studied system, respectively. μN, μB, μH, μO are the chemical potentials of N, B, H, and O atoms, respectively. The

• chemical potentials for B and N atoms are interrelated, that is, μB + μN = μBN, where μBN signifies the chemical potential of the h-BN monolayer. Under this constraint, the formation energies of h-BN nanopores with stoichiometric ratios of boron and nitrogen atoms are independent of the individual choices

• of μB and μN. This is because, for stoichiometric pores, Equation 1 can be reformulated as Ef = Etotal − nBNμBN − nHμH − nOμO. Conversely, nanopores may possess varying numbers of B and N atoms. Therefore, it becomes necessary to consider chemical environments favoring either μB (i.e., a B-rich

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• holes. The enhancement of PC12 neurite elongation observed here is similar to that previously reported on SU-8 nanoholes (around 250 nm in diameter and 50 nm in spacing) [6] and different from that on gold nanopillars (around 230 nm in diameter and 70 nm in spacing) and nanopores (around 200 nm in

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• SiC surface. As described in our previous work [24], the carbon shell may form a conductive network in the SCZ/wax composites (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6b). Besides, abundant defects (such as nanopores in carbon) can also result in dipole polarization and Debye relaxations [24][38

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• to other substrates for useful applications such as plasmonic signal enhancement, waveguides, and nanopores with specialized designs. This method is a large improvement over conventional soft lithographic techniques as the employment of minute gaps in collapsing stamps allow even finer patterns to be

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• segmentation of the water conduit network into compartments. Each pit pore connects two conduits, and this joint pore space is separated by a special nanoporous membrane, the pit membrane (Figure 4). When a conduit becomes dysfunctional due to embolism, the nanopores within the pit membranes prevent the

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• fluoride oxidation at the anode to form nanopores of 50–100 nm in diameter. After electrodeposition, the carbon nanotubes are grown by CVD at 750 °C. If the carbon nanotubes do not grow in a suitable trend, they are removed by oxidation. The CNT tips are then grown again by CVD. The CVD nanotube tips can

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• by DOX exposure directly to healthy cells and tissues [108]. In another study, gentamicin was loaded onto nanostructures (nanotubes and nanopores) of a titanium/zirconium alloy nanocomposite (TiZr) coated with chitosan. This composite system followed the Lindner–Lippold mechanism of drug release. The

• release rate from nanotubes (up to 21 days) was slower than from nanopores, thus opening a new possibility for the targeted treatment of bones and osteomyelitis [109]. These nanoscale drug delivery systems with targeted delivery are rapidly growing and have the potential to revolutionize the efficacy of

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent [26]. They have observed bead formation when the flow rate was 0.10 mL/min and higher. Ribbon-shaped fibers with characteristic microtexture and nanopores increased in size from around 5 to 20 μm. With increasing flow rate, the mean pore size increased from

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• unconventional reservoirs range from micro- to nanometers [124]. The liquid flow in micro/nanopores can possess quite different characteristics from the macroscale liquid flow, and particularly the classical Darcy’s law may no longer be valid. It was demonstrated by many previous studies that in unconventional

• reservoirs with nanopores, the non-Darcy phenomena are ubiquitous for liquid flows [125][126]. Especially, there is a threshold pressure gradient (TPG) which should be overcome for the onset of the liquid flow. Nonetheless, the generation mechanism of TPG remains ambiguous and unresolved. One of the possible

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• applied, the four single-stranded DNAs of the robot can be captured one by one by the nanopores. Studies have shown that electroosmosis and electrophoresis are the main methods to actuate robot movement. By changing the charge on the nanopores, the strength and direction of electroosmosis can be well

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• of patches of a silicon nitride membrane that were subsequently perforated by helium ion beam milling to create solid-state nanopores for biomolecule detection. Following this approach, a low fluorescence background was achieved, facilitating the translocation detection of fluorescently labeled

• silicon substrate supporting an amorphous nanoporous aluminum oxide structure was irradiated with helium ions causing dome-shaped swelling of the substrate and thereby 3D deformation of the supported material, accompanied by enlargement of the nanopores to accommodate the new topography [96]. 3

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• can be optimized either for most efficient signal collection or for maximum image contrast. The designed setup allows for the imaging of thin low-density materials that otherwise provide little signal or contrast and for a clear end-point detection in the fabrication of nanopores. In addition, the

• maximum contrast between different thicknesses are adjustable. The simulation results suggest that smaller acceptance angles are ideal for applications where brightness is important, such as end-point detection for, for example, nanopores. Especially on extremely thin membranes such as CNMs, milling

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• , supersaturated vacancy clouds form within the metal alloy film. In order to minimize the energy of the system these vacancies tend to condensate and to form voids, which develop into nanopores in a later oxidation stage. The vacancy injection process continues until silver is completely extracted from the film

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• for fabricating sensitive three-dimensional SERS substrates. First, by controlling the parameters of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment, arrayed nanopores were formed on a Mg surface. Then, the nanopore surfaces were coated by incubating them with Au films for different lengths of time. The

• three-dimensional topographies of the nanopores. Imaging was performed in contact mode and an elastic constant of 0.2 N/m was selected for the silicon cantilever. The scanning area was 50 × 50 μm2. In addition, a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) system (Zeiss, Germany) was employed to characterize the

• nanopores. Results and Discussion Fabrication of arrayed nanopores on the Mg surface Surface roughness and chemical composition have a strong influence on the intensity of Raman signals. PEO was employed to fabricate a porous oxide layer on a Mg alloy surface, which benefits from the increase of surface

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• distributed walls with trenches of various sizes. This structure comprises nanopores of a few nanometres in diameter. The observed diameter distribution of the vertical trenches corresponds to the particle size distribution of Figure 1f. This indicates that all particles contribute to the etching process

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• , and second, a plateau appearing at low voltage. The regions may be assigned to the insertion of alkali ions between differently stacked carbon sheets in the sloping region on the one hand. On the other hand, alkali ion adsorption within nanopores in a “plating-like” adsorption process may explain the

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• AFT2 marked with the red circle in Figure 3e. From the comparison of Figure 3d and 3e, it can be concluded that the Ag particles deposited in the TNC become gradually larger, but no accumulation around the nanopores occurs, which would block further deposition of Ag particles. Finally, in the structure

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• nanopore space and the building blocks surrounding the nanopores. In essence, the structure of “non-graphitic carbon materials” consists of hexagonal graphene layers that are stacked in a parallel way but do not possess 3D long-range crystallographic order. This structure is referred to as “turbostratic

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• co-workers reported the synthesis of porphyrin-conjugated DNA nanopores as a simple and effective strategy to span through the bilayer system [93]. The nanopore consisted of six hexagonally packed DNA double-helical assemblies that were preserved by double-crossover strands (Figure 8a). The two

• data (Figure 8c) showed the movement of ions through the lipid–nanopore interface via the formation of a toroidal pore. The binding of porphyrin-tethered nanopores with giant unilamellar vesicles was analyzed by confocal microscopy (Figure 8d). The inherent fluorescent signal of porphyrin showed their

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• between 15–30°. For the metal oxides, the diffraction patterns correlate with the cubic phase of copper ferrite (JCPDS 77-0010) and CuO. The presence of broad CuFe2O4 peaks demonstrates the formation of nanometer-sized particles at the nanopores of HYPS. In order to optimize the saturation magnetization

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• ) confined to the nanopores of a catalyst. Here, we attempted to use this approach for clarification of the mesopore accessibility by the direct diffusion measurement using triolein. Due to the unique design of the probe (combination of the ultrahigh field gradients with the possibility of temperature

• discussed scenarios are illustrated in Figure 17 with representation of the respective diffusion modes. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first direct measurement of the self-diffusion coefficient of (any) triglyceride or oil (as their mixture) confined to nanopores of (any) catalyst

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• synthesized by selectively dissolving Al atoms from a Ti10Al90 alloy. It can be readily observed that the abundant nanowires and uniform nanopores, with a pore size of ≈40 nm, formed a sea-urchin-like structure. Furthermore, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirms the homogenous

• distribution of Ti and O elements (Figure 3b). In addition, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of TiO2 shows the nanoporous architecture with dark nanowires and bright nanopores (Figure 3c). On the other hand, the SEM and TEM images of the as-prepared TiO2/GO composite show that the surface of

Highly ordered mesoporous silica film nanocomposites containing gold nanoparticles for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Mohamad Azani Jalani,
• Leny Yuliati,
• Siew Ling Lee and
• Hendrik O. Lintang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1368–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.135

• template materials. The best quality of the silica/gold film nanocomposites was found by thermal hydrogen reduction at 210 °C as determined from its intense d100 peak and clear TEM image with a hexagonal alignment of the nanopores. Both heat treatment methods could be successfully used to produce gold