Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• detection methods, Liu et al. developed a fluorescence-based system using a FAM-labeled DNA aptamer fluorophore along with a nanoquencher attached to self-assembled polydopamine nanospheres. This nanosystem showed selective recognition of AβOs through a “fluorescence-signal on” mechanism, where the FAM-DNA

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• photothermal therapy agent, AuAgCu2O-NS, which consists of a core of AuAg alloy nanospheres and a Cu2O shell, specifically designed for treating non-healing keratitis caused by drug-resistant bacterial infections [152]. This agent’s controllable photothermal effects, coupled with the release of Ag+ ions from

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• capping and stabilizing agent is required for silver nanoparticle synthesis. Maiti et al. demonstrated that the dipeptide ʟ-carnosine interacted highly with pristine silver nanospheres [6]. However, its role as a stabilizing/capping agent was never explored for nanoparticle synthesis and advanced

• the potential of gelatine-embedded silver nanoparticles in the degradation of P-NP, but it was not used for heavy metal ion sensing [17]. Similarly, citrate-stabilized silver nanospheres were used for the colorimetric detection of Ni2+ with a threshold limit of 0.75 mM without any catalytic activity

• pristine silver nanospheres upon interaction. The appearance of the redshifted peak might be due to charge transfer or aggregation [7]. An increased nanoparticle size leads to a further redshift of the plasmonic peak [26]. Hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, and morphology of the ʟ-car-AgNPs are shown in

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• , metal composition, centrifugation, and NaOH amount, were investigated for their impact on the performance of CTAB-capped nanoparticles in heavy metal detection and 4-NP degradation. CTAB-Au nanospheres demonstrated limited heavy metal ion detection capability but exhibited remarkable efficiency in

• degrading 94.37% of 4-NP within 1 min. In contrast, silver nanospheres effectively detected Hg2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ at concentrations as low as 1 ppm and degraded 90.78% of 4-NP within 30 min. Moreover, anisotropic gold nanorods (CTAB-AuNR1 and CTAB-AuNR2) showed promising sensing capabilities towards Cu2

• purchased from CDH Fine Chemicals, India. The chemicals obtained were used without further purification. All glassware was cleaned with aqua regia and rinsed with double distilled (DD) water before use. Cetrimonium bromide as capping agent CTAB-AgNS (silver nanospheres) and CTAB-AuNS (gold nanospheres) were

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The shape and size of the nanoparticles can be determined by these two methods [59]. TEM is extensively utilized and can differentiate between nanocapsules and nanospheres, as well as measure the thickness of the nanocapsule

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• using a JEOL JEM-2100F microscope. The EDS analysis was performed using INCA software. In order to assist the interpretation of the electron micrographs, several atomistic models of AgPd nanoparticles were created. These models consist of nanospheres of approximately 10 nm diameter, for a total of

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• collaborators synthesized mesoporous carbon nanospheres (PMCSs) derived from a MOF precursor, exhibiting dual photodynamic and photothermal characteristics. Utilizing this framework, concentration and temperature at thrombotic sites were elevated significantly upon local irradiation (808 nm laser), resulting in

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• graphene films, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Most of the current techniques are based on multistep processing. For example, ultranarrow graphene nanoribbons can be formed with the so-called meniscus-mask lithography [7] or nanospheres lithography [8], although positioning and

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• divided into two types: nanocapsules and nanospheres [18]. Nanocapsules consist of reservoir systems with an oil or water core and an external polymeric shell. They are, overall, used to increase drug solubility [20]. Usually, once in the body, the encapsulated drug diffuses through the polymeric wall in

• a zero-order kinetic, that means, it constantly releases the encapsulated drug [17]. In opposition, nanospheres are matrix systems formed by polymers without a central core. During the administration, the matrix erodes and the drug diffuses, resulting in a first-order kinetic drug release, that is

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• guidance conduits. Experimental Materials Polystyrene nanospheres (ca. 1.1 µm diameter), laminin from Engelbreth–Holm–Swarm murine sarcoma, and nerve growth factor (2.5S, from murine submaxillary glands) were purchased from Sigma, Merck KGaA (Germany). SU-8 50 and SU-8 developer were obtained from Kayaku

• . ratio 1:0.7) at 5000 rpm and soft-baked at 95 °C for 160 s. An array of polystyrene nanospheres (1.1 µm) embedded in PDMS was placed in conformal contact with the SU-8, and then exposure was performed at a dose of 35–42 mJ·cm−2 (Figure 1A(i)). (Older PS-NS/PDMS films seem to require slightly higher UV

• served as a template for creating a PDMS nanopillar structure for the capillary thermal imprinting of SU-8. An AZ1518 film was spin-coated on glass coverslips at 5000 rpm and soft-baked at 100 °C for 1.5 min. Exposure was performed at a dose of 13 mJ·cm−2 with an array of 1.1 μm polystyrene nanospheres

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

• Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
• Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
• Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
• Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
• Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

• ]. Furthermore, different kinds of polysaccharides (e.g., chitosan, alginates, and polyethylene glycol) have been used for the synthesis of nanoinsecticides [15]. While other forms of polymer and non-polymer nanoformulations, such as nanofibers, nanocapsules, nanogels, nanomicelles, and nanospheres, have been

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• controlled by size, shape, and aspect ratio of the nanomaterials. The size-dependent thermal conversion efficiency of gold nanospheres was studied using 5 to 50 nm particles under 532 nm laser light irradiation [53] (Figure 5A). The thermal conversion efficiency increased from 0.65 to 0.803 on decreasing the

• higher cross-sectional area. The PCE of the gold nanoshells can be increased by either increasing the core-to-shell radius ratio or by increasing their aspect ratio [58][59]. In a theoretical study, the size-dependent optical properties of three different nanomaterials, including gold nanospheres, gold

• [74][76]. Au-based nanocomposites have been widely applied in the field of biosensor development because of their wide absorption and excellent light-to-heat conversion properties. Core–shell nanoparticles have a higher PCE than gold nanospheres [77]. Variations in the optical properties were observed

Investigations on the optical forces from three mainstream optical resonances in all-dielectric nanostructure arrays

• Guangdong Wang and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 674–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.53

• , and the quasi-BIC resonances. For all cases, the metasurface structure is assumed to be immerged in water (n = 1.31) to model a realistic suspending condition for the PS nanospheres. The optical forces on the PS at the excitation values of those three resonances are all calculated based on the MST

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• of proximity as well as morphology influence considerably the LSPR properties, for example, in Au nanorods and nanospheres. In contrast, nanospheres and nanorods exhibited considerable tunability of the LSPR due to changes to the localized electromagnetic field of the plasmons due to changing

• with respect to changing parameters of the material under consideration can be developed with a few examples of the theoretically arrived optical cross sections of a few generic morphologies of nanoparticles and will be discussed next for the case of nanospheres, nanorods, and nanomatryushkas. The

• be accounted for regarding different morphologies, essential for obtaining the accurate results in Figure 4. 2.2 Extinction properties of nanomaterials 2.2.1 Nanospheres: The interaction of light with a particle is in one way simplistically modelled using the so-called quasi-static approximation

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• -encapsulated PLGA nanospheres loaded with doxorubicin (Dox-HepM-PLGA) yielded smaller tumor volumes than the bare nanoparticles and the PBS control group. (a) Fluorescence imaging eleven days after intravenous injection of biomimetic nanoformulations. (b) Tumor volume. (c) Tumor weight. (d) Relative tumor

Concentration-dependent photothermal conversion efficiency of gold nanoparticles under near-infrared laser and broadband irradiation

• Vikas,
• Raj Kumar and
• Sanjeev Soni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 205–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.20

• evaluated. Results show that for a concentration of 20.0 µg/mL, 40 nm gold nanospheres, 25 × 47 nm gold nanorods (GNRs), and 10 × 41 nm GNRs show a 4–110% higher photothermal conversion efficiency under NIR broadband irradiation than under NIR laser irradiation. Broadband irradiation seems suitable to

• broadband light source and a near-infrared laser (for comparison). Gold nanospheres (GNSs) of 40 nm diameter and gold nanorods (GNRs) of sizes 25 × 47 nm, 10 × 38 nm, and 10 × 41 nm were examined. The photothermal conversion efficiency for these GNPs is reported for different nanoparticle concentrations and

• irradiation power values. Experimental Nanoparticles Gold nanospheres of 40 nm diameter (product no. 741981) and GNRs of 25 × 47 nm size (product no. 771651) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. GNRs of 10 × 38 nm size (product no. A12-10-780-CTAB-DIH-1-25) and GNRs of 10 × 41 nm size (product no. A12-10-808

Solvent-induced assembly of mono- and divalent silica nanoparticles

• Bin Liu,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 52–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.6

• -assembly ligand photo-cross-linking [26] or by adding monofunctional nanospheres into a suspension of bifunctional gold nanorods [27], it has been shown that the average degree of polymerization of the resulting chains can be controlled. The reduction of solvent quality may also be employed to induce the

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• near-infrared (NIR) absorption [2]. Various gold nanoscale platforms, including nanostars, nanorods, nanospheres, nanoshells, and nanocages, have been designed as PTAs for PTT. Gold nanorods (ca. 50 nm), nanoshells (ca. 130 nm), and nanoparticles with large sizes (>50 nm) are suitable for PTT because

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• plasmonic photocatalyst. Nanospheres, nanorods, and nanosheets can be synthesized using various techniques. Hydrothermal calcination, template synthesis, precipitation, reverse micro-emulsion, sonochemical procedures, and microwave methods are typical techniques for fabricating Bi-based nanostructures [77

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids

• Adil Loya,
• Antash Najib,
• Fahad Aziz,
• Asif Khan,
• Guogang Ren and
• Kun Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.54

• nanoparticles change thermal conductivity, as investigated by Zhu et al. [24]. In their research, CuO nanowires and nanospheres were dispersed in a dimethicone base fluid, and it was found that changes in the crystalline structure of nanoparticles change the kinetics of the base fluid [24]. In addition to this

• , it was further investigated that the thermal conductivity increases more with CuO nanowires than with CuO nanospheres. Only 6.98% of improvement was recorded with nanospheres, while 60.78% was recorded with nanowires. Ibrahim et al. [25] conducted a study using a neural network model (ANN) to study

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• –Au NPs, and ZnO nanospheres–Au NPs, using this method. Some unusual fabrication methods include a poriferous ZnO–Ag substrate obtained by a film scraping method on paper [51][52]. A film with fluffy sponge-like morphology was obtained, pointing out its high specific surface area and showing uniform

• detection of 1.49 × 10−13 and 9.99 × 10−12 were reported by Kumar et al. for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and R6G, respectively, adsorbed onto a ZnO multipod suspension containing Ag nanospheres [69]. Increasing the sputtering time leads to an increase of the Au NPs size and a decrease of the interparticle gap

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• delivery [50], in vitro diagnosis [51], in vivo imaging [52], and TE purposes. Various NPs can be prepared in the form of liposomes, nanocapsules, micelles, dendrimers, and nanospheres based on their composition and method of preparation. Basically, NPs are designed to function as carriers for bioactive

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• standard glass surface [82]. Another recent study stated that hollow, calcined TiO2 nanospheres (CSTiO2), synthesized by the combination of electrospinning and atomic layer deposition, have high antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria such as S. aureus strains compared to commercial

• TiO2 nps [83]. TiO2 supported on silica nanospheres was checked for its antibacterial activity against E. coli, and the result demonstrated a more effective growth inhibition than that of commercial TiO2-P25 under ultraviolet and visible light [84]. Copper is well known for its antimicrobial properties

• commercial TiO2 nanospheres against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Botrytis cinerea, Candida krusei, and Rhodotorula glutini. Their study revealed over 99% inactivation of S. cerevisiae and C. krusei and ca. 90% inactivation of R. glutinis within the first 5 h, which raised up to more than 99% following a 20 h

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• density showed improved photocatalytic performances. Besides, the OV density contributes to the rise of the valence band maximum and a decrease of the bandgap energy of SnO2 materials. Morphology There are many shapes of SnO2, for example, nanoparticles, nanocubes, nanorods, nanosheets, nanospheres