Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2025,16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16
neuropathy [125][126]. Currently, oculardrugdelivery is the prevalent treatment approach; however, it faces challenges due to drug degradation and obstacles in drug diffusion, rendering the therapy less effective [127][128]. Therefore, oculardrugdelivery systems capable of controlled and sustained drug
penetration and deposition [163]. Moreover, common oculardrugdelivery methods have disadvantages such as short intraocular retention time, low drug accumulation, and low bioavailability [164].
Because of the transparency of the cornea and crystalline lens, the eye allows various wavelengths of light to
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Figure 1:
Overview of ophthalmic treatment technologies based on photothermal nanomaterials.
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2022,13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98
physiology of the eye are summarized and discussed.
Keywords: eye; microneedles; oculardrugdelivery; ophthalmic drugs; Review
1 Introduction
Since its first appearance in biomedicine, microtechnology is rapidly entering the world of pharmaceutical sciences, including pharmaceutical technology [1][2][3][4
, research is focused on microneedle systems/patches for oculardrugdelivery. Initially, such arrays were considered as painless, non-invasive, and highly efficient alternative for transdermal, intradermal, and percutaneous delivery of drugs [8][101][102]. Recently, it has been found that they can be
microneedle coating are depicted in Figure 3 [171].
3 An overview of microneedle systems for oculardrugdelivery
Considering the construction and the mechanism of action, four types of MNs used to deliver a drug to the eye can be distinguished in the scientific literature: (i) Solid MNs, used mostly for