Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• PLL-based system to enhance ribozyme-catalysed RNA recombination and oligonucleotide assembly within peptide–RNA condensates [27]. This work demonstrated that low-molecular-weight PLL (Mw = 1–5 kDa) facilitated charge-mediated phase separation, significantly shifting the reaction equilibrium from RNA

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• , phase separation, self-assembly, and electrospinning. Electrospinning is considered the most versatile and widely used technique for nanofiber fabrication, offering greater control over fiber structures, higher productivity, simplicity, lower cost, and potential for industrial use [69][70

• steps but minimizes the risk of incomplete dissolution or phase separation due to different solubility requirements of each polymer [84]. Nevertheless, the instabilities can still occur when blending the two solutions if the solvents are incompatible. Sequential electrospinning Sequential

• central axis, which separates two different solutions into two separate chambers within the nozzle [96]. The two different solutions should possess similar electrical conductivity for the materials to eject as a single jet without any phase separation. This technique can be regarded as a variant of

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• two solvents in both phases could be related to two possibilities. First, the mixing of the solvents affects the phase separation, which was previously associated with a decrease in colloidal stability if the phase separation was too fast. The mixing of the solvents can lead to a faster or slower

• phase separation which, in turn, can lead to different physical effects on the particles (such as, e.g., agglomeration). Second, it is possible that the nanoparticles inherently prefer a solvent polarity that lies between the polarity of the alcohol and propylene carbonate phases. Rather than a

• competitive phase separation process, the now mixed solvents would equilibrate to a medium polar solvent mixture preferred by the nanoparticles. However, as the Cu NP fractions are roughly the same for 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, and 1-decanol, this might not be restricted to polarity only (in case the Cu fraction

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• precursor slurry undergoes phase separation under altered solvent, composition, or temperature conditions to form a porous support phase and a dense MMM phase [80][87][92][94]. Finally, fabrication of thin selective MMM layers on top of porous substrates can be accomplished via spin coating [95]. Defects

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• regions the critical temperature is different. Furthermore, such a protracted transition can be explained by the effect of phase separation in a film of large size, that is, it becomes superconducting in parts. The film sample C1, unlike samples A1–A4 and B1, shows thermal hysteresis, which is expressed

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• the literature including inter-surface polymerization, phase separation, drawing, self-assembly, melt blowing, template melt extrusion, forcespinning, and electrospinning [36][37][38][39][40]. Only electrospinning will be further explained in detail in order to remain within the scope. Electrospinning

• produced using various production techniques such as self-coupling and phase separation, and especially electrospinning. Electrospinning is a simple, scalable and versatile fabrication method for the production of various nanofiber formulations from a large number of different polymers. Polymer fiber

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• containing cymene with HLB values of 10–13 showed a yellowish layer on the surface, which may be an indication of phase separation (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1). Formulations with HLB values of 16 and 16.7 showed a milky appearance and slight creaming, which may be indicative of Ostwald

• , and 21 days after preparation. Signs of instability such as creaming, sedimentation, and phase separation were recorded, as well as physical aspects such as color, transparency, and fluidity. Dynamic light scattering analysis The average hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PdI) of the NEs

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• supports the conclusion that the BBR concentration on the surface of BBR NPs/PLA nanofibers was higher than that on the surface of BBR/PLA nanofibers, which is in agreement with the above FTIR analysis. The poor miscibility between the hydrophilic drug and the hydrophobic polymer might cause phase

• separation during the electrospinning process [17][38][39], leading to the formation of a BBR-rich phase on the surface of nanofibers. The crystallinity of the PLA pellet and electrospun nanofiber scaffolds were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Figure 3B). The XRD pattern of the PLA pellet shows

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• liquid phase. They are out-of-equilibrium nanocolloids in which phase separation is expected from thermodynamics, but is delayed by the presence of surfactants adsorbed on the droplets surface. Accordingly, nanoemulsion formation depends on the way the sample is prepared, for example, on the order of

Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches

• Feitao Li,
• Siyao Wan,
• Dong Wang and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.14

• between the positions of pure Au and Ni since only one main reflex should be observed when the two elements are completely mixed [20][23][25]. The annealing temperatures are above the miscibility gap [23][50]. Thus, the partial mixing comes from the phase separation of Au and Ni during cooling [25

• interdiffusion of Au, Ni, and Si. Au/Si phase separation occurs during cooling [3][55], and Ni silicide may remain stable down to room temperature [41][42][43][44][45][46], finally forming particles with two contrasts. Besides, Ni may also diffuse into the Si substrate, leading to the formation of the Ni

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• different characteristics and kinds of behavior of compounds on submicrometer and nanometer scales and resulted in the development of new methods such as electrospinning, self-assembly, phase separation, nano-imprinting, and photolithography for the generation of new biomaterials with improved properties

• nature. They are constructed as NPs, nanofibers, nanocrystals, nanotubes, and nanofilms by high-tech methods of photolithography, electrospinning, nanoimprinting, and phase separation. Due to the hierarchical structure of articular cartilage ECM, there is considerable enthusiasm regarding the use of

• , electrospinning, weaving, phase separation, and template synthesis [102]. Electrospinning is widely used given its simplicity, cost effectiveness, unlimited substrate use, appreciable surface to volume ratio, tunable porosity, and ability to generate nanofibers over a wide range of sizes and shapes [102

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• using lowly volatile CHCl3 while smooth, nonporous fibers were obtained when using highly volatile THF. The pore formation during electrospinning happens with phase separation, which can occur in two ways, namely thermally induced or vapor-induced, depending on temperature and humidity [38]. Hence, the

• [19]. Track etching also produces membranes of weak mechanical strength, and the technique is applicable onlyl for a limited number polymers. The track-etched membranes have low porosity and the technique is more expensive than electrospinning [1]. Phase separation is also a versatile membrane

• fabrication technique. Yet, it has been reported that the interconnected open pore structures and tailorable membrane thickness of electrospun membranes result in superior porosity and permeability compared to nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIP) and thermally induced phase separation (TIP) membranes [49

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Texas A & M University-Kingsville, TX 78363, USA 10.3762/bjnano.11.143 Abstract The oxidation of Au/Ag alloy thin films using radio-frequency oxygen plasma was studied in this work. It was demonstrated that there is a phase separation occurring between

• gold/silver oxide nanostructures [20]. Starting from Au/Ag alloy nanospheres, they showed that gold/silver oxide core/shell nanospheres with a hollow interior could be obtained after oxidation using atomic oxygen. In this study we further explored the oxidation and phase separation events observed by

• Lewis et al. [20]. However, instead of using nanostructures as before, we used Au/Ag alloy thin films deposited by co-sputtering as the model system to study the oxidation process triggered by radio-frequency oxygen plasma (Figure 1). The oxidation and phase separation processes resulted in the

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• of the buffer layer still appear to be in registry with the graphite symmetry axes. This begs a question whether the BA-OC14 is indeed formed on the top of the buffer layer? To confirm the bilayer formation and to rule out phase separation of the two components in 2D, we reversed the sequence of

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• are incompatible with PAN, such as polystyrene (PS), poly(ʟ-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) [20][21][22][23]. During the carbonization process at a high temperature, PAN and the blended polymers undergo phase separation, forming a large number of pores which increases the

• square shape (e.g., 3 cm × 3 cm), put into a muffle furnace (KSY-D-16, Longkou Precision Instrument Co., Ltd., China), and submitted to a preoxidation step at 280 °C for 8 h under air at a heating rate of 1 °C·min−1. The high temperature during the oxidation process induced phase separation between PAN

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• phase separation during the preparation [28][29]. After grinding for preparation of the electrodes, however, the monolithic structure was lost (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6). The reason why HT6 (Figure 1f) shows smaller particle diameters than the other carbons (Figure 1a–e) can be explained

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• al. by using a combination of theory, simulation and experiments on the arbitrary sequence of charges [41]. The results indicated that an increase in charge fraction and blockiness generally leads to an increase in the two-phase region of the phase diagram, thereby showing enhanced phase separation

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• of the solvent and additives used for the film deposition from solution. The use of PTB7:PC71BM is widely documented. It is now well established that films of good morphology, namely with a nanoscale phase separation, can be obtained from solutions containing 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) as solvent

Microbubbles decorated with dendronized magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical imaging: effective stabilization via fluorous interactions

• Da Shi,
• Justine Wallyn,
• Dinh-Vu Nguyen,
• Francis Perton,
• Delphine Felder-Flesch,
• Sylvie Bégin-Colin,
• Mounir Maaloum and
• Marie Pierre Krafft

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2103–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.205

• phase separation in fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon mixtures [45][46]. These results tell us that the dendronized IONPs fitted with a C2F5 group have a higher affinity for the phospholipid film than those grafted with C2H5. Conclusion We report that small and highly stable magnetic MBs incorporating IONPs in

Fabrication and characterization of Si_1−xGe_x nanocrystals in as-grown and annealed structures: a comparative study

• Muhammad Taha Sultan,
• Adrian Valentin Maraloiu,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Jón Tómas Gudmundsson,
• Andrei Manolescu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Magdalena Lidia Ciurea and
• Halldór Gudfinnur Svavarsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.182

• consists of core–shell NCs/NPs with the core being Ge-rich Si1−xGex NCs (crystallographic peak (111) position, shifts from 27.87° to 27.75° for MLs in as-grown and annealed at 800 °C states, respectively) surrounded by a shell of crystalline Si in amorphous SiGeO. This behavior can be explained by phase

• separation in the SiGe nanoparticles due to Ge segregation [34][35] at higher temperatures (i.e., Ge-rich SiGe core), which leaves a crystalline Si shell. A similar GIXRD diffractogram was observed by Tuğay et al. [6], for a comparable structure composed of SiGe NCs embedded in a SiO2 matrix fabricated via

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• the balance between two competitive interactions, the phase separation of fluorocarbons and hydrocarbons and the attractive interaction between guanidiuium and carboxylate, to fabricate nanoscopic domains within a two-dimensional mixture of hydrocarbon guanidinium and fluorocarbon carboxylic acid [198

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• dissolved in the liquid hexadecane core before polymerization of the shell. The nanocapsule formation takes place by phase separation between the formed polymer and hexadecane [46]. The surface of the nanocapsules was negatively charged, as proven by polyelectrolyte titration (surface charge density of 1.6

Colloidal chemistry with patchy silica nanoparticles

• Pierre-Etienne Rouet,
• Cyril Chomette,
• Laurent Adumeau,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2989–2998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.278

• Ravensteijn has also reported asymmetric dumbbell-like particles, i.e., with two nodules of different chemical compositions, obtained through a phase separation process during the styrene emulsion polymerization seeded with cross-linked polystyrene (PS) particles coated with a thin layer of poly(vinylbenzyl

Ternary nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide, polyaniline and hexaniobate: hierarchical architecture and high polaron formation

• Claudio H. B. Silva,
• Maria Iliut,
• Christopher Muryn,
• Christian Berger,
• Zachary Coldrick,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Marcia L. A. Temperini and
• Aravind Vijayaraghavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2936–2946, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.272

• range of rGO flakes coated with PANI and decorated with hexNb nanoparticles. Such organization was attributed to the good stability of the dispersion, which does not present major aggregation and phase separation. The dispersions of the ternary rGO/PANI/hexNb sample can be deposited on surfaces by

Site-controlled formation of single Si nanocrystals in a buried SiO₂ matrix using ion beam mixing

• Xiaomo Xu,
• Thomas Prüfer,
• Daniel Wolf,
• Hans-Jürgen Engelmann,
• Lothar Bischoff,
• René Hübner,
• Karl-Heinz Heinig,
• Wolfhard Möller,
• Stefan Facsko,
• Johannes von Borany and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2883–2892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.267

• + or Ne+ ion beam mixing of Si into a buried SiO2 layer followed by thermally activated phase separation. Binary collision approximation and kinetic Monte Carlo methods are conducted to gain atomistic insight into the influence of relevant experimental parameters on the Si NC formation process. Energy

• between the SiO2 layers and perpendicular to the incident Ne+ beam. Keywords: helium ion microscopy; ion beam mixing; Monte Carlo simulations; phase separation; single electron transistor; Introduction Silicon has been the main material in the semiconductor industry for almost all use cases with the

• is supported by computer simulations of the ion beam mixing and phase separation process. Second, a systematic study of Si+ NC formation is reported, to define optimized irradiation and annealing parameters. Third, these parameters are adapted to the FIB approach using the HIM. For this scenario