Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• , rGO and Agro-GO present a blueshift in the G band. This may be related to phonon stiffening caused by lattice strain and p-type doping; in rGO, this arises from reduction-induced defect restructuring, while, in Agro-GO, it originates from extensive oxidation and the strong confinement of small sp2

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• , which makes CLAL unfeasible for continuous or large-scale nanoparticle production [5]. Nanosecond pulses significantly reduce the thermal interaction with the liquid, but their pulse duration is longer than the typical material electron–phonon relaxation time, of the order of 0.1–10 ps for metals

• , E0 is the absorbed energy and with Φth,δ and Φth,l are the threshold fluences regarding the two different penetration depths [20]. The constants A and B in Equation 3 are derived from the experimental data. In comparison, picosecond pulse durations are in the range of the electron–phonon coupling

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• ]. The enhancement of vortex dynamics and the reduction of τE are strongly linked to the optimization of quasiparticle relaxation mechanisms. Excited quasiparticles can relax primarily through two processes, namely thermal electron–phonon (e–ph) interaction and electron–electron (e–e) recombination [1

• different ways when considering thermal dissipation and phonon-mediated quasiparticle recombination. In fact, Au is a non-magnetic metal with high electronic and thermal conductivity, providing a more effective heat removal. This is confirmed from the analysis performed in the framework of Bezuglyj and

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• features. Different materials exhibit varying oxidation kinetics, conductivity, and susceptibility to environmental conditions. For example, TMDs such as MoS2 and WSe2 are especially sensitive to phonon scattering, which significantly influences their thermal conductivity, electrical transport properties

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• fact that, in the case of heating the absorber by direct current, the electron temperature of all conduction electrons increases. In the equilibrium state, the electron temperature is determined by the incoming power and the electron–phonon interaction. However, in cases of absorption of a photon with

• radiation quantum with a radiation frequency of 350 GHz is given in [29][36][37]. When an electron absorbs a photon with an energy much higher than the thermal energy, the electron energy will correspond to the electron temperature hf = kTe of about 16 K for 350 GHz. As a result, a high-energy phonon is

• power, Pbg is the background radiation power, ΣΛ(Te5 − Tph5) is the heat flux from electrons to phonons, Σ is the material constant, Λ is the absorber volume, Te and Tph are, respectively, the electron and phonon temperatures of the absorber, and Pcool is the electron cooling power. In other cases, it

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• phonons, and gain and loss of energy of carriers [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. The phonon lifetime as well as the selection rules behind ph–ph and e–ph interactions determine the efficiency of such phonon emission and absorption [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. Phonons need to be in an excited

• state to be emitted or absorbed. Once they decay to their ground state, they become unavailable. This decay process is often accomplished via three-phonon processes (called the Klemens’ channel) and via four-phonon processes [1][2][3][6][7][12][13][16][24]. It is widely known that pressure (P)- and

• temperature (T)-dependent phenomena are ruled by anharmonic ph–ph interactions, which are also driven by three- and four-phonon processes, and by e–ph interactions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Therefore, phonon assignments in

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• the propagation direction [34]. Formation of NPs in liquid media during laser ablation is known to be a complex phenomenon. A typical mechanism assumes that the ablation process starts with absorption of the laser pulse by a target during first tens of nanoseconds, followed by electron–phonon

• −1, which correspond, respectively, to the TO, 2TA, and 2TO phonon modes of silicon structures [10]. The positions of the peaks are, however, different from those in the bulk silicon spectrum. The major peaks are downshifted for all experimental conditions used, caused by size effects, lowering of

• contribution from the amorphous phase, with the intensity variation among them representing variations in the ratio of amorphous and crystalline phases. For example, the 2TA and 2TO phonon modes of Si NPs obtained by Gaussian laser beam ablation are higher in intensity in comparison with those of the samples

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• . Larger grains typically result in fewer grain boundaries, reducing phonon scattering and enhancing vibrational coherence. Raman spectra also provide insights into the influence of fabrication conditions on surface chemistry. The relative intensities of the peaks suggest that higher deposition currents

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• ; therefore, the durations for the Cantor alloy may differ due to lower thermal conductivity [101][102] and different electron–phonon-coupling strength. Although statistical quantification of carbon content inside the core structures of HEA nanoparticles requires further in-depth analysis with specialized

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• coatings [17][18][19]. The understanding of LSPC in liquids has been largely stimulated by theoretical approaches and simulations. In a thermodynamic approach, the equilibration of excited electrons with the phonon bath is described in the two-temperature model (TTM) [20][21][22], which conveys important

• level. These electrons thermalize within hundreds of femtoseconds to a temperature much higher than the lattice temperature [106]. Under such a highly nonequilibrium condition, hot electrons transfer their energy to the cool lattice of NPs through the electron–phonon coupling process. As the electron

• heat capacity is temperature-dependent in simple metals [28] (and the scattering cross section decreases with temperature), the cooling of the electron gas tends to slow down with increasing excitation density [107]. A well-known case is gold with exceptionally weak electron–phonon coupling, such that

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• , which is a well-established and non-destructive method to determine crystal structure, lattice defects, and dynamics. Since ZnO is a polar semiconductor, the phonon–electron interaction produces longitudinal optical (LO) phonon modes, whose long-range behavior considerably affects the efficacy of

• optoelectronic devices [11]. Thus, a detailed study of the evolution of phonon modes is needed to utilize implanted ZnO films effectively in such devices. The activation of Raman modes in implanted films depends on various implantation parameters, namely, ion energy, mass, and fluence. The origin of these

• optical phonon modes is ascribed to the formation of oxygen vacancies, which are supposed to be electron carriers in ZnO. Therefore, the evolution of the A1 (LO) mode acts as indirect evidence of a rise in carrier concentration, which can in turn alter the optical bandgap. Moreover, the presence of

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• displayed the prominent peaks shown in Figure 3. The bands at 200 to 600 cm−1 represent one phonon (1P), whereas the bands at 650 to 1100 cm−1 could be assigned to two phonons (2P) of NiO species in the electrode. In particular, the Raman peak at 552 cm−1 was indexed into the 1P longitudinal optical (LO

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• known that the D band corresponds to structural defects, while the G band relates to the doubly degenerated phonon mode associated with the relative movement of sp2-bonded C–C atoms [21]. Figure 2A shows that the ID/IG ratio shifts from 0.54 for initial graphite to 0.16 for FLG–TA. This data indicates

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• sidewalls, while the G′ peak at 2500–2900 cm−1 represents photon–phonon interactions [22]. To the best of our knowledge, the present study describes the first flame synthesis using a LPG premixed flame and a spherical substrate for CNF growth. The characteristics of the LPG premixed flame are studied with

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• any polarization effects of the incident laser light. The optically active phonon modes at the center of the Brillouin zone have the following point symmetries: In this equation, the A1 and E1 modes correspond to Raman and infrared (IR) active branches, characterized by polar symmetries that further

• transfer to the electronic system occurs through electron–electron interactions, followed by transference to the lattice atomic system via electron–phonon correlation [20][21]. Along the ion trajectory, a cylindrical region is generated, characterized by temperature exceeding the melting point of the

• the electronic sub-system, and Equation 3 describes the same for the lattice subsystem. Here Ce and C(Ta) are the specific heat; Te and Ta are the temperatures; Ke, and Ka are the specific heat values of the electronic and atomic subsystem, respectively. g is the electron–phonon coupling constant, and

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• results in 12 degrees of freedom (three acoustic phonon modes and nine optical phonon modes). Figure 6 demonstrates the Raman spectra of Ag@ZnO NRs; when doping is done in ZnO, there is a significant change in the optical and non-optical modes of ZnO. The collapse of the translational crystal symmetry is

• region of the Brillouin zone. Oxygen vacancies are commonly linked to the A1(LO) phonon mode. The presence of a small peak at 218 cm−1 denotes the radial movement of Ag atoms. Raman peaks at around 356 cm−1 are specifically attributed to the A1(TO) mode. Also, the results of Ag doping in ZnO coincide

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• sp3-hybridization of the carbon atoms in the CNTs; the position and intensity of the G band related to the E2g phonon mode of sp2-bonded carbon atoms in the 1600–1500 cm−1 region; the bands from the so-called low-frequency radial breathing mode (below 300 cm−1), sensitive to the diameter and chirality

Various CVD-grown ZnO nanostructures for nanodevices and interdisciplinary applications

• The-Long Phan,
• Le Viet Cuong,
• Vu Dinh Lam and
• Ngoc Toan Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1390–1399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.112

• down to collect white products formed on Si substrates. They were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL-6330F) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Renishaw’s RS and PL spectrometers operating with laser wavelengths of 488 and 325 nm were also employed to study phonon

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• [20]: where NEP is the noise equivalent power. The NEP is equal to the ratio of the total noise power spectral density IN to the ampere–watt sensitivity SI(ω). The total noise is composed of four components, namely, phonon noise , Nyquist TES noise , Nyquist external circuit noise , and the readout

• × 10−10 W/K, calculated for the electron–phonon constant of 0.8 nW/K6/μm3, and the sixth degree of temperature according to [22]. Figure 7 shows the ampere–watt sensitivity and noise characteristics of the TES with above parameters for sample A4. The maximum current response is observed at frequencies

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• range Rproj is marked as the dashed line in the ion trajectories plot. The peak phonon and ionization positions are marked in the collision cascade plots (B) as a dotted line. COMSOL simulations of 5 keV gallium ions (Ga+) interacting with collagen. Top row: Single ion impact simulations. (A) Top view

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• astonishing device performance. We use ab initio modeling for the material prediction, while classical drift–diffusion drives the device simulations. Hybrid functionals calculate electronic and optical properties to maintain high accuracy. The structural stability has been verified using phonon spectra. The E

• . Furthermore, to test the stability of the crystal structure, we have computed the phonon band dispersion for monolayer Ge2Se2 within the first Brillouin zone (Figure 2c). The calculated phonon spectra along the high symmetry path Γ-X-S-Y-Γ in the first Brillouin zone are shown in Figure 2d. The phonon

• transverse acoustic mode, similar to those in other two-dimensional materials such as graphene, phosphorene, and stanene, demonstrating a quadratic nature near the Γ point [43][44][45]. Figure 2d clearly depicts that all phonon bands throughout the spectrum have non-imaginary frequency, further confirming

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• 146 cm−1, and (ii) the TO phonon mode of Si (Figure 4b) [47][48][49]. Consequently, the combined surface-sensitive Raman and bulk-sensitive XRD results reveal that the n-type TiO2 coating layer on p-type SiNWs does not influence the crystalline structure. Photocatalytic OCM The photocatalytic OCM

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• those of individual CNTs [71]. Nanodiamonds NDs are a carbon allotrope composed by sp3-hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a tetrahedral crystalline lattice structure [72]. The structure is accountable for the high thermal conductivity due to efficient heat conduction through phonon vibrations, which

• can reach 550 W·m−1·K−1 after sintering at high pressure [73]. Nevertheless, surface defects and the granular shape of the NDs represent boundaries for phonon transport reducing the thermal energy propagation [74]. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of NDs increases with the increment of

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• composition can be identified. Each form of copper oxide presents a different Raman spectrum. CuO crystallizes in a monoclinic lattice with the space group giving the following set of the zone-center lattice modes: Γ = Ag + 2Bg + 4Au + 5Bu. Hence, CuO has twelve phonon branches in the phonon dispersion

• reference sample (Si ref.), which was a pure silicon wafer, was also studied for comparison (Figure 5A). Comparing the Raman spectra of CuO/Si samples with the spectrum of the Si reference sample, one can notice a dominating phonon mode at a frequency of 521 cm−1 originating from the silicon substrate [57

• the CuO-like phonon mode frequencies that have been documented by other authors [56][58][59][60]. Thus, the obtained results confirm the cupric phase of the copper oxide layer. After comparing the Raman spectra of all CuO/Si structures, it can be noticed that the 2× and 3× samples exhibit the best