Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• promise in mitigating inflammation and promoting tumoricidal macrophage polarization. For inflammatory diseases like IBD, targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines with siRNA has proven effective. Laroui et al. developed polymeric NPs made of poly(lactic acid)–poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymer (PLA-PEG

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• upon daily systemic administration through the intraperitoneal route in mice [54]. Another polymeric platform to improve the bioavailability of curcumin was developed through simple nanoemulsification using biodegradable polylactide–poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) copolymer NPs [55]. Besides reversing

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• possessing outstanding ROS scavenging and BBB crossing ability almost without negative effects in vitro and in vivo [117]. Nanoceria loaded with edaravone and coated with angiopep-2 and poly(ethylene glycol) on their surface have been used for stroke treatment [118]. This nanocomposite system consisted of

• three key components: (1) edaravone and nanoceria were responsible for ROS scavenging; (2) poly(ethylene glycol) increased biocompatibility, monodispersity, and extended the half-life in the bloodstream; and (3) angiopep-2 served as targeting ligand, which specifically binds to the low-density

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• was formulated into polymersomes of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene sulfide) (BNZ-PS, 114.3 ± 4.1 nm; PDI: 0.11 ± 0.02; 4.92 ± 1.93 mV ζ-potential; DL: 1%) [68]. Only two injections of BNZ-PS (3 mg/kg TD) were highly potent in treating T. cruzi-infected mice (acute model; BALB/c mice; Y

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• the use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer, is a widely used modification method to improve passive tumor targeting and retention [26][27][28]. In a study presented in the literature, PEGylation was used to impart passive tumor targeting properties to PDA nanoparticles. In in vivo experiments

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• and target efficacy. To increase the blood half-life, stealth materials have been attached to the nanoparticle surface to prevent protein adsorption and immune cell phagocytosis [4]. Most sheath materials are hydrophilic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(ethylene

• variety of fields. However, SPIONs typically serve as the core of nanoparticles, while the outer shell is composed of stabilization coating materials such as chitosan, mannan, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), Pluronic™ F-127, or PLGA [7][12][13]. SPIONs stabilized with PLGA have attracted interest due to

• NPs also helps to maintain its stability. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the surface of NPs would serve as a brush to inhibit serum protein adsorption [4]. The PEO block of F127 shares the same core structure as PEG; hence, the emergence of a form of PEG would likewise improve the pharmacokinetics of

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• . Nanoparticles often show high accumulation in the liver, where particles are cleared by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), and in the spleen due to its filtering function. Softer hydrogel nanoparticles composed of poly(carboxybetaine) [13] as well as poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) [28] showed

• in raisin-shaped NPs and therefore soft MMONs show locally small curvatures, which might facilitate cellular uptake. An interesting approach using elasticity as a tumor targeting factor is presented by Chen et al. In their study they prepared hydrogel nanoparticles (HNPs) based on poly(ethylene

• glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) with Young’s moduli between 0.37 and 3.15 MPa. Unfortunately, the authors do not state the elasticity measurement conditions. Additionally to the passive tumor targeting by elasticity, the particle surface was modified with cyclic arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD) as a tumor

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• myristyl myristate (2% w/v, 400 mg) was melted in a water bath at 60–70 °C. The oil (40 μL) was added to the melted lipid phase simultaneously with BNZ (10 mg). The aqueous phase was prepared by dissolving 600 mg (3% w/v) of poloxamer 188 (poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)block-poly

• (ethylene glycol)) in 20 mL of ultrapure water (Milli-Q®, Millipore, Ma., USA) and was preheated at the same temperature as the melted lipid in the water bath. After 30 min of thermostatization, the aqueous solution was poured over the lipid phase, and ultrasonication was carried out for 20 min at an 80

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• animal dermis and ensures its long-term applicability for actual solar steam generation [42]. In 2018, Yin et al. reported a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and PANI-based photothermal double-network hydrogel called p-PEGDA-PANI [35]. Porous PEGDA (p-PEGDA) hydrogels were obtained by a facile

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• erlotinib, coated with a phospholipid layer, with anchors composed of hyaluronic acid–adipic acid hydralazide–poly(ethylene glycol) (HA-ADH-PEG). Hyaluronic acid-decorated lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPH NPs) specifically target overexpressed CD44 at the NSCLC cells. In the acidic tumor environment

• example of biomimetic NPs was described designed by Wang and co-workers. They used the natural tropism of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal cells (MSCs) for lung tumors for improved targeting of docetaxel (DTX) NPs (DTX-loaded polylactide-co-glycolide-b-poly(ethylene glycol); PLGA-b-PEG) loaded into the MSCs

• such as cyclodextrin, inulin, and chitosan. These polymers are used alone or combined with amphiphilic polymers for core–shell nanoparticles such as the triblock polymer poly(ʟ-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ʟ-lactide) (PLLA-PEG-PLLA) to increase the stability and decrease the immunogenicity of

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• them, a linear polymer was constructed through consecutive inclusion of adamantane in β-CyD units. Upon further addition of poly(ethylene glycol) bearing adamantane at the terminus nanoparticles were formed (Figure 7B). In these nanoparticles, aggregation of porphyrins is suppressed because of steric

• ) with a photosensitizer simultaneously, the efficiency of PDT is greatly improved [79]. To α-CyD, an S-nitrosothiol (–S–N=O) was conjugated, and another α-CyD was modified with chlorin e6 (a photosensitizer). These two modified α-CyDs were coassembled by adding a poly(ethylene glycol) derivative. Upon

• endogenous H2O2 by Fenton-type reactions without photoirradiation [83][84]. A nanomedicine was prepared from (i) β-CyD bearing both a ferrocene and a platinum(IV) complex (–O–PtIV(Cl2)2(NH3)2(OH)) as prodrug of cisplatin and (ii) poly(ethylene glycol) terminated by ferrocene [85]. The ferrocene molecules

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and reflectance measurements to assess the optical properties and the durability of the functionalized textiles. Results and Discussion Photoinduced synthesis of the Ag@polymer coating Specific monomers poly(ethylene glycol) 600 diacrylate

• (AgNO3, 99%) and diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and the two monomers pentaerythritol triacrylate monomer (PETIA) and poly(ethylene glycol) 600 diacrylate (PEG600DA) were puchased from Sartomer Company. Inc. All products were used as received. A simple

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• (Alabaster, AL, USA). 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[poly(ethylene glycol)2000] (DSPE-PEG2000) was obtained from Genzyme Pharmaceuticals (Cambridge, MA, USA). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Hoechst 33342 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Gold(III

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• ) [130], and poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) [131] are widely investigated as microneedle materials. Among them, there are hydrogel-forming agents swelling upon the contact with interstitial fluid in the skin during microneedle application. These polymers include poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• electron microscopy [21]. Cassava peels as a natural carbon precursor and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a surface passivizing agent was used by Putro et al. to prepare CDs via the hydrothermal method [99]. Tu et al. used non-toxic fungal biomass Ganoderma lucidum along with EDA and diammonium hydrogen

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• types of nanoformulations, such as polymer-, lipid-, dendrimer-, graphene-, gold-, or silver-based nanoparticles, have been used for the delivery of BBR [29][30][31]. Yu et al. [29] prepared poly(ethylene glycol)–lipid–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles loaded with BBR to improve the oral

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• . synthesized a novel probe using gold nanoparticles modified by rhodamine B isothiocyanate and poly(ethylene glycol) (RBITC-PEG-GNPs) [21]. A cytotoxicity assay showed that a cell viability of 95–100% was maintained during the incubation with RBITC-PEG-GNPs with different concentrations from 0 to 80 nM. Thus

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• study, silk fibroin/poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) hydrogels containing PLGA nanoparticles were used for the simultaneous delivery of bFGF and TGF-β1 to regenerate articular cartilage tissue [54]. The results showed that the simultaneous release of bFGF and TGFß1 improved the viability

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• adsorbed on the nanorod surface. The gold nanorods have excellent capability to be used in imaging as an optoacoustic contrast agent [62][63]. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is well known for reducing non-specific binding to biological molecules, rendering stealth character. This avoids macrophage recognition

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• improvement in BM uptake. The authors noted that, besides the anionic amphiphile, a small amount of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol) (DSPE-PEG) was needed to circumvent the liver and spleen sequestration and to achieve a distribution of 60% of the injected liposomes inside

• with higher turnover rates [33]. The authors used alendronate as a surface-exposed ligand for directing bortezomib-loaded nanoparticles consisting of poly(ᴅ,ʟ-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to the bone microenvironment, which resulted in a 9.6-fold increase of bone

• articles regarding the use of EGFR mAbs as a specific targeting motif for polymer NPs such as poly(lactic acid-co-lysine), poly(ethylene glycol-co-caprolactone), an poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) NPs. All of them have shown

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• BiFeO3. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, ferric nitrate nonahydrate Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, concentrated nitric acid (HNO3, 69%), triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (Pluronic P123, Mav = 5800, EO20PO70EO20), tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• . In this study, raw SWCNTs were purified with different oxidizing acids, and the resulting shortened CNTs were conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polyethylenimine (PEI). The different nanocarriers, that is, CNTs-COOH (CNTs), CNTs-PEG and CNTs-PEG-PEI, were systematically characterized and

• drugs. Keywords: antitumor activity; cellular uptake; PEG functionalization; PEI functionalization; poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG); polyethylenimine (PEI); single-walled carbon nanotubes; Introduction To date, chemotherapy is the most common therapy for cancer treatment. However, the inability of

• limitation. Among them, conjugation with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is one of the most effective methods because PEG is highly hydrophilic and flexible [28][29]. Functionalization using a hydrophilic polymer with positively charged groups is another effective way to reduce opsonization by the RES and

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• variety of different particle and fiber architectures can be made [54][55]. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) SPNPs were synthesized via the EHD co-jetting method, with BSA as the protein and an oligomer composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, 2 kDa) terminally bifunctionalized with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• biocompatibility or to enable specific hydrophilic properties, nanoparticles were coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [16]. Experimental data concerning how different coatings influence nanoparticle magnetic properties are quite controversial. A few studies indicate that a thin polymer coating layer enhances