Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• reduces their rate of renal clearance and influences their distribution to target tissues [48]. In contrast, neutral ASOs such as PMOs and PNAs present lower binding affinity to plasma proteins; therefore, these molecules exhibit shorter circulation lifetimes and lower tissue uptake [49]. After making

• peptides on their surface significantly improved the intracellular delivery of LOR-2501, a negatively charged phosphorothioate ASO [121]. Another strategy to improve colloidal stability, decrease cytotoxicity and immune response, and reduce the renal clearance of PEI delivery systems is through the

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• that MNPs larger than 200 nm are captured by the spleen through mechanical filtration, while MNPs smaller than 10 nm can be eliminated via renal clearance. Therefore, the 10–100 nm range is considered optimal for administration in specific applications [29]. The biodistribution patterns of these

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• globular proteins, usNPs exhibit unique physicochemical properties and physiological behavior distinct from larger particles, including lack of protein corona formation, efficient renal clearance, and reduced recognition and sequestration by the reticuloendothelial system. In cancer treatment, usNPs

• . Keywords: active targeting; cancer; nanoclusters; renal clearance; ultrasmall nanoparticles; Review 1 Introduction Nanotechnology has opened new avenues for tackling unmet challenges in medicine [1][2][3]. In the field of oncology, a notable application involves the use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs

• discussion, usNPs are defined as being small enough to undergo renal clearance. While this usually entails usNPs smaller than the kidney filtration barrier of 5–6 nm [26][27][28], slightly larger particles have also been found to undergo renal excretion in some cases. Ultrasmall NPs are situated at the

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• through the antibodies [94]. Additionally, these targeted NPs internalize the chemotherapeutics precisely into tumor cells with minimal drug leakage and also provide protection from degradation and elimination [95]. The controlled size and surface charge of NPs avoid the rapid renal clearance of the NPs

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• that received a single intravenous dose of commercial AuNPs still showed high gold concentrations in the liver at day 28 [5]. To reduce tissue retention of AuNPs, ultrasmall gold nanoclusters with renal clearance ability were developed for imaging and sensing [6][7]. Nevertheless, they were not

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• determining toxicity and cell internalization of nanoparticles due to capping agents is critical. It has been reported that glutathione-capped gold nanoparticles underwent efficient cell internalization and efficient renal clearance compared to PEGylated and citrate-capped gold nanoparticles [68][69]. This

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• ]. Therefore, the cytotoxic reaction of the target cells to SPIONs still requires further examination. Cationic ethylamine-SPIONs of ultrasmall dimensions showed improved relaxivity values (at smaller dosage) compared to some of the commercial iron oxides, good renal clearance and no toxicity to rats [157

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• [Au25(ZWMe2)18] NCs. Intravenous injection of [Au25(ZWMe2)18] and in vivo fluorescence imaging after 1 h showed a strong signal in the bladder indicating a high and fast renal clearance. Further, a strong fluorescence in the NIR region (that of NCs) was observed in urine generated during the first hour

• ex vivo imaging of organs harvested at 1, 5 and 24 h exhibited a low level of fluorescence in the kidney further showing renal clearance (Figure 7E). A decrease of 66% in the NC signal between 1 and 5 h was observed. Using multi-elemental laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) particle clearance

• selective formation and imaging (Figure 8). Conclusion The unique chemical, optical and catalytic properties of gold nanoclusters have led to rapid progress in their application. This can be attributed to tunable photoluminescence, low toxicity, high bioavailability and renal clearance. The studies on

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• molecular weight of PHPMA can be kept below the renal threshold (Mw < 50 kDa), which allows for rapid renal clearance and avoids accumulation in the body. Indeed, the molecular weight of P(HPMA-MMAA) according to HPLC SEC chromatography was moderate (Mn = 33 kDa) with polydispersity index = 1.36. Formation

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• short biological half-life (8–20 min). In addition, it has shown nonspecific toxicity in healthy cells. Also, rapid renal clearance, quick liver-mediated metabolism by dihydro-pyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) enzyme, and increased digestive distress restricts the use of 5-FU in cancer therapy. It was

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• that the majority of hybrids had been eliminated via the feces. On the contrary, Gd-DTPA-oMWCNT#Marangon was found to undergo renal clearance and no lung accumulation was observed [36]. The presence of MWCNT CA candidates has not yet been tested in the brain. However, they are known for their ability

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• was attributed to an exacerbated macrophage response as a consequence of reduced protein binding onto the PEG-coated surfaces [142]. Interestingly, the systemic behavior of PEG-coated NPs was also reported to be changed, demonstrated by a decreased renal clearance of PEG coated NPs [143], especially