Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• parameters can precisely be determined regardless of the oscillation amplitude. As the periodicity of the cavity light field scales with the length standard given by the laser light wavelength, this specifically facilitates a calibration of the oscillation amplitude with unprecedented accuracy and precision

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• 10.3762/bjnano.16.1 Abstract The scales of the gold-dust weevil Hypomeces squamosus are green because of three-dimensional diamond-type chitin–air photonic crystals with an average periodicity of about 430 nm and a chitin fill fraction of about 0.44. A single scale usually contains one to three

• }-oriented domains exhibits polarization conversion, rotating the angle of linearly polarized light. The overall coloration, resulting from the reflections from many scales, is close to uniformly diffuse because of the random orientation of the domains. Using titania sol–gel chemistry, we produced negative

• copolymers [10][11], lithography, or laser etching [12][13], but it can be routinely found in animal integuments. Biomimetic approaches using templates from natural structures offers a possible alternative. The scales of many beetles and weevils contain diamond photonic crystals [14][15][16] that may serve

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• instantaneous values within the reactor. The 0D model scales to a spatial 2D model. For the numerical solution, the following considerations are made: Molecular hydrogen behaves like an ideal gas in a two-dimensional model with position coordinates (x,y). The fluid is considered laminar and incompressible. The

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• pigmentation originates from the interaction of light with arrays of microlenses on the cuticle or overlapping brush-like scales positioned just above a densely pigmented absorbing layer. Similar phenomena can be observed in butterflies [11][12], birds [13], and snakes [14][15]. This intricately structured

• most probably coupled with melanin as in other velvet ants [24]. Similar cases of white–black structural colors can be observed in other insect groups. For instance, the tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) exhibits black and white scales with micro- and nanostructures that turn

• transparent scales into superwhite and melanized scales into superblack [25]. Melanin pigments can produce a black color with visible reflections, such as in shiny fur and feathers. The degree of such visible reflections depends on the surface structure. Ultrablack color lacks this gloss and instead displays

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• time and length scales, from atomic and molecular-level interactions to the macroscale, that govern the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of materials [4][5]. More recently, data-driven approaches, such as machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI), are revolutionizing

• of a broad range of advanced digital technologies (Figure 1). One significant area where these technologies can have a profound impact is in the design and development of advanced nanomaterials [15][16], where the relationship between structure and morphology at different scales, processing, and

• materials across a broad range of length and time scales [4][18]. Furthermore, the development of user-friendly interfaces and visualization tools has improved the accessibility and usability of these advanced hardware and software technologies [19][20]. In parallel to the use of large-scale computing

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• "super-emission" scales with the system size, meaning larger systems shine brighter. The reverse phenomenon (i.e., superabsorption [35][36]) enhances light absorption for larger systems and holds promise for creating high-performance quantum batteries. However, directly observing superabsorption is

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• on larger scales [4]. Nowadays, there is an increasing commercial availability of graphene-related products and companies with large-scale production capabilities of these materials, which includes GO as an intermediate or final product [5][6][7]. Because of the growing industrial and technological

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• plotted after an irradiation time of 990 ns. The color scales are fixed to 340 K max for better comparison. SEM micrographs showing cross sections that were cut into collagen using (A) 30 keV gallium ions with 1 nA beam current and 1.4 × 1013 ions·cm−2 and (B) 5 keV gallium ions with 1.4 nA beam current

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• experimental techniques by providing insights into phenomena occurring at time and length scales that are challenging to capture experimentally. Methods We performed atomistic MD simulations of spherical Au and Pt NPs in vacuum and in aqueous media. The considered NP diameters and the number of atoms in each

• ° and 78°, for the Pt NPs at approximately 41° and 76°. These peaks appear also in diffraction patterns of bulk Au and Pt materials [81]. There are no persistent features in the diffraction patterns, such as peaks at multiples of characteristic length scales, and the profiles validate the notion that

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• depends on the free oscillation amplitude. In contrast to the voltage-independent contribution mediated by capillary forces [38][63], the voltage-dependent dissipation contribution perfectly scales with the free oscillation amplitude. This scaling suggests that, for low to moderate amplitudes, this

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• length scales. Keywords: adhesion; fibers; fluid–structure interactions; mastigonemes; mechanosensing; setae; wettability; Introduction Given the bottom-up approach that biology uses to create materials, fibrous structures formed by molecular chains are found everywhere. For example, internally in the

• review include the hair and fur of mammals, the feathers of birds, the trichomes of plants, the setae of arthropods, and the ultrastructures of single-celled organisms. Figure 1A shows how the total hair mass mh scales with body mass mb. For mh, a material density of 1 g·cm−3 was assumed. A relationship

• help to protect organisms and to promote homeostasis, strategically placed arrays of hairs are crucial for locomotion through various mediums, such as granular soil, air, and water. By possessing hairs on appendages, organisms across wide length scales are capable of enhancing their locomotory

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• purpose of this function is to increase the effect of certainty and maintain the homogeneity of scales. Once the PTOs were obtained, we applied ML methods so as to fit f(vij, vnj)obs and to achieve the IFPTML models. As indicated in the previous section, we classified the preclinical NDD assays, cdj, onto

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• microcracks in the Au thin film. The resistance of the sensor is altered when strain is applied because of the separation of overlapping scales and the generation of cracks in the gold thin film. The strain sensor is fabricated through a straightforward preparation method, resulting in an exceptionally high

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• , which scales as (N2) for N adsorbed particles. Moreover, in this original form of the model, a single adsorbed lactose molecule inhibits the adsorption of a large protein, no matter how strongly the protein may adsorb. To counteract these issues, the following features were added to the new version of

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• . This is the hallmark of a scale-free distribution, which is typical of a fractal pattern where stripes with oxygen form a similar structure on all scales up to 400 μm. The exploration of superconductivity in the presence of spatially correlated disorder has recently been initiated, as evidenced by the

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• applied electron dose. The width of the AFM etch profiles is approximately 250 nm for dose D2, corresponding to the radius of backscattered electrons in Si (≈200 nm). The width scales up with the dose, and a correlation to the applied dwell time is evident. Notably, for the highest dose value, the width

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• rather small length scales of tens of nanometers. The areas of high current appear to coincide with areas of lower topography, slightly skewed to the bottom right of areas with higher topography. This happens all over the image and indicates an effect of the probe influencing the occurrence of high

A bifunctional superconducting cell as flux qubit and neuron

• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Pavel V. Pikunov,
• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1116–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.92

• on small time scales near the moment of convergence tLZ. This allows us to use a linear approximation on time ε(tLZ + τLZ) ≈ ε′(tLZ)·τLZ and write the Hamiltonian of the system as: We assume that V(τLZ) = is small on the scale of the Landau–Zener transition time. This allows us to use the

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• features at different length scales and verify the applicability of analytical structural models used to date. Over the last several years, a “focused ion beam (FIB) notch” technique has been developed and employed to address these gaps in understanding of the internal structures of fibers such as Kevlar

• the ET measurements to be similar across length scales. The analysis for Kevlar®, however, is more complicated. Our nanoscale ET measurements indicate stiffer average mechanical responses in Kevlar® K29 than in Technora®, in agreement with the aforementioned full-fiber experiments [8][19]. However, we

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• pest insects by reducing the frictional forces experienced when they walk on the leaves. This structure might also provide mechanical stability to the growing plant organs and has an impact on the wettability of the leaves. Using polymer replicas of adaxial leaf surfaces at various scales, the surface

• retaining surface, which could be produced on large scales. Furthermore, this publication shows some nice examples of the multi-functionality of some biological surfaces as well as of some biomimetic developments. Rounding out the thematic issue and looking into the future, Leivas and Barbosa [18] present

• paper “The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae)” analysed the reflectance spectra of the white scales as well as the micro- and nanostructure of the black and white scales on the tarsi of A. albopictus. The results show that the white

Current-induced mechanical torque in chiral molecular rotors

• Richard Korytár and
• Ferdinand Evers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 711–721, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.57

• (EOM), which are listed in the Appendix section. We integrate the EOM using a Runge–Kutta method, see Appendix section. Basic parameters and scales The parameters that enter the coupled dynamical problem governed by the Lagrangian in Equation 5 are: (1) The particle mass m. (2) The definition of the

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• elastic ends of the short setae near the mouth opening. In particular, the adhesion by van der Waals attraction becomes possible at such scales. This part of the interaction must also be included in the model, namely in a form of potential interaction between the setae (or their tips) and the food

Thermal transport in kinked nanowires through simulation

• Alexander N. Robillard,
• Graham W. Gibson and
• Ralf Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 586–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.49

• , communications, and many others [1][2][3][4][5]. In many nanoscale systems, thermal transport cannot be simply described as it would be at larger scales [6]. At such scales, the carriers of energy (such as phonons) have finite transit lengths that are no longer negligible compared to the system dimensions

• and energy scales, were set to 1, and a cut-off for the potential was set at 2.5σ. The set value of 1 for ε and σ fixes us to dimensionless units. Systems have an equilibrium temperature of 0.005, and they are under a thermostat at each end, for a temperature difference between the two of 0.001

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• Giugno, 06121 Perugia, Italy Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24098 Kiel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.14.41 Abstract Micro- and nanostructures of the white and black scales on the tarsi of the mosquito Aedes albopictus are

• analysed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Reflectance spectra of the white areas are measured. No clear difference is present in the morphology of micro- and nanostructures of black and white scales in SEM and TEM, but black scales contain a

• dark pigment. The white colour of the scales has a structural origin. The structural white produced by the micro- and nanostructures of the scales on the tarsi of Ae. albopictus appears bright and is angle-dependent, since the reflected light changes according to the angle detection and according to