Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• , including irregular fluid jet movement, variations in surface tension, and sensitivity to external parameters such as temperature, humidity, and airflow. These factors can disrupt the uniformity of the fiber formation. When the fiber jets are drawn in the direction of the electric field force, the polymer

• ]. Electrospinning involves applying a high voltage to a polymer solution delivered through a nozzle or capillary [71]. The electrostatic charge builds up at the tip of the droplet, and when the repulsive force of the charges overcomes the droplet’s surface tension, a cone-like jet, known as the Taylor cone, forms

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• nanomaterials with phase change and reduction in surface tension serve as suitable systems for elucidation and comparison. In summary, there is a competition among various energetic factors influencing phase stability and transformations in HDCMs during irradiation. These factors include (i) the bulk

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• the channels but also directed the liquid metal flow via Laplace barriers within the channels, offering a mechanism by which we could precisely control the filling of a liquid with very high surface tension [36] (Figure 5). Additionally, small subfeatures within the microfluidic channels could allow

• non-planar surfaces, bonded to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and their use in droplet generation with oil and water. Laplace barriers within geckofluidic channels have directed room-temperature liquid metals (eutectic gallium–indium) with extremely high surface tension to properly fill

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• pluronic F127 (F127), can be used in the water phase to lower the surface tension of the organic phase and to produce the nanoemulsion during the homogenization process [5][6][7]. F127 is a copolymer made up of blocks of poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide), PEO100–PPO65–PEO100

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• , concentration and molecular weight of the polymer, solvent or solvent mixture, surface tension, conductivity, dielectric constant, and environmental parameters are parameters that must be optimized in the electrospinning process. Voltage Voltage is the parameter that most affects the shape of the droplet from

• and causes a change in viscosity, surface tension, and electrical conductivity of the polymer liquid [54][65]. The evaporation rate of the solvent is an extremely important parameter. In an ideal production process, the solvent must be completely evaporated before the jet reaches the collector of the

• , ethanol, formic acid, and tetrahydrofuran. Depending on the polymer type or the hybrid polymer composition, these organic solvents can be used alone or applied as mixtures in order to obtain suitable solution properties [67]. Surface tension The surface tension of the polymer liquid is important for the

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• -Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) for 30 min to reduce surface tension and enable proper glycerin coating. Afterwards, samples were rinsed three times in glycerin and then fully submerged in glycerin and covered with a high-precision cover slip (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany). Images were taken using a

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• Equation 2. This yielded the carbon solubility S as a function of the particle radius r via the solubility in the bulk state S0, the surface tension σ, the volume of a metal molecule V, the Boltzmann’s constant k and the melting temperature of the bulk state T. When the Au particle size exceeds a threshold

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• Harper [31] based on morphological effects of IBS. The height h(x, y, t) of the sputtered surface can be described by a linear equation (Equation 1): where ν0 is the constant erosion velocity, ν is the effective surface tension, and D denotes the surface diffusion which is activated by different physical

Batch preparation of nanofibers containing nanoparticles by an electrospinning device with multiple air inlets

• Dong Wei,
• Chengwei Ye,
• Adnan Ahmed and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 141–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.15

• force (Ph) caused by the fluctuation height of spinning solution, surface tension (Ps) of the spinning solution, and electric field force (PE) produced by the applied voltage. These forces determine whether a jet could be formed at point A. The polymer fluid surface tension would make the liquid surface

• density of spinning solution (kg/m3), g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s2), h is the fluctuation height of the polymer spinning solution (m), γ is the surface tension coefficient of the spinning solution (N/m), ε0 is vacuum dielectric constant, E0 is the edge electric field intensity (V/m), Ep is

• surface tension (Ps), unstable fluctuation on the free surface of solution easily occurs, thus significantly increasing the probability of multijet formation [25][26]. In order to study further the electric field forces on the spinning solution surface under different voltages, the electric field

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• property approximations, for example in the study of arterial degeneration [34][35]. Besides the above frequency-dependent representation, other important measurements can be recorded, such as general topography and morphology, cell or tissue adhesive properties, internal hydrostatic pressure, and surface

• tension. These additional multidimensional biophysical parameters could be inferred from the AFM spectroscopy data as well, and could be correlated with the frequency-dependent nanomechanical parameters previously described to provide richer mechanistic knowledge of the genesis of a complex disease and

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• the surface tension of water, cos θ is the water contact angle of poly(vinylsiloxane) which was assumed to be 95°, and ρw = 997 kg/m3 the density of water, and g the gravitational acceleration. The reduced bubble lifetime for h > hmax whereas Vi is the initial volume of the air layer, with Ai the

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• so far as air layers are observed to form in liquids of diverse chemical compositions, including organic solvents and oils, which show a wide variety of surface tension values and contact angles with respect to the skin [3][21]. This “omniphobic” property allows the Collembola to live in areas of

• soil or water bodies that contain a high concentration of organic liquids that are, for instance, the product of decay processes and may reduce considerably the surface tension of water. In addition, the plastron is able to withstand external pressure exceeding 0.4 MPa. The air, which is not able to

• interface are in equilibrium, the Young–Laplace equation [50] states that the difference between liquid pressure pl and gas pressure pg is counterbalanced by the surface tension term 2σH, according to σ denotes the surface tension and H the mean curvature of the gas/liquid interface. If pl and pg are

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• liquid metals strongly depend on their surface and interfacial properties. The surface tension of room-temperature-liquid Ga-based alloys has been reported to be lowered by a thin surface oxide layer [8]. In [9], the authors electrochemically controlled the growth and removal of gallium oxide to tune the

• surface tension of liquid gallium. Oxygen is a surface-active substance whose effect on surface tension has been investigated for various liquid metals [10]. In metallic alloys, surface segregation has also been observed, where an element with a higher oxygen affinity enriches at the surface to form an

• of the tips toward the liquid sample. Table 2 indicates the average values and ranges of γm and κ for the three different tip chemistries. Specifically, we find = 230 mN/m and = 3 mN/Km for SiOx, = 110 mN/m and = 2 mN/Km for Au, and = 68 mN/m and = 0.8 mN/Km for PtSi. The surface tension of Ga

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• used for all jetting experiments. This inclusion of ethanol decreased the dielectric constant and surface tension of the solution. The exception was insulin- and mucin-based SPNPs, which were manufactured as described in the Materials section. Furthermore, a homobifunctional amine-reactive macromer

Effects of drug concentration and PLGA addition on the properties of electrospun ampicillin trihydrate-loaded PLA nanofibers

• Tuğba Eren Böncü and
• Nurten Ozdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 245–254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.19

• critical component of the bacterial cell walls [9]. 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) was used as solvent in the study. It is preferred due to its sufficiently low surface tension, sufficiently high dielectric constant, and volatility [10]. The aim of this study was to produce and characterize

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• through this high voltage. Hence, a potential gradient is built up between the polymer droplet at the tip of the spinneret and the ground collector. When the voltage is gradually increased, the hemispherical droplet will transform into a cone, the so-called “Taylor cone”, in which surface tension is

• dominant. When the voltage is high enough for the electrostatic forces of the Taylor cone to overcome the surface tension and viscous force, jet initiation happens, and a polymer jet will reach the ground collector completing the circuit. Polymers with high molecular weight will form ultrafine fibers due

• results are obtained after changes of parameters. 3.1 Process parameters 3.1.1 Applied voltage. The applied voltage is one of the most critical parameters that affect fiber morphology. The applied voltage aids the polymer to overcome its surface tension and form the polymer jet. After forming the Taylor

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• SnO2, TiO2, and CuInS2 using an automated spray pyrolysis method, which is particularly beneficial for air cleaning applications. This work showed that the surface tension of the material surface directly impacts the photocatalytic activity under humid conditions. Furthermore, introducing CuInS2

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• reported data; we will address the influence of the sputtering parameters (sputter power, current, voltage, sputter time, working gas pressure, and the type of sputtering plasma) and host liquid properties (composition, temperature, viscosity, and surface tension) on the NP formation as well as a detailed

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• starts drying, evaporation of the solvent causes voids and helps in generating clusters of the solute on the substrate. For smaller pockets of the fluid, which can be regarded as droplets, variation in surface tension or temperature at different interfaces predominantly causes either a surface tension

• , respectively, termed as Gibbs–Marangoni concerning surface tension gradients and Bénard–Marangoni concerning thermal gradients [58][59][60][61][62]. The pattern and shape of the fractals depend on flux, thermal energy, surface energy, and diffusion coefficient of the clusters. The schematic shown in Figure 4

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• parameters determining flow in a microchannel include blood viscosity, contact angle, hydrodynamic diameter, and driving forces such as surface tension. In addition, due to the elastic nature of the skin and its irregular surface, varying from person to person, and with age and position on the body, the

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• oxide nanoparticles [28]. Numerous indispensable parameters including surface tension, polarity, viscosity, and hydrogen bonding have an important influence on the reactivity of species. Also, the formation of nanostructures is governed by the mass transport properties of the DES components. It is also

• ]. The difference between the electrochemical double layers and a differential activity of chloride ions (i.e., preferential facet binding during crystal growth restricting the lattice growth in a particular direction) were responsible for the observed morphological difference. The lower surface tension

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• alignment and density of AgNWs can be easily adjusted by increasing the number of times of water washing. Water, with a very high surface tension of 72.75 × 10−3 N·m−1 at 20 °C, tends to bundle the hydrophilic AgNWs together [55]. The literature has shown the fabrication of conducting PET films using

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• between the capacitor plates using a syringe. For an incubation time of 5 min, a voltage of 5 V was applied, and then the drop was removed. Since the substrate was not completely dry after removal of the solvent, it was found that the surface tension pulls the deposited patches apart forming quasi

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• sample is subject to surface tension, which can lead to damage of the specimen during imaging. To overcome this issue, researchers typically focus on removing any liquid water from a sample whilst, at the same time, maintaining the cellular integrity. This is usually achieved by chemical fixation

• gaseous state. Through this process the sample is dried without ever crossing the liquid–gaseous boundary and, thus, avoiding surface tension, which is so damaging to the sample. The operating procedures for CPD vary depending on the sample or instrument, with some being automated and others manually

• have applied HMDS treatment for HIM [17][60][64][66]. (IV) Air drying: During air drying, the liquid–gaseous boundary is crossed, leading to strong surface tension, which acts on the sample and causes damage to the structure, leading to agglomeration and collapse. Consequently, air drying should only