Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• . High water content and large spacing distance in the hydrogel structure are key factors that prevent van der Waals and π–π interactions between graphene-based sheets. Figure 2b depicts the hydrated assembly of biological cells in nature. The natural hydrated structure includes intracellular water, cell

• water evaporation rates as a function of drying time and water content in the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel. In the first period, the water evaporation rates increased to a plateau of constant drying rate, corresponding to the evaporation of free water molecules at the outer surface [39]. Then, the water

• evaporation curves entered into the decreasing rate period where there is deficiency of free water at the outer surface and water transport from the interior to the surface. The critical water content at which the first decreasing rate period began was identified to be about 40% (the left dashed line in

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• ][23][24]. The viscosity at 25 °C was 0.009 ± 0.001 Pa/s. The low viscosity can be justified considering the high water content present in the M7-EOCF formulation [25]. And it can be seen that increasing the temperature caused a decrease in viscosity to 0.006 ± 0.001 Pa/s (at 37 °C). The low viscosity

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• mass loss, we need to take it into account. The mass losses below and above 300 °C, recalculated assuming that they are due to the zeolite phase alone, Δw1′ and Δw2′, respectively are also listed in Table 3. As one can see, there is now obvious correlation between water content determined from Δw1′ and

• the mesopore volume VBJH estimated from nitrogen adsorption. Despite the larger pore volume and surface area, there is about the same amount of water in the samples obtained by hydrolysis in 70% ethanol solution and in pure water. Nevertheless, there is a strong correlation between the water content

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• , household appliances, and oil production. The structural integrity under harsh conditions further underpins the potential for industrial antiscaling solutions. Methods Section Coating procedure The coating solution was prepared with 100 mL of toluene (108-88-3, VWR) with a water content between 250–300 ppm

• and mixing 0.8 mL trichloromethylsilane (75-79-6, Sigma-Aldrich) into the toluene. The water content was measured with a Karl-Fischer volumetric titration setup. The solvent used for the coating is prepared by mixing oversaturated toluene (>400 ppm) with toluene from the vendor (<200 ppm). The SNF

• six hours of coating. For the results presented here, the water content in toluene was between 290–300 ppm. A coating with lower and higher amounts of water in the solvent is feasible, however, a less uniform coating will be obtained. Before the coating procedure the stainless-steel samples were

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• , three-dimensional network of polysaccharides (cellulose, pectins, and hemicelluloses) and is able to absorb large amounts of water. Depending on the water content, mucilage can behave as an efficient lubricant or as strong glue. The current work attempts to summarise the achievements in the research on

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• . The phenomenon in which hydrogels swell in water while not dissolving in it is due to hydrophilic functional groups attached to the polymer backbone and cross-links between the network chains. High water content makes hydrogel materials similar in terms of microstructure and flexibility to living

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• that the higher background water content in the HV experiments influences the composition of the deposits. Electron-induced secondary reactions, on the other hand, may play a role, especially as the growth rate of the deposits are comparatively low, and correspondingly the electron exposure of each

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• ethyl acetate. This solvent is less toxic than commonly used aromatic compounds. Kinetically stable O/W nanoemulsions were obtained at oil/surfactant (O/S) mass ratios between 30/70 and 70/30 and water contents above 40 wt %. The light transmittance of the sample increased with water content and

• nanoparticles were also used to encapsulate therapeutic concentrations of antiinflammatory DXM, initially solubilized in Polysorbate 80 template nanoemulsions [55]. These nanoemulsions formed at O/S ratios between 45/55 and 75/25 and showed hydrodynamic diameters in the 290–326 nm range for a water content of

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• oil [32][33][34]. While somewhat effective for large-scale oil spills, this is unpractical for smaller spills, for example, after car accidents or small tank leaks. Burning the oil is a method often used as well, but requires a certain thickness of the oil film and a low water content in the oil

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• . This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) RH at both sides of the membrane. H = 6 cm. (b) RH1 and RH2 as functions of H. ΔWC is the transmembrane water content difference. (c) VOC and Vid as functions of H. (d) Air flow (2.5 m·s−1)-enhanced power generation. (e) SEM image of the prepared ion

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• relevant temperatures. Performing the measurements at body temperature or 37 °C can have a drastic effect on the resulting Young's modulus [4]. For hydrogel NPs, the influence of the experimental conditions might be even more pronounced due to the high water content [5]. The suitability of a drug carrier

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• adhesion strength [148]. Therefore, doughs with less liquid fraction were used to minimize the influence of the colloidal Marangoni flow. The shear adhesion strengths were increased to ca. 200 N·cm−2. Such a high value indicated contributions from other forces. By carefully investigating the water content

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• they contain sufficient water content in their structure [9]. In the literature, there is only one review study of nanocarriers in which ETHs, developed with natural compounds/plant extracts, are used in the field of cosmetics. In that study, information is given about the use of ETHs developed with

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• influence the elastic modulus of native cuticle specimens tested in bending. In the light of our data, we suggest that changes of the elastic modulus of cuticle are not solely due to changes of the water content. Our results provide a platform for more accurate measurements of cuticle properties. Keywords

• : biomimetics; cuticle; locust; material properties; mechanical testing; nanoindentation; water content; Introduction Cuticle is a lightweight material that forms the whole exoskeleton of insects, from the flexible intersegmental membrane to the stiff jaws and claws. Cuticle of each insect body part has

• indentation is the average value of the elastic moduli measured during indentations from 0.6 to 2.0 μm (red box, Figure 1d). The elastic modulus of each tibia is the average elastic modulus obtained from ten indents. Water content and evaporation rate measurements To measure the water content of the specimens

Surfactant-free syntheses and pair distribution function analysis of osmium nanoparticles

• Mikkel Juelsholt,
• Jonathan Quinson,
• Emil T. S. Kjær,
• Baiyu Wang,
• Rebecca Pittkowski,
• Susan R. Cooper,
• Tiffany L. Kinnibrugh,
• Søren B. Simonsen,
• Luise Theil Kuhn,
• María Escudero-Escribano and
• Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 230–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.17

• is performed in 100% water. Furthermore, the water content in the solvent affects the general morphology of the product: While dispersed NPs are obtained in pure ethanol or methanol, adding water leads to the formation of network-like structures as reported in Figures S2–S18 (Supporting Information

• (Figures S18, S20, S21 of Supporting Information File 1). To develop a simple and relatively inexpensive synthesis of Os NPs requiring only few chemicals, it was concluded that OsCl3, no base, and a relatively high-water content (around 60–75 vol %) using methanol as the reducing agent were favourable

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• was carried out by 1H and 13C NMR. Quantitative anion exchange and IL purity of 99.9% was assessed by ion chromatography (Dionex ICS-1100, with IonPac® AS22, 4 × 250 mm column). The water content, measured by coulometric Karl Fischer titration, was below 10 ppm. rGO was synthesized in a two-step

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• -assisted synthesis method without any stabilizers. Experimental Materials Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O, purity >97%) and iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O, purity >99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium hydroxide (purity >98%, residual water content <15

Plant growth regulation by seed coating with films of alginate and auxin-intercalated layered double hydroxides

• Vander A. de Castro,
• Valber G. O. Duarte,
• Danúbia A. C. Nobre,
• Geraldo H. Silva,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Frederico G. Pinto,
• Willian R. Macedo and
• Jairo Tronto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1082–1091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.93

• plants. Germination rate and germination speed index The germination rate [30] and GSI [31] tests were conducted in a laboratory at 25 °C. The bean seeds presenting 13% of water content on average were disinfested using a 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 min and then washed with deionized water

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIm][NTf2]) was synthesized in two steps following a literature procedure [67]. The anion purity of IL by ion chromatography was found to be above 99% and the water content of the IL by Karl-Fischer titration was less than 10 ppm. Methods Powder X-ray diffraction

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• accelerated SEI formation [9][69][70]. Iron dissolution from LFP has been found to increase with water content of the electrolyte and phase impurities in the cathode. The dissolution of iron leads to Fe-deficient inactive phases. The aged cathode showed a higher Fe content on the cathode surface and lower Fe

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• , being generally soft, elastic, and biocompatible structures with a high water content are highly attractive from a materials perspective for making 3D channels mimicking the human vascular network [35][36][37]. Chemically cross-linked hydrogels such as poly(hydroxyethyl)methacrylate (pHEMA) are used as

• water within its structure with a 60% increase in mass from swelling after 1 h of water absorption at pH 11 at ambient temperature (25 °C). The high water content of the pHEMA hydrogels is attractive as it resembles properties of soft tissues and vascular networks. Figure 2 shows the pH- and time

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• minimize faradaic current. All of the EC-STM measurements were performed in a glass chamber purged with argon at room temperature. Preparation of MACC/TG All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetraglyme was distilled over sodium and stored over molecular sieves (3 Å) until the water content was

• less than 5 ppm. The water content was determined by coulometric Karl Fischer titration (Mettler Toledo). MgCl2 was heated overnight under vacuum at 290 °C and then stored under thionyl chloride for 1 week. At low pressure, the thionyl chloride was removed completely. All materials were handled in an

• Argon-filled glovebox. The MACC electrolyte was prepared by adding tetraglyme (20.5 mL) to MgCl2 (0.966g). While stirring, the AlCl3 (1.368 g) was added stepwise. The whole mixture was then stirred overnight after addition of an equivalent amount of MgH2 to reduce the water content (analogous as

BergaCare SmartLipids: commercial lipophilic active concentrates for improved performance of dermal products

• Florence Olechowski,
• Rainer H. Müller and
• Sung Min Pyo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2152–2162, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.208

• into cosmetic products, the dermal formulations are produced as normal, but with slightly reduced water content. At the end of the production, the SmartLipids concentrates are admixed under blending with a stirrer. Dermal application – general features of lipid nanoparticles with solid particle matrix

Magnetic properties of biofunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

• Natalia E. Gervits,
• Andrey A. Gippius,
• Alexey V. Tkachev,
• Evgeniy I. Demikhov,
• Sergey S. Starchikov,
• Igor S. Lyubutin,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Vladimir P. Chekhonin,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Alevtina S. Semkina and
• Alexander G. Mazhuga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1964–1972, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.193

• . The contrast between the tissues in MRI images depends on their properties such as fat and water content as well as on the sequence of the procedure parameters. There are three main characteristics that determine the contrast of the image: 1) proton density; 2) the spin–lattice relaxation time T1; and