Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• symmetrical rings found in heme and chlorophyll [2][11]. The structure of VB12 also includes a nucleotide loop that contains a unique base known as dimethylbenzimidazole (DMB). This nucleotide loop is attached to one of the propionate side chains of the corrin ring via an aminopropanol linker and stretches

• concentration, showing a linear response from 2.0 × 10−10 to 1.2 × 10−6 g/L and a low LOD (5.0 × 10−11 g/L). The results were obtained within 0.5 min at a 2.0 mL/min flow rate and displayed less than 5.0% RSD. This biosensing platform was effectively employed to analyze VB12 in various samples, including

• pharmaceuticals through Co2+-induced CL signal enhancement in an alkaline medium, after mineralization to release Co2+. This biosensing platform showed a linear range of 1.7 to 50 µg/L, an LOD of 0.5 µg/L, and a sampling rate of 11 samples per hour. The data acquired through this method were rigorously validated

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• , enabling operation in a wide frequency range from gigahertz frequencies to X-rays [6][7][8] due to a normal-metal absorber. CEBs offer several advantages over other types of receivers such as transition edge sensors [9][10][11]. These advantages include their micrometer-scale size, which facilitates direct

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• viral spikes, which are crucial for virus “survival” during transmission [11][12]. For many, especially mammalian, viruses, transmission occurs in aqueous environments (e.g., Dengue [13] and Ebola [14]), and air humidity does not play any direct role. In contrast, humidity strongly affects the

• transmission of influenza [11][12][15] or SARS-CoV-2 [14] via aerosols. These viruses are enveloped (by glycosylated lipid bilayers) and display very large multimers of nanoscale glycoproteins (i.e., spikes), which control virus attachment and fusion to the host cells [16]. Glycosylation, often with mannosides

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• [9][10][11]. Quasicrystals exhibit long-range orientational order, such as the fivefold symmetry in Al86Mn14 alloys [9][10], but lack the translational invariance [11]. The superconductivity of quasicrystals was established in 2018 with the discovery of superconducting signatures in an Al–Zn–Mg alloy

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• properties, with electronic and quantum mechanical behaviors that continue to surprise the scientific community [11]. Researchers are continuously developing and reporting new nanomaterials with unique properties tailored for diverse applications. Thus, the properties of materials once considered impossible

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• exacerbated by the fact that plastic pollution has a transboundary implication, thereby having the chance of ending up in other lakes’ sediments and water [11]. The existence of MPs in both Indus and Brahmaputra rivers suggests that the pollution from the highland lake and glacier may reach into downstream

• vulnerable to the action of plasticizers. Consumption of these substances interferes with metabolic processes and leads to bioaccumulation of toxic compounds, like heavy metals linked with MPs [11]. Altitude lake sediments contain high concentrations of MPs, which interfere with benthic assemblages and

• influence the food web structure [4]. For instance, a study in Dal Lake recorded MP concentrations of 2450 particles/m2 in sediments and 9.8 particles/L in surface water [11], indicating significant ecological exposure. 3.3 Global comparison with other sensitive aquatic ecosystems Across the globe, MPs have

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• graphene has focused on in-plane conductivity, and only very few studies have reported data on the electron transport properties between the adjacent planes [9][10][11][12][13]. Defects in graphene can alter its electronic states and lead to deviations from its intrinsic properties. We look at two common

• similar to those of four layers and converge to a value of ca. 10−7 A, while the currents through the h-BN junction drop to 10−10 and 10−11 A, respectively. At 3 nm thickness, the difference of the conductance between graphene and h-BN is four orders of magnitude, clearly demonstrating the conducting

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• ensure safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability, whereas the CQAs comprise physical, chemical, biological, and microbiological characteristics that must remain within appropriate limits to guarantee product quality [11]. In turn, RA tools complement this framework by identifying potential sources of

• directly or indirectly influences the performance and quality of the final products (Table 3). These attributes encompass physicochemical, biological, and microbiological properties that must remain within defined limits to ensure the desired quality, safety, and efficacy of the microemulsion system [11

• lines relevant to wound healing and topical application: murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Figure 11). According to ISO 10993-13 guidelines, the base ME was considered cytocompatible up to concentrations of 2 mg/mL for RAW cells and 0.5 mg/mL for HUVECs

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• , cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes [11][12]. Historically known especially for its antimicrobial properties, silver has been used since ancient times. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are synthesized by different synthesis mechanisms; they are non-toxic to eukaryotic cells, including human cells, but highly toxic

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• energy sectors (Figure 1). NMs have seen use as antimicrobial agents [1], catalysts [2], bioimaging agents [3][4][5][6], magnetic particle imaging agents [7], nanofluids [8], antiviral agents [9], photothermal convertors [10], and in environmental remediation [11]. Topically, the biomedical applications

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• microscopy (NC-AFM) operation in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) environment at low temperature and has been developed tremendously over the last three decades [7][8][9][10][11][12]. In frequency-modulated NC-AFM, the cantilever is kept at oscillation with constant amplitude, yielding an interferometric signal

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• signals can be correlated with specific interaction types, such as conservative and dissipative processes [10][11][12]. Despite these advances, critical limitations persist. The inherent nonlinearity of tip–sample dynamics in tapping and multimodal AFM often introduces imaging artifacts. Typical examples

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• scales involved. In previous research, we used molecular dynamics simulations to explore various aspects of gecko adhesion [10][11][12][13]. We found that humidity increases the force required to pull a spatula off from a substrate [10][12], a phenomenon also observed in high-humidity atomic force

• gecko keratin [11]. It also helped clarify other aspects of humidity-enhanced adhesion, revealing that keratin softening due to water uptake accounts for only a minor part of the increase in adhesion on very smooth surfaces [13]. The present paper builds on our previous research and extends the

• material may exhibit anisotropy and viscoelastic or even plastic behavior, especially under rapid loading. Our FE mesh is presently limited to a linear-elastic, isotropic constitutive law, with parameters E and ν matching those of our molecular keratin spatula model [11][12]. These values were derived in a

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• high surface area and customizable chiral environments. A highly important and highly developed area of application of chiral materials possessing a high surface area is chromatography [11][12][13]. Techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [13] and gas chromatography [14] are

• significant adsorption of the spin probes at all temperatures, there is only a minor difference for the two enantiomers (Figure 11, ESR spectra are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S12). For understanding the different and unexpected behavior of the SIL compared to the oSIL materials (Scheme 2

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• conventional fibrous materials. Their flexibility in fabrication allows for integration into a broad range of applications, from drug delivery scaffolds to composite biomaterials, contributing to their increasing relevance in both scientific research and industrial development [11][12][13][14]. To leverage the

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• either homogeneous or heterogeneous containing inclusions [6][10][11][12]. The adhesive proteins are packaged into secretory granules via a process called complex coacervation, which involves the aggregation of oppositely charged proteins along with a sulfated polysaccharide and significant amounts of

• parts of three honeycomb worms using TRIzolTM Reagent kit (Thermofisher). The parts selected were the head, parathoracic, abdominal, and caudal regions. Concentration and purity of the extracted RNA were measured with a UV–vis spectrophotometer (DENOVIX DS-11). A cDNA library was synthesized from the

• the parapodia of the honeycomb worm. Both types of granules have the same spherical shape and size, and they are very similar to those described in P. californica [11]. In S. alveolata, the use of TEM added some details. Homogeneous granules have a uniform content with no internal substructure, while

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• . Combining both top-down and bottom-up strategies, laser-assisted methods are demonstrating the prospects to become a versatile nanoscale manufacturing strategy based on clean, sustainable, and large-scale approach applicable to a broad range of nanomaterials [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The current

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• technique, spectral analysis of the thermal motion in the deflection of AFM cantilevers has shown promise as a lower-cost, less equipment-intensive mechanism to access the dynamic and time-evolving oscillatory characteristics of the cantilever [11][12][13][14][15][16]. In these techniques, the cantilever

• characteristics are static over the measurement period, which often is not the case. To solve this issue, wavelet transformations of the AFM cantilever’s deflection signal have been conducted, allowing for several frequency spectra at defined time intervals to be calculated over the course of the experiment [11

• (Nanosensors PtSi-CONT), and borosilicate glass colloids (Sigma-Aldrich 440345-100G) attached to the tipless cantilevers (Nanosensors TL-CONT). The borosilicate glass colloids had a diameter of 8–11 μm and an elastic modulus of 60 GPa. Data analysis Following completion of experiments, post processing of the

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• Benedykt R. Jany Katarzyna Madajska Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak Franciszek Krok Iwona B. Szymanska Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30348 Krakow, Poland Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus

• commercial FIBID systems commonly employ Ga+ ions, alternative ion species such as He+, Ne+, Ar+, or Xe+ can also be used [11][12][13][14]. The resulting FEBID/FIBID deposits are widely used for repairing photolithographic masks and printing or modifying integrated circuits. In addition, they are applied for

• deposition (CVD), a thermally driven process. However, these kinds of precursors were not optimized for the electron- and ion-driven FEBID and FIBID processes [4][5][14]. Important classes of FEBID-tested compounds for group-11 elements have been β-diketonates and carboxylates. These compounds were used

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• devices are manufactured on their basis [1][2][3]. These extend from cryogenic thermometers [4][5][6] and electron coolers [7][8][9][10] to various detectors such as Andreev bolometers [11][12][13], cold electron bolometers [14][15], superconductor–insulator–normal metal–insulator–superconductor (SINIS

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• anchored to the LNP shell, PEG chains can adopt the spatial arrangement of either “mushroom” or “brush” conformation [11]. These two different PEG chain conformations are primarily governed by the PEG lipid density on the nanoparticle surface. At lower PEG density, individual PEG chains can space far

• exceeded the critical surface density of 11.0 chains per 100 nm2, which implies a brush conformation. The reported narrow NMR line widths for PEG methylene and methoxy protons reflect rapid isotropic molecular motion, which in this context indicates that the PEG chains are not entangled [11]. This degree

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti); mechanical control, based on improving basic sanitation and infrastructure to eliminate breeding sites; and behavioral control, which promotes the adoption of practices such as the use of traps to capture mosquitoes at different life stages [9][10][11][12]. In this

• important tools in vector control, the development of resistance and the consequent decrease in their effectiveness have become a major concern [15][16][17][18]. Several cases of resistance to pyrethroids, carbamates, organochlorines, and organophosphates have been reported over the years [11][19

• . Additionally, commonly used components have been associated with allergic reactions, skin irritation, and adverse effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems of humans because these chemicals are highly toxic to non-target organisms and are not selective for the vector [11][20][21

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• JJ-based architectures face fundamental density constraints imposed by magnetic flux manipulation requirements and complex mutual inductive crosstalks. Circuits composed entirely of Josephson junctions (all-JJ circuits) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] represent a promising platform for energy-efficient

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• ], tests of quantum gravity [3][4][5], force microscopy [6][7][8], magnetometry [9][10], and quantum state transfer [11][12][13]. In some cases, further improvement on fundamental figures of merit is required, while, in other cases, the difficulty lies in balancing trade-offs to find an optimal design that

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• scalability concerns [10]. Additionally, M. edulis Mfp exhibits optimal adhesion under acidic conditions [11], potentially limiting its biomedical application. Meanwhile, synthetic sealants based on DOPA functionalisation of natural or synthetic polymers have shown promise in biomedical applications, but

• , Figure S2) in these samples and became more abundant by day 11 (Figure 1b). Fibril formation was most pronounced at pH 4.0 in the presence of 600 mM NaCl, with highly abundant and well-dispersed structures clearly visible throughout the sample after 21 days of incubation (Figure 1c). By day 21 also

• rPpolcp19k-his protein (500 µg/mL), incubated for 0, 3, 11, or 21 days under varying pH and NaCl conditions, was applied to 200 mesh Cu formvar/carbon-coated grids (Agar Scientific) and allowed to settle for 5 min. Grids were washed three times in phosphate-buffered saline for 5 min each, followed by three