Cryogels: recent applications in 3D-bioprinting, injectable cryogels, drug delivery, and wound healing

• Luke O. Jones,
• Leah Williams,
• Tasmin Boam,
• Martin Kalmet,
• Chidubem Oguike and
• Fiona L. Hatton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2553–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.171

• in drug delivery Polymers are commonly used in drug-delivery applications as they can improve bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and facilitate a controlled release of the drug. This leads to numerous benefits, including the increased time spent in the therapeutic zone, which allows the drug to be

Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications

• Nikita Brodyagin,
• Martins Katkevics,
• Venubabu Kotikam,
• Christopher A. Ryan and
• Eriks Rozners

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116

• notably lagged behind and is still limited by insufficient bioavailability and difficulties with tissue specific delivery. Relatively high doses are required to overcome poor cellular uptake and endosomal entrapment, which increases the risk of toxicity. These limitations remain unsolved problems waiting

Iodine-catalyzed electrophilic substitution of indoles: Synthesis of (un)symmetrical diindolylmethanes with a quaternary carbon center

• Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar,
• Masoud Sedaghati,
• Andhika B. Mahardhika,
• Lukas L. Wendt and
• Christa E. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1464–1475, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.102

• interest due to fluorine’s unique physical and chemical properties, such as its small size, high electronegativity, and high C–F bond dissociation energy [22][23][24]. Organofluoro compounds developed as drug molecules often display increased metabolic stability and bioavailability compared to non

Synthesis of 10-O-aryl-substituted berberine derivatives by Chan–Evans–Lam coupling and investigation of their DNA-binding properties

• Peter Jonas Wickhorst,
• Mathilda Blachnik,
• Denisa Lagumdzija and
• Heiko Ihmels

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 991–1000, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.81

• compared to ct DNA. Since the ligands show essentially the same DNA binding properties as the parent berberine (1a), they have the potential to exhibit a similar DNA-targeted bioactivity. The latter may even be improved due to the higher lipophilicity and thus more balanced bioavailability of the ligands

Application of the Meerwein reaction of 1,4-benzoquinone to a metal-free synthesis of benzofuropyridine analogues

• Rashmi Singh,
• Tomas Horsten,
• Rashmi Prakash,
• Swapan Dey and
• Wim Dehaen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 977–982, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.79

• dibenzofuran have been less explored, although they may have significant bioactivity. Introducing nitrogen to the dibenzofuran system is expected to increase the water solubility and potential bioavailability due to enhanced hydrogen bonding. Figure 2 presents a few examples of azadibenzofuran molecules. One

Synthesis of trifluoromethyl ketones by nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of esters under a fluoroform/KHMDS/triglyme system

• Yamato Fujihira,
• Yumeng Liang,
• Makoto Ono,
• Kazuki Hirano,
• Takumi Kagawa and
• Norio Shibata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 431–438, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.39

• their biological properties, bioavailability, and ADME [7][8]. While tremendous methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds [9][10], many of the laboratory methods are not always suitable for industrial production in terms of their synthetic complexity, handling, and

¹⁹F NMR as a tool in chemical biology

• Diana Gimenez,
• Aoife Phelan,
• Cormac D. Murphy and
• Steven L. Cobb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 293–318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.28

• species [1]. This reflects its low bioavailability, as it is typically found in insoluble minerals, and its physicochemical properties, in particular its high redox potential and the poor reactivity of the fluoride ion in aqueous solution. Despite its near-absence in biology, it is a particularly

The preparation and properties of 1,1-difluorocyclopropane derivatives

• Kymbat S. Adekenova,
• Peter B. Wyatt and
• Sergazy M. Adekenov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 245–272, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.25

Particle size effect in the mechanically assisted synthesis of β-cyclodextrin mesitylene sulfonate

• Stéphane Menuel,
• Sébastien Saitzek,
• Eric Monflier and
• Frédéric Hapiot

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2598–2606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.211

• bioavailability [11][12][13]. In our previous studies, CDs acted either as reactants [14][15], or as additives [16][17], and were shown to display supramolecular interactions with the other reaction partners. We demonstrated that the formation of CD/substrate supramolecular complexes favored the dispersion of the

Synthesis of novel fluorinated building blocks via halofluorination and related reactions

• Attila Márió Remete,
• Tamás T. Novák,
• Melinda Nonn,
• Matti Haukka,
• Ferenc Fülöp and
• Loránd Kiss

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2562–2575, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.208

• lipophilicity, metabolism, binding, and bioavailability are often beneficial [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Fluorinated organic compounds are common amongst drugs [8][9], and the synthesis of fluorinated compounds has become a rapidly developing area [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In addition to

Palladium nanoparticles supported on chitin-based nanomaterials as heterogeneous catalysts for the Heck coupling reaction

• Tony Jin,
• Malickah Hicks,
• Davis Kurdyla,
• Sabahudin Hrapovic,
• Edmond Lam and
• Audrey Moores

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2477–2483, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.201

• coupling; heterogeneous catalysis; nanomaterial; Introduction Over the past decades, biomass-based nanomaterials have become a highly prevalent topic of research owing to their sustainability, bioavailability, unique structural and morphological characteristics [1]. Particularly dominant in this field are

Host–guest interaction of cucurbit[8]uril with oroxin A and its effect on the properties of oroxin A

• Zhishu Zeng,
• Jun Xie,
• Guangyan Luo,
• Zhu Tao and
• Qianjun Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2332–2337, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.194

• constants [14] have shown that Q[n]s are ideal drug carriers [15][16]. Moreover, Q[n]s can enhance the physical stability [17][18] and increase the solubility [19][20] of drug molecules. After Q[n]s forms a host–guest complex with drug molecules, it can also improve the bioavailability and delivery capacity

Photosensitized direct C–H fluorination and trifluoromethylation in organic synthesis

• Shahboz Yakubov and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2151–2192, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.183

• a positive impact on the biological absorption and distribution. Moreover, C–H/C–F substitution strongly decreases the basicity of neighboring amines (and lowers the pKa by a similar increment) due to the σ-inductive effect of F. This results in i) a higher oral bioavailability [19], ii) a potential

Synthesis of new dihydroberberine and tetrahydroberberine analogues and evaluation of their antiproliferative activity on NCI-H1975 cells

• Giacomo Mari,
• Lucia De Crescentini,
• Serena Benedetti,
• Francesco Palma,
• Stefania Santeusanio and
• Fabio Mantellini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1606–1616, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.133

• various inflammatory diseases. The main component of this rhizome is berberine (BER), an alkaloid with numerous pharmacological properties, which include anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities [1]. However, the low bioavailability, poor solubility, and moderate nucleic acid binding affinity

• role of intermediates. However, pharmacokinetic studies have shown that, compared with BER [25], DHBER displayed improved adsorption and enhanced bioavailability, as also confirmed by several papers that describe how the gut microbiota converts BER derivatives into its absorbable form DHBER, which has

Mechanochemical green synthesis of hyper-crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers

• Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo,
• Fabrizio Caldera,
• Marco Zanetti,
• Silvia Lucia Appleton,
• Nilesh Kumar Dhakar and
• Francesco Trotta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1554–1563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.127

• example, drug-delivery systems [3][4][5]: together with their capability of hosting drugs, they are biocompatible and nontoxic. In the last few years nanosponges were employed to encapsulate and release a wide variety of drugs [6][7], associated with an improvement in bioavailability and release kinetics

Anthelmintic drug discovery: target identification, screening methods and the role of open science

• Frederick A. Partridge,
• Ruth Forman,
• Carole J. R. Bataille,
• Graham M. Wynne,
• Marina Nick,
• Angela J. Russell,
• Kathryn J. Else and
• David B. Sattelle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1203–1224, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.105

• species in enantiomerically pure form. A clinical trial examining the bioavailability of orally dispersible tablets of levo-praziquantel has been completed [42], and a Phase III trial evaluating safety and efficacy is underway (NCT03845140). Oral PZQ is safe and efficacious against adult worms of all

Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications

• Laila F. Awad and
• Mohammed Salah Ayoup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1022–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.91

• , geometry, conformation, reactivity, and moreover the bioavailability of the analogue [1]. Fluorinated amino acids (FAAs) have considerable industrial and pharmaceutical potential [2]. Also, they have played an important role as enzyme inhibitors as well as therapeutic agents [3][4]. Moreover, they modulate

Design and synthesis of diazine-based panobinostat analogues for HDAC8 inhibition

• Sivaraman Balasubramaniam,
• Sajith Vijayan,
• Liam V. Goldman,
• Xavier A. May,
• Kyra Dodson,
• Sweta Adhikari,
• Fatima Rivas,
• Davita L. Watkins and
• Shana V. Stoddard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 628–637, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.59

• in anticancer efforts. Although panobinostat offers a versatile approach for the inhibition of cancer cell growth and survival, a lack of selectivity and bioavailability can cause negative molecular and clinical effects, specifically in combination therapies. Despite advances in Class I HDAC

Copper-promoted/copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylselenolation reactions

• Clément Ghiazza and
• Anis Tlili

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 305–316, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.30

• one of the most lipophilic fluorinated groups, and thus potentially increases the bioavailability of the targeted drugs [10]. The focus of this minireview is to highlight the efforts made to use copper reagents for the promotion of trifluoromethylselenolation reactions. Review Overview on copper

Rapid, two-pot procedure for the synthesis of dihydropyridinones; total synthesis of aza-goniothalamin

• Thomas J. Cogswell,
• Craig S. Donald and
• Rodolfo Marquez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 135–139, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.15

• be cytotoxic against human leukaemia, kidney, ovarian and prostate cancer cell lines (IC50 = 25 µM, U251 cell line) [14][15][16]. In an attempt to increase the bioavailability of (R)-(+)-goniothalamin 2, aza-goniothalamin 1 was designed and synthesised; however, aza-goniothalamin 1 was found to have

The interaction between cucurbit[8]uril and baicalein and the effect on baicalein properties

• Xiaodong Zhang,
• Jun Xie,
• Zhiling Xu,
• Zhu Tao and
• Qianjun Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 71–77, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.9

• compounds such as calixarenes, crown ethers and cyclodextrins, which can be used to form a stable inclusion complex with the drug, and improving the bioavailability of the drug [34][35]. Herein, we describe the results of the investigations of host–guest interactions between BALE and Q[8] in an aqueous

Light-controllable dithienylethene-modified cyclic peptides: photoswitching the in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos

• Sergii Afonin,
• Oleg Babii,
• Aline Reuter,
• Volker Middel,
• Masanari Takamiya,
• Uwe Strähle,
• Igor V. Komarov and
• Anne S. Ulrich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 39–49, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.6

• targets [2][7][8]. As a result, the market for peptide drugs (e.g., hormones, receptor antagonists, anticancer, or antibiotic agents) grows faster than that of many other chemotherapeutics [9]. Significant general disadvantages of peptides as pharmacological agents are their poor oral bioavailability, low

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups

• Xiaowei Li,
• Xiaolin Shi,
• Xiangqian Li and
• Dayong Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2213–2270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.218

• similar to that of hydrogen atoms. Due to these unique properties, the introduction of fluorine into a molecule can cause dramatic changes, such as the acidity or basicity of neighboring groups, dipole moment, and properties such as lipophilicity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability [1]. Consequently

Synthesis of 9-O-arylated berberines via copper-catalyzed C_Ar–O coupling reactions

• Qiaoqiao Teng,
• Xinhui Zhu,
• Qianqian Guo,
• Weihua Jiang,
• Jiang Liu and
• Qi Meng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1575–1580, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.161

• agent in clinic. However, a high dosage is often required due to its low lipophilicity and bioavailability. The current study explores the structural modifications of berberines with potentially lipophilic aryl groups to address this problem. A series of 15 9-O-aryl-substituted berberines (3a–o) and one

• treatment. The bioavailability, however, could be significantly enhanced through introduction of lipophilic substituents. In this respect, structural modifications with highly lipophilic groups such as long-chain alkyls at C8 [5][6], C9 [7], and C13 [8][9] have been investigated, which all led to

Heck- and Suzuki-coupling approaches to novel hydroquinone inhibitors of calcium ATPase

• Robert J. Kempton,
• Taylor A. Kidd-Kautz,
• Soizic Laurenceau and
• Stefan Paula

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 971–975, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.94

• complex BHQ template. Furthermore, using a BHQ template could be a valuable alternative to TG-based compounds, should the latter encounter problems such as low bioavailability or drug resistance. The first step towards the development of BHQ-based compounds of therapeutic value is the establishment of a