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Search for "membranes" in Full Text gives 196 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Post-functionalization of drug-loaded nanoparticles prepared by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) with mitochondria targeting ligands
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2302–2314, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.148
- solution was stirred for 45 min and the pH was adjusted to 8.3 and the solution was stirred for 3 days at room temperature. The particles were purified by dialysis in Milli-Q water with frequent solvent change (regenerated cellulose membranes, MW cut-off 6000–8000 g mol−1) and analysed via DLS experiments
- 8.2 and the reaction was left to stir at room temperature for 3 days. The polymer was purified by dialysis in Milli-Q water with frequent solvent change (regenerated cellulose membranes, MW cut-off 6000–8000 g mol−1) and the product was then lyophilized and analysed using NMR spectroscopy. 1H NMR (300
Constrained thermoresponsive polymers – new insights into fundamentals and applications
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2123–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.138
Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116
- being charge neutral, does not readily cross cellular membranes [16][156][157][158]. Not surprisingly, the first demonstration of PNA-mediated suppression of gene expression by Babiss and co-workers used nuclear micro injection [38]. Another common method for PNA delivery has been electroporation [119
Antiviral therapy in shrimp through plant virus VLP containing VP28 dsRNA against WSSV
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1360–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.95
- capsids or virus-like particles (VLPs) [30][31][32] lacking the viral genome. Their small size (20–140 nm), allows them to permeate the cell membranes without causing toxicity or immune response in the treated organisms [30][32][33][34][35][36]. In particular, the VLPs derived from plant viruses are
- release. Although naked dsRNA can penetrate cell membranes when injected locally, it is rapidly degraded by plasma nucleases. The treated organisms with VLP-dsRNAvp28 by oral cavity obtained an 86% survival rate. However, during the oral cavity application treatment (VLP28-oral cav-3 and dsRNA28-oral cav
A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90
- scale-up equating to prolonged run times. As a result, alternative support formats have been investigated. In this context there has been a growing interest in the use of functionalised hollow fibres including their application as membranes for gas separation [110] (e.g., CO2 absorption [111]) as they
- faujasite NaX was reported [158], along with a ZIF-8/NaA composite membrane microreactor [159]. These systems embodied more active and stable catalysts which were able to consequently operate for over 50 hours with delivery of excellent product yields (>95%). Also these systems, instead of using membranes
Simulating the enzymes of ganglioside biosynthesis with Glycologue
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 739–748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.64
- Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that contain a sialylated carbohydrate linked to ceramide. Typically located in the plasma membranes of many tissues, gangliosides are most concentrated in the brain, where they are the dominant feature of the neuronal glycocalyx [1][2][3]. The oligosaccharide is based on a
Metal-free visible-light-enabled vicinal trifluoromethyl dithiolation of unactivated alkenes
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 551–557, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.49
- (πR = 1.44), compared with CF3 (πR = 0.88) and SCH3 (πR = 0.61), which could improve the pharmaceuticals’ ability to cross lipid membranes [9][10]. Along these lines, the introduction of the SCF3 group into small molecules has attracted great attention in organofluorine methodology [11][12][13][14][15
19F NMR as a tool in chemical biology
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 293–318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.28
- several properties of a specifically 3-FTyr-labelled α-synuclein analogue, including its native conformation and the conformational changes induced by urea, spermine and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) [75]. Subsequently, α-synuclein interaction with SDS micelles and model membranes have also been
Diels–Alder reaction of β-fluoro-β-nitrostyrenes with cyclic dienes
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 283–292, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.27
- contains at least one fluorine atom [6][7][8]. Fluorinated functional materials have also found wide application as durable ion exchange membranes, e.g., in fuel cells [9][10][11], as thermoplastic polymers [12][13][14], in electronic and optoelectronic technologies [15], and in liquid crystal display
- production of polymeric materials, efficient gas separation membranes and solar energy converters [58]. Considering the high interest in such structures and the unique role of fluorine, we believe that novel norbornene derivatives obtained in the framework of this study can become relevant compounds in
Secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis impact the assembly of soil-derived semisynthetic bacterial communities
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2983–2998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.248
- , Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 10.3762/bjoc.16.248 Abstract Secondary metabolites provide Bacillus subtilis with increased competitiveness towards other microorganisms. In particular, nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) have an enormous antimicrobial potential by causing cell lysis, perforation of fungal membranes
- surfactin bioactivity is specifically evoked by the surfactant activity triggering cell lysis due to penetration of the bacterial lipid bilayer membranes and the formation of ion-conducting channels [40][41][42]. The bioactivity of surfactin was shown against Listeria spp. and Legionella monocytogenes [43
Automated high-content imaging for cellular uptake, from the Schmuck cation to the latest cyclic oligochalcogenides
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2007–2016, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.167
- for the thiol-mediated uptake, beginning with a dynamic covalent disulfide exchange with exofacial thiols, followed by either endocytosis or the direct crossing of membranes into cytosols through successive thiolate–disulfide exchange reactions or micellar pores (Figure 5b) [61]. Anionic glutamate was
Synthesis of monophosphorylated lipid A precursors using 2-naphthylmethyl ether as a protecting group
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1955–1962, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.162
- continued rise of problematic bacterial infections. Notably, the LPS pathogenicity is almost entirely due to lipid A because it leads to immunostimulatory effects when LPS dissociates from bacterial membranes within a host [5]. While these immunostimulatory effects can be beneficial in the setting of
Design, synthesis and application of carbazole macrocycles in anion sensors
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1901–1914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.157
- sensor development, the results obtained in this work emphasize the importance of evaluating the binding behavior of receptors in real sensor membranes. Keywords: anion sensors; carboxylates; ionophores; macrocycles; sensor prototype; Introduction In 2013, Otto S. Wolfbeis asked the supramolecular
- different types of materials such as glass, crystal, or polymer. pH electrodes with glass membranes are the most used ISEs and produce highly selective responses over a wide range of concentrations. Polymeric membranes have gained popularity due to their robustness, the ability to fine-tune their properties
- prototypes The sensor prototype preparations were done similarly to our previously published method for an acetate-selective solid-contact electrode [32]. Three macrocyclic receptors with different ring sizes were chosen as ionophores: MC005, MC009, and MC012. Ion-selective membranes (ISMs) were prepared
Cascade trifluoromethylthiolation and cyclization of N-[(3-aryl)propioloyl]indoles
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 657–662, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.62
- SCF3, 0.88 for CF3, and 0.61 for SMe) [1] that helps permeation across biological membranes. Furthermore, the strong electron-withdrawing properties of the SCF3 group (Hammett constants: σp = 0.50, σm = 0.40) [2] with respect to metabolic stability have attracted considerable interest in pharmaceutical
Light-controllable dithienylethene-modified cyclic peptides: photoswitching the in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 39–49, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.6
- bacterial membranes, with considerable side-effects also on eukaryotic cell membranes [27][28]. Compared to the ring-closed (deactivated, OFF) photoform, the ring-open (active, ON) isomer of 2 indeed displayed a much stronger in vitro toxicity against several tumor cell lines [29][30]. Using the
Plasma membrane imaging with a fluorescent benzothiadiazole derivative
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2644–2654, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.257
- for all tested models. Keywords: benzothiadiazole; bioprobe; cell imaging; fluorescence; mitochondria; molecular architecture; plasma membrane; Introduction The selective staining of plasma membranes is of paramount importance to study cellular processes and events associated with this dynamic
- cellular component. After more than one century of the idea considering cell plasma membranes as lipid bilayers [1], the importance to understand the functions, processes and events associated with plasma membranes is still vital. We are only beginning to understand many of the processes and functions
- related to this component responsible for the boundaries of the cells [2][3][4]. Various details have emerged due to the development of new sensitive molecular probes capable of staining organelles and cell components selectively, however, many open questions remain. Plasma membranes are the natural
Sugar-derived oxazolone pseudotetrapeptide as γ-turn inducer and anion-selective transporter
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2419–2427, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.234
- cation and anion transport across lipid bilayer membranes plays a crucial role in various biological processes [31][32]. Amongst these, the transport of anions is useful in regulating intracellular pH, membrane potential, cell volume, and fluid transport [33]. Any dysfunction in these processes led to
- [17][18], we investigated the ion transport activity of 1 and 2a across lipid bilayer membranes. In this study, the collapse of the pH gradient (pHout = 7.8 and pHin = 7.0), created across egg yolk ʟ-α-phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) vesicles with entrapped 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium
- interaction. However, the role of the neighboring amido groups cannot be ruled out. Moreover, the hydrophobic outer surface of the transporter helps the anion bound complex to permeate efficiently through the lipid bilayer membranes. Conclusion In conclusion, the intramolecular cyclization of linear di- and
![[Graphic 2]](/bjoc/content/inline/1860-5397-15-234-i4.svg?max-width=637&scale=1.18182)
lucigenin (A). Conce...
Targeted photoswitchable imaging of intracellular glutathione by a photochromic glycosheet sensor
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2380–2389, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.230
- recognition between β-D-galactoside and asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr) on cell membranes. The dynamic fluorescence signals and excellent selectivity for detection and imaging of GSH ensure the precise determination of cell states, promoting its potential applications in future disease diagnosis and
- role of ASGPr on HepG2 cell membranes [36][37]. As shown in Figure S4 (Supporting Information File 1), the addition of PNA to the solution of Glyco-DTE resulted in a fluorescence enhancement with an obvious spectral blue-shift, while the addition of another lectin, conconavalin A (Con A), did not cause
- ]. Compared to the conventional sensor, which is vulnerable towards the inherent background signals from the intracellular environment, the photochromic probe provides a smart strategy of well-discrimination from physiological interferences. Apart from the over-expressed ASGPr receptors on cell membranes, the
Synthesis of a dihalogenated pyridinyl silicon rhodamine for mitochondrial imaging by a halogen dance rearrangement
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2333–2343, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.226
- membranes. Recently, a silicon rhodamine for selective mitochondrial staining was developed by conjugation of the SiR core with ten different amines varying in lipophilicity [46]. The authors showed that the optimal range of clogP values for mitochondrial targeting ranges from 5.50 to 6.33. As mentioned
Isolation and biosynthesis of an unsaturated fatty acid with unusual methylation pattern from a coral-associated bacterium Microbulbifer sp.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2327–2332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.225
- and methylation takes place at C3 to give a putative cationic intermediate. The following proton loss from C3 is probable to give directly 1 in a similar fashion to the glucosylceramide biosynthesis. Branched chain fatty acids are commonly present in cell membranes, and mono-methylation at the iso or
Isolation of fungi using the diffusion chamber device FIND technology
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2191–2203, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.216
- enough for use in most natural environments. The central plate is a thin plastic board with 96 through holes that function as compartments, capable of holding inoculated agar plugs. Semipermeable membranes are attached to both sides of this plate, this way covering the through holes and preventing
- contamination by other microbes. These membranes, at the same time, permit diffusion of nutrients and growth factors from the environment through the feeding pores of the upper and lower plates. This way slow growing fungi or to date uncultured fungi can be isolated. To test the FIND technology, we used samples
- fungal part. As the agar solidified, the fungal spore or mycelium was trapped in the chamber and separated from other ones, e.g., competing organisms. Semipermeable membranes were attached to both sides of the central plate and the device was sealed with the upper and lower parts and fixed with screws
N-(1-Phenylethyl)aziridine-2-carboxylate esters in the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1722–1757, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.168
- (2S,3R)-95 in three standard steps. Ceramide and other sphingolipids are mainly localized in cell membranes and are involved in important cell processes. A series of constrained analogues of ceramide (2S,3R)-96 modified by converting the terminal aminohydroxy fragment into oxazolidin-2-one and
Molecular basis for the plasticity of aromatic prenyltransferases in hapalindole biosynthesis
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1545–1551, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.157
- bioactive compounds, because the prenylated compounds exhibit better bioactivities due to their improved interactions with biological membranes [3]. The aromatic PTase superfamily involved in the secondary metabolism consists of the ABBA (α-β-β-α barrel)-type [4][5], the dimethylallyltryptophan synthase
Complexation of a guanidinium-modified calixarene with diverse dyes and investigation of the corresponding photophysical response
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1394–1406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.139
- non-fluorescent in aqueous solution, but become highly fluorescent in non-polar solvents or when they are bound to proteins and membranes [42][43]. This enhancement is commonly understood in terms of the relocation of the guest into the more hydrophobic environment. The decreased rate constant of
Host–guest interactions between p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene and p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene and group IA, IIA and f-block metal cations: a DFT/SMD study
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1321–1330, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.131
- , biopharmaceutical, biological, biomimetic (enzyme mimics, transport across membranes, ion channels, etc.) and biomedical (in cancer chemotherapy) applications, reviewed by Atwood et al. [15], Perret et al. [16], Da Silva et al. [17], Nimse et al. [18], Guo et al. [19], Agrawal et al. [20], Yousaf et al. [21]. The
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