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Search for "regulation" in Full Text gives 142 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Quinoxaline derivatives as attractive electron-transporting materials
- Zeeshan Abid,
- Liaqat Ali,
- Sughra Gulzar,
- Faiza Wahad,
- Raja Shahid Ashraf and
- Christian B. Nielsen
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1694–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.124
- -phenylindoloquinoxaline (PhIQ) derivatives, shown in Figure 6 as Qx50 series, by chemically modifying the PhIQ groups. In particular, substituents at the 2- and 3-positions of PhIQs were introduced, allowing regulation of the reduction–oxidation potentials of the compounds. The PhIQs exhibited fluorescent solvatochromism
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of some of the most versatile Qx scaffolds; dashed lines indicate the substitution sites...
Figure 2: Qx-derived polymer acceptors.
Figure 3: Qx-derived small molecule NFAs.
Figure 4: Qx-derived small molecule NFAs.
Figure 5: Dyes and sensitizers based on Qx auxiliary acceptors or bridging units.
Figure 6: Qx-derived n-type transistor materials.
Figure 7: Qx-derived ETM and TADF emitters.
Figure 8: Qx-derived chromophores.
Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies
- Mattia Lepori,
- Simon Schmid and
- Joshua P. Barham
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81
- been introduced [42][43][44]. Since radical ion conPET chemistry gives access to different reducing species of the same catalyst and both are photoactive, König and co-workers developed a synthetic protocol that allows the chromoselective (wavelength-dependent) regulation of catalytic behavior and thus
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Oxidative and reductive activations of organic compounds harvesting photoredox catalysis.
Figure 2: General catalytic cycles of radical ion conPET (left) and radical ion e-PRC (right).
Figure 3: “Beginner’s guide”: comparison between advantages, capacities, and prospectives of conPET and PEC.
Figure 4: A) conPET reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides with PDI. B) Reductive C–H arylation with pyrrol...
Figure 5: A) Chromoselective mono- and disubstitution or polybrominated pyrimidines with pyrroles. B) Sequent...
Figure 6: A) Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolines. B) Synthesis of ullazines.
Figure 7: A) Reductive phosphorylation of aryl halides via conPET. B) Selected examples from the substrate sc...
Figure 8: A) Reductive dehalogenation of aryl halides via conPET and selected examples from the substrate sco...
Figure 9: A) Reductive C–H arylation of aryl halides via conPET (top) and selected examples from the substrat...
Figure 10: A) Reductive hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides with Mes-Acr-BF4. B) Selected examples from the su...
Figure 11: A) Reductive hydrodechlorination of aryl chlorides with 4-DPAIPN. B) Proposed formation of CO2•−. C...
Figure 12: A) Reductive conPET borylation with 3CzEPAIPN (top) and selected examples from the substrate scope ...
Figure 13: Scale-up of conPET phosphorylation with 3CzEPAIPN.
Figure 14: A) Borylation of 1d. B) Characteristics and structure of PC1 with green and red parts showing the l...
Figure 15: A) Reductive C–H arylation scope with polysulfide conPET (top) and selected examples from the subst...
Figure 16: Scale-up of A) C–H arylation and B) dehaloborylation with polysulfide photocatalysis in continuous-...
Figure 17: A) Formation of [Ir1]0 and [Ir2]0 upon PET between [Ir1]+ and Et3N. B) Mechanism of multi-photon ta...
Figure 18: A) Reductive hydrodehalogenation of aryl halides via multi-photon tandem photocatalysis. B) Selecte...
Figure 19: A) Carbonylative amidation of aryl halides in continuous flow. B) Selected examples from the substr...
Figure 20: A) General scheme for reductive (RQ) and oxidative quenching (OQ) protocols using [FeIII(btz)3](PF6)...
Figure 21: A) Carbonylative amidation of alkyl iodides with [IrIII(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6. B) Selected examples fro...
Figure 22: A) Carboxylative C–N bond cleavage in cyclic amines. B) Selected examples from the substrate scope....
Figure 23: A) Formal reduction of alkenes to alkanes via transfer hydrogenation. B) Selected examples from the...
Figure 24: A) Birch-type reduction of benzenes with PMP-BPI. B) Selected examples from the substrate scope (sc...
Figure 25: Proposed mechanism of the OH− mediated conPET Birch-type reduction of benzene via generation of sol...
Figure 26: Reductive detosylation of N-tosylated amides with Mes-Acr-BF4. B) Selected examples from the substr...
Figure 27: A) Reductive detosylation of N-tosyl amides by dual PRC. B) Selected examples from the substrate sc...
Figure 28: A) Mechanism of the dual PRC based on PET between [Cu(dap)2]+ and DCA. B) Mechanism of the dual PRC...
Figure 29: A) N–O bond cleavage in Weinreb amides with anthracene. B) N–O bond cleavage in Weinreb amides rely...
Figure 30: A) Pentafluorosulfanylation and fluoride elimination. B) Mechanism of the pentafluorosulfanylation ...
Figure 31: A) α-Alkoxypentafluorosulfanylation (top) and selected examples from the substrate scope (bottom). ...
Figure 32: A) Oxidative amination of arenes with azoles catalyzed by N-Ph PTZ. B) Selected examples from the s...
Figure 33: A) C(sp3)–H bond activation by HAT via chloride oxidation by *N-Ph PTZ•+. B) Proposed mechanism for...
Figure 34: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H azolation of electron-rich arenes with pyrazoles using Mes-Acr+ as a photoca...
Figure 35: A) Radical ion e-PRC direct oxidation of unactivated arenes using TAC+ as an electro-activated phot...
Figure 36: A) Radical ion e-PRC direct oxidation of unactivated arenes using TPA as an electro-activated photo...
Figure 37: Proposed mechanism (top) and mode of preassembly (bottom).
Figure 38: A) Possible preassemblies of reactive (left) vs unreactive (right) arenes. B) Calculated spin densi...
Figure 39: A) Recycling e-PRC C(sp2 )–H acetoxylation of arenes using DDQ as a photocatalyst. B) Proposed cata...
Figure 40: Gram scale hydroxylation of benzene in a recirculated flow setup.
Figure 41: A) Radical ion e-PRC vicinal diamination of alkylarenes using TAC+ as an electro-activated photocat...
Figure 42: A) Sequential oxygenation of multiple adjacent C–H bonds under radical ion e-PRC using TAC+ as an e...
Figure 43: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC cyanation of benzylic C–H bonds using ADQS as photocatalyst. B)...
Figure 44: Proposed tandem mechanism by Xu and co-workers.
Figure 45: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC decarboxylative cyanation using Cu(acac)2, Ce(OTf)3 and a box l...
Figure 46: A) Enantioselective recycling e-PRC benzylic cyanation using Cu(MeCN)4BF4, box ligand and anthraqui...
Figure 47: A) Radical ion e-PRC acetoxyhydroxylation of aryl olefins using TAC+ as an electro-activated photoc...
Figure 48: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 49: Photoelectrochemical acetoxyhydroxylation in a recirculated flow setup.
Figure 50: A) Radical ion e-PRC aminooxygenation of aryl olefins using TAC+ as an electro-activated photocatal...
Figure 51: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with organic trifluoroborates using Mes-Acr+ as p...
Figure 52: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes using CeCl3·7H2O as catalyst. B) ...
Figure 53: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H alkylation of heteroarenes using Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O as cata...
Figure 54: A) Recycling e-PRC C–H alkylation of heteroarenes with alkyl oxalates and 4CzIPN as photocatalyst. ...
Figure 55: A) Recycling e-PRC decarboxylative C–H carbamoylation of heteroarenes using 4CzIPN as photocatalyst...
Figure 56: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated hydrocarbon activation via the chlorine radical. B) Proposed m...
Figure 57: A) Selected examples from the substrate scope. B) Gram and decagram scale semi-continuous flow PEC ...
Figure 58: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated dehydrogenative coupling of benzothiazoles with aliphatic C–H ...
Figure 59: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT activation of ethers using electro-activated TAC+ as photocatalyst. B) ...
Figure 60: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 61: A) Photoelectrochemical HAT-mediated synthesis of alkylated benzimidazo-fused isoquinolinones using...
Figure 62: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical cerium-catalyzed oxydichlorination of alkynes using CeCl3 as cata...
Figure 63: Proposed decoupled photoelectrochemical mechanism.
Figure 64: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical ring-opening bromination of tertiary cycloalkanols using MgBr2 as...
Figure 65: A) Recycling e-PRC ring-opening functionalization of cycloalkanols using CeCl3 as catalyst. B) Prop...
Figure 66: Selected examples from the substrate scope of the PEC ring-opening functionalization.
Figure 67: A) Radical ion e-PRC reduction of chloro- and bromoarenes using DCA as catalyst and various accepto...
Figure 68: A) Screening of different phthalimide derivatives as catalyst for the e-PRC reduction of aryl halid...
Figure 69: Screening of different organic catalysts for the e-PRC reduction of trialkylanilium salts.
Figure 70: A) e-PRC reduction of phosphonated phenols and anilinium salts. B) Selected examples from the subst...
Figure 71: A) ConPET and e-PRC reduction of 4-bromobenzonitrile using a naphthalene diimide (NDI) precatalyst ...
Figure 72: A) Radical ion e-PRC reduction of phosphinated aliphatic alcohols with n-BuO-NpMI as catalyst. B) C...
Figure 73: Selected examples from the substrate scope.
Figure 74: A) Recycling e-PRC reductive dimerization of benzylic chlorides using a [Cu2] catalyst. B) Proposed...
Figure 75: A) Decoupled photoelectrochemical C–H alkylation of heteroarenes through deamination of Katritzky s...
Figure 76: Proposed mechanism by Chen and co-workers.
Intermediates and shunt products of massiliachelin biosynthesis in Massilia sp. NR 4-1
- Till Steinmetz,
- Blaise Kimbadi Lombe and
- Markus Nett
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 909–917, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.69
- underlie discrete regulation mechanisms, which explains their context-dependent production [27]. The examples of P. aeruginosa and B. anthracis suggest that siderophore biosynthesis sometimes requires specific triggers beyond iron deficiency, which may not be met under laboratory conditions. The six
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Selected siderophores from β-proteobacteria.
Figure 2: Chemical structures of compounds 1–6 isolated in this study and of the structurally related siderop...
Figure 3: 1H,1H-COSY and selected 1H,13C-HMBC correlations in 1.
Figure 4: Proposed origin of the isolated compounds 1–6 as well as massiliachelin (7). Domain notation of the...
Total synthesis of insect sex pheromones: recent improvements based on iron-mediated cross-coupling chemistry
- Eric Gayon,
- Guillaume Lefèvre,
- Olivier Guerret,
- Adrien Tintar and
- Pablo Chourreu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 158–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.15
- , dialkyl phosphates used as leaving groups lead to overall transformations which display a poor atom economy. Moreover, diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), used as a classic starting material in the dienol phosphates synthesis, is also registered under REACH regulation, and its use brings several toxicity
Scheme 1: Structure of the (8E,10Z)-tetradecadienal (1, sex pheromone of the horse-chestnut leaf miner) and r...
Scheme 2: a) Alkyl–vinyl seminal cross-coupling reaction by Kochi; b) improved procedure described by Cahiez.
Scheme 3: Iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of n-OctMgCl with a 1-butadienyl phosphate.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of several insect sex pheromones (a) red bollworm moth, b) European grapevine moth, c) ho...
Scheme 5: Cross-coupling of alkyl Grignard reagents with a) alkenyl or b) aryl halides involving EtOMgCl as a...
Scheme 6: Total synthesis of codling moth sex pheromone 4 using an iron-mediated cross-coupling between an α,...
Supramolecular approaches to mediate chemical reactivity
- Pablo Ballester,
- Qi-Qiang Wang and
- Carmine Gaeta
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1463–1465, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.152
- advantages of heteroleptic over homoleptic cages and they showed examples of nanomechanical motion influencing catalytic activity. They also discuss the regulation of the catalytic activity of heteroleptic systems by an external stimulus. We are very grateful to all colleagues who contributed to this issue
Synthesis and HDAC inhibitory activity of pyrimidine-based hydroxamic acids
- Virginija Jakubkiene,
- Gabrielius Ernis Valiulis,
- Markus Schweipert,
- Asta Zubriene,
- Daumantas Matulis,
- Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes and
- Sigitas Tumkevicius
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 837–844, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.84
- (HDACs) play an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of cells through the deacetylation of nuclear histone and non-histone proteins and are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of various diseases. Here, the synthesis of new compounds in which a hydroxamic acid residue is attached
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: FDA-approved HDAC inhibitors with a hydroxamic acid moiety.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of compounds 3–18. Reagents and conditions: (a) ethyl 2-bromoethanoate, TBAB, TEA, 50–60 ...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of compounds 20–31. Reagents and conditions: (a) ethyl 2-bromoethanoate (for 22) (or ethy...
Figure 2: The conformational and tautomeric forms of hydroxamic acids according to [36].
Figure 3: Fragment of the 1H NMR spectrum in DMSO-d6 of compound 12.
Heteroleptic metallosupramolecular aggregates/complexation for supramolecular catalysis
- Prodip Howlader and
- Michael Schmittel
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 597–630, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.62
- complexes by Chan using complementary ligand binding [39], sometimes combined with conformational regulation [40], and of Newkome/Li [41] applying mainly geometric complementarity [42]. Clever utilized shape complementarity [21] for building heteroleptic palladium(II) cages whereas Crowley developed a
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Butterfly 1 (Figure was reprinted with permission from [45]. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. ...
Figure 2: Synthesis of the three-component heteroleptic molecular boat 8 and its use as a catalyst for the Kn...
Figure 3: Synthesis of the two-component triangle 14 and three-component heteroleptic prism 15 [59]. Figure was a...
Figure 4: Catalytic Michael addition reaction using the urea-decorated molecular prism 15 [59].
Figure 5: Self-assembly of two-component tetragonal prismatic architectures with different cavity size. Figur...
Figure 6: Construction of artificial LHS using rhodamine B as an acceptor and 24b as donor generating a photo...
Figure 7: Synthesis of supramolecular spheres with varying [AuCl] concentration inside the cavity. Figure was...
Figure 8: Hydroalkoxylation reaction of γ-allenol 34 in the presence of [AuCl]-encapsulated molecular spheres ...
Figure 9: Two-component heteroleptic triangles of different size containing a BINOL functionality. Figure was...
Figure 10: Asymmetric conjugate addition of chalcone 42 with trans-styrylboronic acid (43) catalyzed by BINOL-...
Figure 11: Encapsulation of monophosphoramidite-Rh(I) catalyst into a heteroleptic tetragonal prismatic cage 47...
Figure 12: (a) Representations of the basic HETPYP, HETPHEN, and HETTAP complex motifs. (b) The three-componen...
Figure 13: Two representative four-component rotors, with a (top) two-arm stator and (bottom) a four-arm stato...
Figure 14: Four-component rotors with a monohead rotator. Figure was adapted with permission from [94]. Copyright ...
Figure 15: (left) Click reaction catalyzed by rotors [Cu2(55)(60)(X)]2+. (right) Yield as a function of the ro...
Figure 16: A supramolecular AND gate. a) In truth table state (0,0) two nanoswitches serve as the receptor ens...
Figure 17: Two supramolecular double rotors (each has two rotational axes) and reference complex [Cu(78)]+ for...
Figure 18: The slider-on-deck system (82•X) (X = 83, 84, or 85). Figure is from [98] and was reprinted from the jo...
Figure 19: Catalysis of a conjugated addition reaction in the presence of the slider-on-deck system (82•X) (X ...
Figure 20: A rotating catalyst builds a catalytic machinery. For catalysis of the catalytic machinery, see Figure 21. F...
Figure 21: Catalytic machinery. Figure was adapted from [100] (“Evolution of catalytic machinery: three-component n...
Figure 22: An information system based on (re)shuffling components between supramolecular structures [99]. Figure ...
Figure 23: Switching between dimeric heteroleptic and homoleptic complex for OFF/ON catalytic formation of rot...
Figure 24: A chemically fueled catalytic system [112]. Figure was adapted from [112]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical S...
Figure 25: (Top) Operation of a fuel acid. (Bottom) Knoevenagel addition [112].
Figure 26: Development of the yield of Knoevenagel product 118 in a fueled system [112]. Figure was reprinted with ...
Figure 27: Weak-link strategy to increased catalytic activity in epoxide opening [119]. Figure was adapted from [24]. C...
Figure 28: A ON/OFF polymerization switch based on the weak-link approach [118]. Figure was reprinted with permissi...
Figure 29: A weak-link switch turning ON/OFF a Diels–Alder reaction [132]. Figure was reprinted with permission fro...
Figure 30: A catalyst duo allowing selective activation of one of two catalytic acylation reactions [133] upon subs...
Figure 31: A four-state switchable nanoswitch (redrawn from [134]).
Figure 32: Sequential catalysis as regulated by nanoswitch 138 and catalyst 139 in the presence of metal ions ...
Figure 33: Remote control of ON/OFF catalysis administrated by two nanoswitches through ion signaling (redrawn...
Site-selective reactions mediated by molecular containers
- Rui Wang and
- Yang Yu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 309–324, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.35
- , directing groups are introduced to the substrates covalently to achieve site-selective C–H bond activation, which prospered greatly in the past decades [7][8][9]. Template regulation is also introduced to locate reactive centers in a noncovalent way through hydrogen bonding [10][11][12]. Even though
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Site-selective Diels–Alder reaction of anthracene and phthalimide mediated by aqueous organopalladi...
Figure 2: Site-selective Diels–Alder and [2 + 2]-photoaddition reactions between naphthalene and phthalimide ...
Figure 3: Cage host A-mediated selective 1,4-radical addition of o-quinone 10.
Figure 4: Cyclodextrin-mediated site-selective reductions.
Figure 5: Selective reduction of an α,ω-diazide compound mediated by water-soluble cavitand D.
Figure 6: Selective radical reduction of α,ω-dihalides mediated by water-soluble cavitands E and F.
Figure 7: Site-selective hydrogenation of polyenols mediated by supramolecular encapsulated rhodium catalyst.
Figure 8: Site-selective oxidation of steroids using cyclodextrin as the anchoring template.
Figure 9: Site-selective oxidations of linear diterpenoids with the help of cage host A.
Figure 10: Site-selective monoepoxidation of α,ω-dienes mediated by the water-soluble cavitand host E.
Figure 11: Site-selective ring-opening reaction of epoxides mediated by cavitand I with an inwardly directed c...
Figure 12: Site-selective nucleophilic substitution reaction of allylic chlorides mediated by cage host J.
Figure 13: Site-selective monohydrolysis of α,ω-difunctional compounds using deep water-soluble cavitands.
GlycoBioinformatics
- Kiyoko F. Aoki-Kinoshita,
- Frédérique Lisacek,
- Niclas Karlsson,
- Daniel Kolarich and
- Nicolle H. Packer
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2726–2728, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.184
- , type and linkage of glycoconjugate (e.g., N-linked, O-linked glycoprotein, glycolipid, proteoglycan), association with, and regulation of, expression in particular tissues or cell types, and interaction with biological surroundings. With this definition, it is obvious that glycobioinformatics is
A visible-light-induced, metal-free bis-arylation of 2,5-dichlorobenzoquinone
- Pieterjan Winant and
- Wim Dehaen
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2315–2320, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.149
- nature makes them crucial players in both the regulation of reactive oxygen species and biological stress levels in human tissue [9], as well as in the photosynthesis of plants and bacteria [10]. Aside from their use in therapeutics, quinones possess unique photophysical and electronic properties
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Reaction scope. Conditions: quinone 1 (0.3 mmol), aniline 4 (1.2 mmol), HBF4 (1.5 mmol), t-BuONO (1...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of betulinan A and its analog 5b. Conditions: quinone 3 (0.1 mmol), NaOMe (0.25 mmol) in ...
Synthesis of O6-alkylated preQ1 derivatives
- Laurin Flemmich,
- Sarah Moreno and
- Ronald Micura
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2295–2301, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.147
- this end, robust synthetic routes towards O6-alkylated 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanines are urgently needed and reported here. Results and Discussion Biological and synthetic background Role of preQ1 in queuosine biosynthesis and gene regulation Queuine (Q base) is a derivative of guanine that is involved
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Chemical structures of queuine (Q base) and the hypermodified nucleoside queuosine (Q), the natural...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of compound 1 (m6preQ0) by cyclocondensation using a 4-methoxypyrimidine derivative resul...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of compound 3 following known procedures [31-33].
Scheme 4: The five-step synthesis of m6preQ1 2 from compound 3 required derivatization to make the intermedia...
Scheme 5: The synthesis of e6preQ1 (2a) and bn6preQ1 (2b) was performed in analogy to the route outlined in Scheme 4 ...
Halides as versatile anions in asymmetric anion-binding organocatalysis
- Lukas Schifferer,
- Martin Stinglhamer,
- Kirandeep Kaur and
- Olga García Macheño
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2270–2286, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.145
- , the regulation of membrane potentials is one of such applications, in which the transport of chloride anions is facilitated by noncovalent hydrogen bonding interactions (Figure 1a) [6]. Noncovalent interactions are in fact one of the essential factors for the molecular recognition in enzymatic
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: a) Binding interactions in the chloride channel of E. coli. and b) examples of chloride, cyanide, n...
Figure 2: a) H-bond vs anion-binding catalysis and b) activation modes in anion-binding catalysis.
Scheme 1: First proposed anion-binding mechanism in the thiourea-catalyzed acetalization of benzaldehyde.
Scheme 2: a) Thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective acyl-Pictet–Spengler reaction of tryptamine-derived imines 4...
Scheme 3: Proposed mechanism of the thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective Pictet–Spengler reaction of hydroxyla...
Scheme 4: a) Thiourea-catalyzed intramolecular Pictet–Spengler-type cyclization of hydroxylactam-derived N-ac...
Scheme 5: Enantioselective Reissert-type reactions of a) (iso)quinolines with silyl ketene acetals, and b) vi...
Figure 3: Role of the counter-anion: a) Anion acting as a spectator and b) anion participating directly as th...
Scheme 6: Enantioselective selenocyclization catalyzed by squaramide 28.
Scheme 7: Desymmetrization of meso-aziridines catalyzed by bifunctional thiourea catalyst 31.
Scheme 8: Anion-binding-catalyzed desymmetrization of a) meso-aziridines catalyzed by chiral triazolium catal...
Scheme 9: Bis-urea-catalyzed enantioselective fluorination of a) β-bromosulfides and b) β-haloamines by Gouve...
Scheme 10: a) Bifunctional thiourea anion-binding – basic/nucleophilic catalysts. Selected applications in b) ...
Scheme 11: Thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective polycyclization reaction of hydroxylactams 51 through cation–π ...
Scheme 12: Enantioselective aza-Sakurai cyclization of hydroxylactams 56 implicating additional cation–π and L...
Scheme 13: Enantioselective tail-to-head cyclization of neryl chloride derivatives.
Scheme 14: Cation–π interactions in anion binding-catalyzed asymmetric addition reactions: a) addition of indo...
Scheme 15: Bisthiourea catalyzed oxa-Pictet–Spengler reaction of indole-based alcohols and aromatic aldehydes ...
Scheme 16: Anion-binding catalyst development in the enantioselective addition of silyl ketene acetals to 1-ch...
Scheme 17: a) Macrocyclic bis-thiourea catalyst in a diastereoselective glycosylation reaction. b) Competing SN...
Scheme 18: a) Folding mechanism of oligotriazoles upon anion recognition. b) Representative tetratriazole 82 c...
Scheme 19: Switchable chiral tetratriazole catalyst 86 in the enantioselective addition of silyl ketene acetal...
Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides
- Giulio Fittolani,
- Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas,
- Denisa Vargová,
- Manishkumar A. Chaube and
- Martina Delbianco
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1981–2025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.129
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Overview of the methods available for the synthesis of polysaccharides. For each method, advantages...
Figure 2: Overview of the classes of polysaccharides discussed in this review. Each section deals with polysa...
Scheme 1: Enzymatic and chemical polymerization approaches provide cellulose oligomers with a non-uniform dis...
Scheme 2: AGA of a collection of cellulose analogues obtained using BBs 6–9. Specifically placed modification...
Figure 3: Chemical structure of the different branches G, X, L, F commonly found in XGs. Names are given foll...
Scheme 3: AGA of XG analogues with defined side chains. The AGA cycle includes coupling (TMSOTf), Fmoc deprot...
Figure 4: Synthetic strategies and issues associated to the formation of the β(1–3) linkage.
Scheme 4: Convergent synthesis of β(1–3)-glucans using a regioselective glycosylation strategy.
Scheme 5: DMF-mediated 1,2-cis glycosylation. A) General mechanism and B) examples of α-glucans prepared usin...
Scheme 6: Synergistic glycosylation strategy employing a nucleophilic modulation strategy (TMSI and Ph3PO) in...
Scheme 7: Different approaches to produce xylans. A) Polymerization techniques including ROP, and B) enzymati...
Scheme 8: A) Synthesis of arabinofuranosyl-decorated xylan oligosaccharides using AGA. Representative compoun...
Scheme 9: Chemoenzymatic synthesis of COS utilizing a lysozyme-catalyzed transglycosylation reaction followed...
Scheme 10: Synthesis of COS using an orthogonal glycosylation strategy based on the use of two different LGs.
Scheme 11: Orthogonal N-PGs permitted the synthesis of COS with different PA.
Scheme 12: AGA of well-defined COS with different PA using two orthogonally protected BBs. The AGA cycle inclu...
Scheme 13: A) AGA of β(1–6)-N-acetylglucosamine hexasaccharide and dodecasaccharide. AGA includes cycles of co...
Figure 5: ‘Double-faced’ chemistry exemplified for ᴅ-Man and ʟ-Rha. Constructing β-Man linkages is considerab...
Figure 6: Implementation of a capping step after each glycosylation cycle for the AGA of a 50mer oligomannosi...
Scheme 14: AGA enabled the synthesis of a linear α(1–6)-mannoside 100mer 93 within 188 h and with an average s...
Scheme 15: The 151mer branched polymannoside was synthesized by a [30 + 30 + 30 + 30 + 31] fragment coupling. ...
Figure 7: PG stereocontrol strategy to obtain β-mannosides. A) The mechanism of the β-mannosylation reaction ...
Scheme 16: A) Mechanism of 1,2-cis stereoselective glycosylation using ManA donors. Once the ManA donor is act...
Figure 8: A) The preferred 4H3 conformation of the gulosyl oxocarbenium ion favors the attack of the alcohol ...
Scheme 17: AGA of type I rhamnans up to 16mer using disaccharide BB 115 and CNPiv PG. The AGA cycle includes c...
Figure 9: Key BBs for the synthesis of the O-antigen of Bacteroides vulgatus up to a 128mer (A) and the CPS o...
Figure 10: Examples of type I and type II galactans synthesized to date.
Figure 11: A) The DTBS PG stabilizes the 3H4 conformation of the Gal oxocarbenium ion favoring the attack of t...
Figure 12: Homogalacturonan oligosaccharides synthesized to date. Access to different patterns of methyl-ester...
Figure 13: GlfT2 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyzes the sequential addition of UPD-Galf donor to a grow...
Figure 14: The poor reactivity of acceptor 137 hindered a stepwise synthesis of the linear galactan backbone a...
Scheme 18: AGA of a linear β(1–5) and β(1–6)-linked galactan 20mer. The AGA cycle includes coupling (NIS/TfOH)...
Figure 15: The 92mer arabinogalactan was synthesized using a [31 + 31 + 30] fragment coupling between a 31mer ...
Scheme 19: Synthesis of the branched arabinofuranose fragment using a six component one-pot synthesis. i) TTBP...
Figure 16: A) Chemical structure and SNFG of the representative disaccharide units forming the GAG backbones, ...
Figure 17: Synthetic challenges associated to the H/HS synthesis.
Scheme 20: Degradation of natural heparin and heparosan generated valuable disaccharides 150 and 151 that can ...
Scheme 21: A) The one-step conversion of cyanohydrin 156 to ʟ-iduronamide 157 represent the key step for the s...
Scheme 22: A) Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin structures, using different types of UDP activated natural a...
Scheme 23: Synthesis of the longest synthetic CS chain 181 (24mer) using donor 179 and acceptor 180 in an iter...
Scheme 24: AGA of a collection of HA with different lengths. The AGA cycle includes coupling (TfOH) and Lev de...
Natural products in the predatory defence of the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus
- Jana M. Boysen,
- Nauman Saeed and
- Falk Hillmann
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1814–1827, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.124
- prenylation of fumigaclavine A leads to fumigaclavine C (19), the final product of fumigaclavine biosynthesis [159]. Biosynthesis of the intermediate festuclavine as well as fumigaclavines A–C is dependent on LaeA regulation [124]. Its numerous bioactive effects hold the potential for a pharmaceutical use
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Schematic overview of fungal interactions in the environment. Fungi can be found in essentially all...
Figure 2: Fungal derived bioactive natural compounds with ecological and/or economic relevance.
Figure 3: Gliotoxin biosynthetic gene cluster and it major biosynthetic transformations: Gliotoxin (5) is the...
Figure 4: Amoebicidal secondary metabolites trypacidin and fumagillin of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Figure 5: Intermediates of the DHN-melanin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus.
Figure 6: Intermediates and products of the fumigaclavine C biosynthesis.
Figure 7: Bioactive secondary metabolites of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Figure 8: Helvolic acid gene cluster of A. fumigatus.
A systems-based framework to computationally describe putative transcription factors and signaling pathways regulating glycan biosynthesis
- Theodore Groth,
- Rudiyanto Gunawan and
- Sriram Neelamegham
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.119
- previous studies are based on discrete glycogene promoter region analysis and reporter assays. These studies have established some notable TF–glycogene relationships, though they are limited to distinct cell types. Examples include the regulation of MGAT5 by ETS2 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts [6], control of the
- potential signaling pathways. This resulted in a relationship between cell signaling, TF activity regulation, and glycan structure changes (Supporting Information File 3, Tables S4 and S5). The data are presented as alluvial plots for the 29 cancer types (Supporting Information File 1). Here, the TFs were
- identified three large communities of TF–glycogene interactions. The largest community detected in this analysis had TFs enriched for RUNX3 signaling, IL-21 signaling, MECP2, and PTEN regulation. Overrepresentation glycosylation pathway analysis performed on the TFs in this community suggests that these TFs
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: A systems glycobiology framework to link multi-OMICs data. a) Cell signaling proceeds to trigger TF...
Figure 2: Analysis workflow: ChiP-Seq provides evidence of TF binding to promoter regions with 0 ≤ RP ≤ 1, qu...
Figure 3: Summary of TFs enriched to glycosylation pathways for luminal and basal breast cancer: The TFs foun...
Figure 4: Luminal breast cancer signaling pathway enrichment and glycogene connections. a) TF-to-glycogene co...
Figure 5: Basal breast cancer signaling pathway enrichments and glycogene connections. a) TF-to-glycogene com...
Figure 6: Summary of TF–glycopathway enrichments across all cancer types: TF enrichments to glycopathways acr...
A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries
- Guido Gambacorta,
- James S. Sharley and
- Ian R. Baxendale
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90
- ., benzaldehydes) and low-molecular-weight enolate nucleophiles, therefore, temperature regulation is vital for selectivity. This requirement for strict temperature control makes aldol reactions highly suited to flow processing conditions. In 2008, Tanaka et al. [96] disclosed several examples of aldol reaction in
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative shares of the global F&F market (2018) segmented on their applications [1].
Figure 2: General structure of an international fragrance company [2].
Figure 3: The Michael Edwards fragrance wheel.
Figure 4: Examples of oriental (1–3), woody (4–7), fresh (8–10), and floral (11 and 12) notes.
Figure 5: A basic depiction of batch vs flow.
Scheme 1: Examples of reactions for which flow processing outperforms batch.
Scheme 2: Some industrially important aldol-based transformations.
Scheme 3: Biphasic continuous aldol reactions of acetone and various aldehydes.
Scheme 4: Aldol synthesis of 43 in flow using LiHMDS as the base.
Scheme 5: A semi-continuous synthesis of doravirine (49) involving a key aldol reaction.
Scheme 6: Enantioselective aldol reaction using 5-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)tetrazole (51) as catalyst in a microreact...
Scheme 7: Gröger's example of asymmetric aldol reaction in aqueous media.
Figure 6: Immobilised reagent column reactor types.
Scheme 8: Photoinduced thiol–ene coupling preparation of silica-supported 5-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)tetrazole 63 and...
Scheme 9: Continuous-flow approach for enantioselective aldol reactions using the supported catalyst 67.
Scheme 10: Ötvös’ employment of a solid-supported peptide aldol catalyst in flow.
Scheme 11: The use of proline tetrazole packed in a column for aldol reaction between cyclohexanone (65) and 2...
Scheme 12: Schematic diagram of an aminosilane-grafted Si-Zr-Ti/PAI-HF reactor for continuous-flow aldol and n...
Scheme 13: Continuous-flow condensation for the synthesis of the intermediate 76 to nabumetone (77) and Microi...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of ψ-Ionone (80) in continuous-flow via aldol condensation between citral (79) and aceton...
Scheme 15: Synthesis of β-methyl-ionones (83) from citral (79) in flow. The steps are separately described, an...
Scheme 16: Continuous-flow synthesis of 85 from 84 described by Gavriilidis et al.
Scheme 17: Continuous-flow scCO2 apparatus for the synthesis of 2-methylpentanal (87) and the self-condensed u...
Scheme 18: Chen’s two-step flow synthesis of coumarin (90).
Scheme 19: Pechmann condensation for the synthesis of 7-hydroxyxcoumarin (93) in flow. The setup extended to c...
Scheme 20: Synthesis of the dihydrojasmonate 35 exploiting nitro derivative proposed by Ballini et al.
Scheme 21: Silica-supported amines as heterogeneous catalyst for nitroaldol condensation in flow.
Scheme 22: Flow apparatus for the nitroaldol condensation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (102) to nitrostyrene 103 a...
Scheme 23: Nitroaldol reaction of 64 to 105 employing a quaternary ammonium functionalised PANF.
Scheme 24: Enantioselective nitroaldol condensation for the synthesis of 108 under flow conditions.
Scheme 25: Enatioselective synthesis of 1,2-aminoalcohol 110 via a copper-catalysed nitroaldol condensation.
Scheme 26: Examples of Knoevenagel condensations applied for fragrance components.
Scheme 27: Flow apparatus for Knoevenagel condensation described in 1989 by Venturello et al.
Scheme 28: Knoevenagel reaction using a coated multichannel membrane microreactor.
Scheme 29: Continuous-flow apparatus for Knoevenagel condensation employing sugar cane bagasse as support deve...
Scheme 30: Knoevenagel reaction for the synthesis of 131–135 in flow using an amine-functionalised silica gel. ...
Scheme 31: Continuous-flow synthesis of compound 137, a key intermediate for the synthesis of pregabalin (138)...
Scheme 32: Continuous solvent-free apparatus applied for the synthesis of compounds 140–143 using a TSE. Throu...
Scheme 33: Lewis et al. developed a spinning disc reactor for Darzens condensation of 144 and a ketone to furn...
Scheme 34: Some key industrial applications of conjugate additions in the F&F industry.
Scheme 35: Continuous-flow synthesis of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (156) via double conjugat...
Scheme 36: Continuous-flow system for Michael addition using CsF on alumina as the catalyst.
Scheme 37: Calcium chloride-catalysed asymmetric Michael addition using an immobilised chiral ligand.
Scheme 38: Continuous multistep synthesis for the preparation of (R)-rolipram (173). Si-NH2: primary amine-fun...
Scheme 39: Continuous-flow Michael addition using ion exchange resin Amberlyst® A26.
Scheme 40: Preparation of the heterogeneous catalyst 181 developed by Paixão et al. exploiting Ugi multicompon...
Scheme 41: Continuous-flow system developed by the Paixão’s group for the preparation of Michael asymmetric ad...
Scheme 42: Continuous-flow synthesis of nitroaldols catalysed by supported catalyst 184 developed by Wennemers...
Scheme 43: Heterogenous polystyrene-supported catalysts developed by Pericàs and co-workers.
Scheme 44: PANF-supported pyrrolidine catalyst for the conjugate addition of cyclohexanone (65) and trans-β-ni...
Scheme 45: Synthesis of (−)-paroxetine precursor 195 developed by Ötvös, Pericàs, and Kappe.
Scheme 46: Continuous-flow approach for the 5-step synthesis of (−)-oseltamivir (201) as devised by Hayashi an...
Scheme 47: Continuous-flow enzyme-catalysed Michael addition.
Scheme 48: Continuous-flow copper-catalysed 1,4 conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to enones. Reprinted w...
Scheme 49: A collection of commonly encountered hydrogenation reactions.
Figure 7: The ThalesNano H-Cube® continuous-flow hydrogenator.
Scheme 50: Chemoselective reduction of an α,β-unsaturated ketone using the H-Cube® reactor.
Scheme 51: Incorporation of Lindlar’s catalyst into the H-Cube® reactor for the reduction of an alkyne.
Scheme 52: Continuous-flow semi-hydrogenation of alkyne 208 to 209 using SACs with H-Cube® system.
Figure 8: The standard setups for tube-in-tube gas–liquid reactor units.
Scheme 53: Homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins using a tube-in-tube reactor setup.
Scheme 54: Recyclable heterogeneous flow hydrogenation system.
Scheme 55: Leadbeater’s reverse tube-in-tube hydrogenation system for olefin reductions.
Scheme 56: a) Hydrogenation using a Pd-immobilised microchannel reactor (MCR) and b) a representation of the i...
Scheme 57: Hydrogenation of alkyne 238 exploiting segmented flow in a Pd-immobilised capillary reactor.
Scheme 58: Continuous hydrogenation system for the preparation of cyrene (241) from (−)-levoglucosenone (240).
Scheme 59: Continuous hydrogenation system based on CSMs developed by Hornung et al.
Scheme 60: Chemoselective reduction of carbonyls (ketones over aldehydes) in flow.
Scheme 61: Continuous system for the semi-hydrogenation of 256 and 258, developed by Galarneau et al.
Scheme 62: Continuous synthesis of biodiesel fuel 261 from lignin-derived furfural acetone (260).
Scheme 63: Continuous synthesis of γ-valerolacetone (263) via CTH developed by Pineda et al.
Scheme 64: Continuous hydrogenation of lignin-derived biomass (products 265, 266, and 267) using a sustainable...
Scheme 65: Ru/C or Rh/C-catalysed hydrogenation of arene in flow as developed by Sajiki et al.
Scheme 66: Polysilane-immobilized Rh–Pt-catalysed hydrogenation of arenes in flow by Kobayashi et al.
Scheme 67: High-pressure in-line mixing of H2 for the asymmetric reduction of 278 at pilot scale with a 73 L p...
Figure 9: Picture of the PFR employed at Eli Lilly & Co. for the continuous hydrogenation of 278 [287]. Reprinted ...
Scheme 68: Continuous-flow asymmetric hydrogenation using Oppolzer's sultam 280 as chiral auxiliary.
Scheme 69: Some examples of industrially important oxidation reactions in the F&F industry. CFL: compact fluor...
Scheme 70: Gold-catalysed heterogeneous oxidation of alcohols in flow.
Scheme 71: Uozumi’s ARP-Pt flow oxidation protocol.
Scheme 72: High-throughput screening of aldehyde oxidation in flow using an in-line GC.
Scheme 73: Permanganate-mediated Nef oxidation of nitroalkanes in flow with the use of in-line sonication to p...
Scheme 74: Continuous-flow aerobic anti-Markovnikov Wacker oxidation.
Scheme 75: Continuous-flow oxidation of 2-benzylpyridine (312) using air as the oxidant.
Scheme 76: Continuous-flow photo-oxygenation of monoterpenes.
Scheme 77: A tubular reactor design for flow photo-oxygenation.
Scheme 78: Glucose oxidase (GOx)-mediated continuous oxidation of glucose using compressed air and the FFMR re...
Scheme 79: Schematic continuous-flow sodium hypochlorite/TEMPO oxidation of alcohols.
Scheme 80: Oxidation using immobilised TEMPO (344) was developed by McQuade et al.
Scheme 81: General protocol for the bleach/catalytic TBAB oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols.
Scheme 82: Continuous-flow PTC-assisted oxidation using hydrogen peroxide. The process was easily scaled up by...
Scheme 83: Continuous-flow epoxidation of cyclohexene (348) and in situ preparation of m-CPBA.
Scheme 84: Continuous-flow epoxidation using DMDO as oxidant.
Scheme 85: Mukayama aerobic epoxidation optimised in flow mode by the Favre-Réguillon group.
Scheme 86: Continuous-flow asymmetric epoxidation of derivatives of 359 exploiting a biomimetic iron catalyst.
Scheme 87: Continuous-flow enzymatic epoxidation of alkenes developed by Watts et al.
Scheme 88: Engineered multichannel microreactor for continuous-flow ozonolysis of 366.
Scheme 89: Continuous-flow synthesis of the vitamin D precursor 368 using multichannel microreactors. MFC: mas...
Scheme 90: Continuous ozonolysis setup used by Kappe et al. for the synthesis of various substrates employing ...
Scheme 91: Continuous-flow apparatus for ozonolysis as developed by Ley et al.
Scheme 92: Continuous-flow ozonolysis for synthesis of vanillin (2) using a film-shear flow reactor.
Scheme 93: Examples of preparative methods for ajoene (386) and allicin (388).
Scheme 94: Continuous-flow oxidation of thioanisole (389) using styrene-based polymer-supported peroxytungstat...
Scheme 95: Continuous oxidation of thiosulfinates using Oxone®-packed reactor.
Scheme 96: Continuous-flow electrochemical oxidation of thioethers.
Scheme 97: Continuous-flow oxidation of 400 to cinnamophenone (235).
Scheme 98: Continuous-flow synthesis of dehydrated material 401 via oxidation of methyl dihydrojasmonate (33).
Scheme 99: Some industrially important transformations involving Grignard reagents.
Scheme 100: Grachev et al. apparatus for continuous preparation of Grignard reagents.
Scheme 101: Example of fluidized Mg bed reactor with NMR spectrometer as on-line monitoring system.
Scheme 102: Continuous-flow synthesis of Grignard reagents and subsequent quenching reaction.
Figure 10: Membrane-based, liquid–liquid separator with integrated pressure control [52]. Adapted with permission ...
Scheme 103: Continuous-flow synthesis of 458, an intermediate to fluconazole (459).
Scheme 104: Continuous-flow synthesis of ketones starting from benzoyl chlorides.
Scheme 105: A Grignard alkylation combining CSTR and PFR technologies with in-line infrared reaction monitoring....
Scheme 106: Continuous-flow preparation of 469 from Grignard addition of methylmagnesium bromide.
Scheme 107: Continuous-flow synthesis of Grignard reagents 471.
Scheme 108: Preparation of the Grignard reagent 471 using CSTR and the continuous process for synthesis of the ...
Scheme 109: Continuous process for carboxylation of Grignard reagents in flow using tube-in-tube technology.
Scheme 110: Continuous synthesis of propargylic alcohols via ethynyl-Grignard reagent.
Scheme 111: Silica-supported catalysed enantioselective arylation of aldehydes using Grignard reagents in flow ...
Scheme 112: Acid-catalysed rearrangement of citral and dehydrolinalool derivatives.
Scheme 113: Continuous stilbene isomerisation with continuous recycling of photoredox catalyst.
Scheme 114: Continuous-flow synthesis of compound 494 as developed by Ley et al.
Scheme 115: Selected industrial applications of DA reaction.
Scheme 116: Multistep flow synthesis of the spirocyclic structure 505 via employing DA cycloaddition.
Scheme 117: Continuous-flow DA reaction developed in a plater flow reactor for the preparation of the adduct 508...
Scheme 118: Continuous-flow DA reaction using a silica-supported imidazolidinone organocatalyst.
Scheme 119: Batch vs flow for the DA reaction of (cyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yloxy)trimethylsilane (513) with acrylon...
Scheme 120: Continuous-flow DA reaction between 510 and 515 using a shell-core droplet system.
Scheme 121: Continuous-flow synthesis of bicyclic systems from benzyne precursors.
Scheme 122: Continuous-flow synthesis of bicyclic scaffolds 527 and 528 for further development of potential ph...
Scheme 123: Continuous-flow inverse-electron hetero-DA reaction to pyridine derivatives such as 531.
Scheme 124: Comparison between batch and flow for the synthesis of pyrimidinones 532–536 via retro-DA reaction ...
Scheme 125: Continuous-flow coupled with ultrasonic system for preparation of ʟ-ascorbic acid derivatives 539 d...
Scheme 126: Two-step continuous-flow synthesis of triazole 543.
Scheme 127: Continuous-flow preparation of triazoles via CuAAC employing 546-based heterogeneous catalyst.
Scheme 128: Continuous-flow synthesis of compounds 558 through A3-coupling and 560 via AgAAC both employing the...
Scheme 129: Continuous-flow photoinduced [2 + 2] cycloaddition for the preparation of bicyclic derivatives of 5...
Scheme 130: Continuous-flow [2 + 2] and [5 + 2] cycloaddition on large scale employing a flow reactor developed...
Scheme 131: Continuous-flow preparation of the tricyclic structures 573 and 574 starting from pyrrole 570 via [...
Scheme 132: Continuous-flow [2 + 2] photocyclization of cinnamates.
Scheme 133: Continuous-flow preparation of cyclobutane 580 on a 5-plates photoreactor.
Scheme 134: Continuous-flow [2 + 2] photocycloaddition under white LED lamp using heterogeneous PCN as photocat...
Figure 11: Picture of the parallel tube flow reactor (PTFR) "The Firefly" developed by Booker-Milburn et al. a...
Scheme 135: Continuous-flow acid-catalysed [2 + 2] cycloaddition between silyl enol ethers and acrylic esters.
Scheme 136: Continuous synthesis of lactam 602 using glass column reactors.
Scheme 137: In situ generation of ketenes for the Staudinger lactam synthesis developed by Ley and Hafner.
Scheme 138: Application of [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions in flow employed by Ley et al.
Scheme 139: Examples of FC reactions applied in F&F industry.
Scheme 140: Continuous-flow synthesis of ibuprofen developed by McQuade et al.
Scheme 141: The FC acylation step of Jamison’s three-step ibuprofen synthesis.
Scheme 142: Synthesis of naphthalene derivative 629 via FC acylation in microreactors.
Scheme 143: Flow system for rapid screening of catalysts and reaction conditions developed by Weber et al.
Scheme 144: Continuous-flow system developed by Buorne, Muller et al. for DSD optimisation of the FC acylation ...
Scheme 145: Continuous-flow FC acylation of alkynes to yield β-chlorovinyl ketones such as 638.
Scheme 146: Continuous-flow synthesis of tonalide (619) developed by Wang et al.
Scheme 147: Continuous-flow preparation of acylated arene such as 290 employing Zr4+-β-zeolite developed by Kob...
Scheme 148: Flow system applied on an Aza-FC reaction catalysed by the thiourea catalyst 648.
Scheme 149: Continuous hydroformylation in scCO2.
Scheme 150: Two-step flow synthesis of aldehyde 655 through a sequential Heck reaction and subsequent hydroform...
Scheme 151: Single-droplet (above) and continuous (below) flow reactors developed by Abolhasani et al. for the ...
Scheme 152: Continuous hydroformylation of 1-dodecene (655) using a PFR-CSTR system developed by Sundmacher et ...
Scheme 153: Continuous-flow synthesis of the aldehyde 660 developed by Eli Lilly & Co. [32]. Adapted with permissio...
Scheme 154: Continuous asymmetric hydroformylation employing heterogenous catalst supported on carbon-based sup...
Scheme 155: Examples of acetylation in F&F industry: synthesis of bornyl (S,R,S-664) and isobornyl (S,S,S-664) ...
Scheme 156: Continuous-flow preparation of bornyl acetate (S,R,S-664) employing the oscillating flow reactor.
Scheme 157: Continuous-flow synthesis of geranyl acetate (666) from acetylation of geraniol (343) developed by ...
Scheme 158: 12-Ttungstosilicic acid-supported silica monolith-catalysed acetylation in flow.
Scheme 159: Continuous-flow preparation of cyclopentenone 676.
Scheme 160: Two-stage synthesis of coumarin (90) via acetylation of salicylaldehyde (88).
Scheme 161: Intensification process for acetylation of 5-methoxytryptamine (677) to melatonin (678) developed b...
Scheme 162: Examples of macrocyclic musky odorants both natural (679–681) and synthetic (682 and 683).
Scheme 163: Flow setup combined with microwave for the synthesis of macrocycle 686 via RCM.
Scheme 164: Continuous synthesis of 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrroles via ring-closing metathesis.
Scheme 165: Continuous-flow metathesis of 485 developed by Leadbeater et al.
Figure 12: Comparison between RCM performed using different routes for the preparation of 696. On the left the...
Scheme 166: Continuous-flow RCM of 697 employed the solid-supported catalyst 698 developed by Grela, Kirschning...
Scheme 167: Continuous-flow RORCM of cyclooctene employing the silica-absorbed catalyst 700.
Scheme 168: Continuous-flow self-metathesis of methyl oleate (703) employing SILP catalyst 704.
Scheme 169: Flow apparatus for the RCM of 697 using a nanofiltration membrane for the recovery and reuse of the...
Scheme 170: Comparison of loadings between RCMs performed with different routes for the synthesis of 709.
N-tert-Butanesulfinyl imines in the asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles
- Joseane A. Mendes,
- Paulo R. R. Costa,
- Miguel Yus,
- Francisco Foubelo and
- Camilla D. Buarque
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1096–1140, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.86
- , and regulation of the immune response. Starting from α-alkoxy aldimines ent-126, the utility of this methodology was also demonstrated in the synthesis of alkaloid (+)-cassine (130), isolated from the leaves and twigs of Cassia excelsa, displaying antimicrobial activity. Methylmagnesium bromide was
- compound (+)-L-733,060 (140), a potent neurokinin substance P receptor antagonist. This compound displays a wide variety of biological activities, including inhibition of neurogenic inflammation, blocking of pain transmission and regulation of immune response (Scheme 38). A stereoselective synthesis of ʟ
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: General strategy for the enantioselective synthesis of N-containing heterocycles from N-tert-butane...
Scheme 2: Methodologies for condensation of aldehydes and ketones with tert-butanesulfinamides (1).
Scheme 3: Transition models for cis-aziridines and trans-aziridines.
Scheme 4: Mechanism for the reduction of N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines.
Scheme 5: Transition models for the addition of organomagnesium and organolithium compounds to N-tert-butanes...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 2,2-dibromoaziridines 15 from aldimines 14 and bromoform, and proposed non-chelation-c...
Scheme 7: Diastereoselective synthesis of aziridines from tert-butanesulfinyl imines.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of vinylaziridines 22 from aldimines 14 and 1,3-dibromopropene 23, and proposed chelation...
Scheme 9: Synthesis of vinylaziridines 27 from aldimines 14 and α-bromoesters 26, and proposed transition sta...
Scheme 10: Synthesis of 2-chloroaziridines 28 from aldimines 14 and dichloromethane, and proposed transition s...
Scheme 11: Synthesis of cis-vinylaziridines 30 and 31 from aldimines 14 and bromomethylbutenolide 29.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 2-chloro-2-aroylaziridines 36 and 32 from aldimines 14, arylnitriles 34, and silyldich...
Scheme 13: Synthesis of trifluoromethylaziridines 39 and proposed transition state of the aziridination.
Scheme 14: Synthesis of aziridines 42 and proposed state transition.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of 1-substituted 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanes, 1-phenyl-2-azaspiro[3.4]octane and 1-phenyl-2-a...
Scheme 16: Synthesis of 1-substituted 2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptanes 48 from chiral imines 14 and 1-Boc-azetidine...
Scheme 17: Synthesis of β-lactams 52 from chiral imines 14 and dimethyl malonate (49).
Scheme 18: Synthesis of spiro-β-lactam 57 from chiral (RS)-N-tert-butanesulfinyl isatin ketimine 53 and ethyl ...
Scheme 19: Synthesis of β-lactam 60, a precursor of (−)-batzelladine D (61) and (−)-13-epi-batzelladine D (62)...
Scheme 20: Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of 3-substituted pyrrolidines 66 from chiral imine (RS)-63 a...
Scheme 21: Asymmetric synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted isoindolines 69 and 70 from chiral imine 67.
Scheme 22: Asymmetric synthesis of cis-2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines 73 from chiral imine (RS)-71.
Scheme 23: Asymmetric synthesis of 3-hydroxy-5-substituted pyrrolidin-2-ones 77 from chiral imine (RS)-74.
Scheme 24: Asymmetric synthesis of 4-hydroxy-5-substituted pyrrolidin-2-ones 80 from chiral imines 79.
Scheme 25: Asymmetric synthesis of 3-pyrrolines 82 from chiral imines 14 and ethyl 4-bromocrotonate (81).
Scheme 26: Asymmetric synthesis of γ-amino esters 84, and tetramic acid derivative 86 from chiral imines (RS)-...
Scheme 27: Asymmetric synthesis of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactams 90 from chiral imines (Z,SS)-87 and ethyl 2-bro...
Scheme 28: Asymmetric synthesis of methylenepyrrolidines 92 from chiral imines (RS)-14 and 2-(trimethysilylmet...
Scheme 29: Synthesis of dibenzoazaspirodecanes from cyclic N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines.
Scheme 30: Stereoselective synthesis of cyclopenta[c]proline derivatives 103 from β,γ-unsaturated α-amino acid...
Scheme 31: Stereoselective synthesis of alkaloids (−)-angustureine (107) and (−)-cuspareine (108).
Scheme 32: Stereoselective synthesis of alkaloids (−)-pelletierine (112) and (+)-coniine (117).
Scheme 33: Synthesis of piperidine alkaloids (+)-dihydropinidine (122a), (+)-isosolenopsin (122b) and (+)-isos...
Scheme 34: Stereoselective synthesis of the alkaloids(+)-sedamine (125) from chiral imine (SS)-119.
Scheme 35: Stereoselective synthesis of trans-5-hydroxy-6-substituted-2-piperidinones 127 and 129 from chiral ...
Scheme 36: Stereoselective synthesis of trans-5-hydroxy-6-substituted ethanone-2-piperidinones 132 from chiral...
Scheme 37: Stereoselective synthesis of trans-3-benzyl-5-hydroxy-6-substituted-2-piperidinones 136 from chiral...
Scheme 38: Stereoselective synthesis of trans-5-hydroxy-6-substituted 2-piperidinones 139 from chiral imine 138...
Scheme 39: Stereoselective synthesis of ʟ-hydroxypipecolic acid 145 from chiral imine 144.
Scheme 40: Synthesis of 1-substituted isoquinolones 147, 149 and 151.
Scheme 41: Stereoselective synthesis of 3-substituted dihydrobenzo[de]isoquinolinones 154.
Scheme 42: Enantioselective synthesis of alkaloids (S)-1-benzyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (...
Scheme 43: Enantioselective synthesis of alkaloids (−)-cermizine B (171) and (+)-serratezomine E (172) develop...
Scheme 44: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-isosolepnosin (177) and (+)-solepnosin (178) from homoallylamine d...
Scheme 45: Stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives 184, 185 and 187 from chiral imines (RS...
Scheme 46: Stereoselective synthesis of pyridobenzofuran and pyridoindole derivatives 193 from homopropargylam...
Scheme 47: Stereoselective synthesis of 2-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines 196 from chiral imines (RS)-...
Scheme 48: Stereoselective synthesis of 2-substituted trans-2,6-disubstituted piperidine 199 from chiral imine...
Scheme 49: Stereoselective synthesis of cis-2,6-disubstituted piperidines 200, and alkaloid (+)-241D, from chi...
Scheme 50: Stereoselective synthesis of 6-substituted piperidines-2,5-diones 206 and 1,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decane...
Scheme 51: Stereoselective synthesis of spirocyclic oxindoles 210 from chiral imines (RS)-53.
Scheme 52: Stereoselective synthesis of azaspiro compound 213 from chiral imine 211.
Scheme 53: Stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives from chiral imines (RS)-214.
Scheme 54: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-crispine A 223 from chiral imine (RS)-214.
Scheme 55: Synthesis of (−)-harmicine (228) using tert-butanesulfinamide through haloamide cyclization.
Scheme 56: Stereoselective synthesis of tetraponerines T1–T8.
Scheme 57: Stereoselective synthesis of phenanthroindolizidines 246a and (−)-tylophorine (246b), and phenanthr...
Scheme 58: Stereoselective synthesis of indoline, tetrahydroquinoline and tetrahydrobenzazepine derivatives 253...
Scheme 59: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-epohelmin A (258) and (+)-epohelmin B (260) from aldimine (RS)-79.
Scheme 60: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-epiquinamide (266) from chiral aldimine (SS)-261.
Scheme 61: Synthesis synthesis of (–)-hippodamine (273) and (+)-epi-hippodamine (272) using chiral sulfinyl am...
Scheme 62: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-grandisine D (279) and (+)-amabiline (283).
Scheme 63: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-epiquinamide (266) and (+)-swaisonine (291) from aldimine (SS)-126....
Scheme 64: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-C(9a)-epi-epiquinamide (294).
Scheme 65: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-lasubine II (298) from chiral aldimine (SS)-109.
Scheme 66: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-epimyrtine (300a) and (−)-lasubine II (ent-302) from β-amino keton...
Scheme 67: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-tabersonine (310), (−)-vincadifformine (311), and (−)-aspidospermi...
Scheme 68: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-epohelmin A (258) and (+)-epohelmin B (260) from aldehyde 313 and ...
Scheme 69: Total synthesis of (+)-lysergic acid (323) from N-tert-butanesulfinamide (RS)-1.
Synthesis of 10-O-aryl-substituted berberine derivatives by Chan–Evans–Lam coupling and investigation of their DNA-binding properties
- Peter Jonas Wickhorst,
- Mathilda Blachnik,
- Denisa Lagumdzija and
- Heiko Ihmels
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 991–1000, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.81
- monitoring of the temperature-dependent Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the dyes [46]. The particular oligonucleotide sequences were chosen because they are known to be involved in biologically relevant processes, namely in the transcription regulation of myc (FmycT) [47][48], kit (FkitT
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures and numbering of berberine (1a), berberrubine (1b) and 9-O-aryl-substituted berberine de...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 10-O-arylated berberine derivatives 5a–e.
Scheme 2: Cu2+-catalyzed demethylation of berberrubine (1b).
Figure 2: Temperature dependent emission spectra of derivatives 5a and 5d (c = 10 µM, with 0.25% v/v DMSO) in...
Figure 3: Photometric titration of 5a (A) and 5d (B) (cLigand = 20 μM) with ct DNA (1) in BPE buffer (cNa+ = ...
Figure 4: Fluorimetric titration of 5a (A) and 5d (B, cLigand = 20 μM) with ct DNA (1) in BPE buffer (cNa+ = ...
Figure 5: CD and LD spectra of ct DNA (1 and 2, cDNA = 20 μM; in BPE buffer: 10 mM, pH 7.0; with 5% v/v DMSO)...
Synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides modified with an N-methylguanidine-bridged nucleic acid (GuNA[Me]) bearing adenine, guanine, or 5-methylcytosine nucleobases
- Naohiro Horie,
- Takao Yamaguchi,
- Shinji Kumagai and
- Satoshi Obika
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 622–629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.54
- (ASOs) modified with 2',4'-bridged nucleic acid/locked nucleic acid (2',4'-BNA/LNA; Figure 1) are now widely used for gene regulation in vitro and in vivo because 2',4'-BNA/LNA greatly increases the affinity toward the target RNAs, thus enhancing the efficacy of the modified ASOs [1][2][3][4][5][6
Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation
- Francesca Liguori,
- Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
- Pierluigi Barbaro
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53
- water and has a melting point of 250 °C and a glass transition temperature Tg of 76 °C [162][163]. It was suggested that under certain circumstances, PET may leach phthalates [164], which are known for potentially adverse health effects and subject to ECHA regulation restrictions [165][166]. Coupled
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Potential classification of plastic recycling processes. The area covered by the present review is ...
Figure 2: EG produced during glycolytic depolymerisation of PET using DEG + DPG as solvent and titanium(IV) n...
Scheme 1: Simplified representation of the conversion of 1,4-PBD to C16–C44 macrocycles using Ru metathesis c...
Figure 3: Main added-value monomers obtainable by catalytic depolymerisation of PET via chemolytic methods.
Scheme 2: Hydrogenolytic depolymerisation of PET by ruthenium complexes.
Scheme 3: Depolymerisation of PET via catalytic hydrosilylation by Ir(III) pincer complex.
Scheme 4: Catalytic hydrolysis (top) and methanolysis (bottom) reactions of PET.
Scheme 5: Depolymerisation of PET by glycolysis with ethylene glycol.
Figure 4: Glycolysis of PET: evolution of BHET yield over time, with and without zinc acetate catalyst (196 °...
Scheme 6: Potential activated complex for the glycolysis reaction of PET catalysed by metallated ILs and evol...
Scheme 7: One-pot, two-step process for PET repurposing via chemical recycling.
Scheme 8: Synthetic routes to PLA.
Scheme 9: Structures of the zinc molecular catalysts used for PLA-methanolysis in various works. a) See [265], b) ...
Scheme 10: Depolymerisation of PLLA by Zn–N-heterocyclic carbene complex.
Scheme 11: Salalen ligands.
Scheme 12: Catalytic hydrogenolysis of PLA.
Scheme 13: Catalytic hydrosilylation of PLA.
Scheme 14: Hydrogenative depolymerisation of PBT and PCL by molecular Ru catalysts.
Scheme 15: Glycolysis reaction of PCT by diethylene glycol.
Scheme 16: Polymerisation–depolymerisation cycle of 3,4-T6GBL.
Scheme 17: Polymerisation–depolymerisation cycle of 2,3-HDB.
Scheme 18: Hydrogenative depolymerisation of PBPAC by molecular Ru catalysts.
Scheme 19: Catalytic hydrolysis (top), alcoholysis (middle) and aminolysis (bottom) reactions of PBPAC.
Scheme 20: Hydrogenative depolymerisation of PPC (top) and PEC (bottom) by molecular Ru catalysts.
Scheme 21: Polymerisation-depolymerisation cycle of BEP.
Scheme 22: Hydrogenolysis of polyamides using soluble Ru catalysts.
Scheme 23: Catalytic depolymerisation of epoxy resin/carbon fibres composite.
Scheme 24: Depolymerisation of polyethers with metal salt catalysts and acyl chlorides.
Scheme 25: Proposed mechanism for the iron-catalysed depolymerisation reaction of polyethers. Adapted with per...
Biochemistry of fluoroprolines: the prospect of making fluorine a bioelement
- Vladimir Kubyshkin,
- Rebecca Davis and
- Nediljko Budisa
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 439–460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.40
- thermodynamic stabilization of proteins [29][30][31]. The regulation of the proline content in proteins is an evolutionary strategy for environmental adaptation in extremophilic organisms. Proline is of a higher abundance in the proteomes of thermophilic organisms (organisms living at a high temperature) and of
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: The structures of the fluoroprolines discussed herein.
Figure 2: The distinction between “the alanine and the proline worlds”. While the polyalanine backbone leads ...
Figure 3: Molecular volume for 20 coded amino acids and fluoroprolines. The COSMO volume was calculated for a...
Figure 4: Comparative analysis of the electrostatic potential for proline and fluoroprolines (electrostatic p...
Figure 5: Experimental logP data for methyl esters of N-acetylamino acids.
Figure 6: The conformational dependence of the proline ring on the fluorination at position 4.
Figure 7: Rotation around the peptidyl-prolyl fragments in polypeptide structures is important for correct ov...
Figure 8: The complex fate of a protein-encoded amino acid in the cell (EF-Tu – elongation factor thermo unst...
Figure 9: Metabolic routes for proline in E. coli. A) Synthesis of proline and B) degradation of proline.
Figure 10: A complete flowchart for the proline incorporation into proteins during ribosomal biosynthesis. A) ...
Figure 11: Amide bond formation capacities of fluoroprolines compared to some coded amino acids measured on ri...
Figure 12: Ribbon representation of the X-ray crystal structures of proteins containing fluoroprolines. A) Enh...
Figure 13: Problems and phenomena associated with the production of a protein-containing proline-to-fluoroprol...
Figure 14: Effects of fluoroprolines on recombinant protein expression using the auxotrophic expression host E...
Figure 15: A) Experimental setup for the incorporation of fluoroprolines into proteins. B) Adaptive laboratory...
19F NMR as a tool in chemical biology
- Diana Gimenez,
- Aoife Phelan,
- Cormac D. Murphy and
- Steven L. Cobb
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 293–318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.28
- kinetic information for complex systems can be obtained by 19F NMR. Another rapidly expanding and particularly challenging area of research where 19F NMR has found new applications is in the field of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). IDPs play a key role in cell signalling and regulation processes
- important role in key biological processes such as gene expression and regulation [94][95], telomere length maintenance [96][97][98], transcription and DNA replication [99][100]. Investigation of the specific G-quadruplex structures associated with these biological events is therefore essential to
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Selected examples of 19F-labelled amino acid analogues used as probes in chemical biology.
Figure 2: (a) Sequences of the antimicrobial peptide MSI-78 and pFtBSer-containing analogs and cartoon repres...
Figure 3: (a) Chemical structures of a selection of trifluoromethyl tags. (b) Comparative analysis showing th...
Figure 4: (a) First bromodomain of Brd4 with all three tryptophan residues displayed in blue and labelled by ...
Figure 5: (a) Enzymatic hydroxylation of GBBNF in the presence of hBBOX (b) 19F NMR spectra showing the conve...
Figure 6: (a) In-cell enzymatic hydrolysis of the fluorinated anandamide analogue ARN1203 catalyzed by hFAAH....
Figure 7: (a) X-ray crystal structure of CAM highlighting the location the phenylalanine residues replaced by...
Figure 8: 19F PREs of 4-F, 5-F, 6-F, 7-FTrp49 containing MTSL-modified S52CCV-N. The 19F NMR resonances of ox...
Figure 9: 19F NMR as a direct probe of Ud NS1A ED homodimerization. Schematic representation showing the loca...
Figure 10: (a) Representative spectrum of a 182 μM sample of Aβ1-40-tfM35 at varying times indicating the majo...
Figure 11: Illustration of the conformational switch induced by SDS in 4-tfmF-labelled α-Syn. Also shown are t...
Figure 12: (a) Structural models of the Myc‐Max (left), Myc‐Max‐DNA (middle) and Myc‐Max‐BRCA1 complexes (righ...
Figure 13: (a) Side (left) and bottom (right) views of the pentameric apo ELIC X-ray structure (PDB ID: 3RQU) ...
Figure 14: (a) General structure of a selection of recently developed 19F-labelled nucleotides for their use a...
Figure 15: Monitoring biotransformation of the fluorinated pesticide cyhalothrin by the fungus C. elegans. The...
Figure 16: Following the biodegradation of emerging fluorinated pollutants by 19F NMR. The spectra are from cu...
Figure 17: Discovery of new fluorinated natural products by 19F NMR. The spectrum is of the culture supernatan...
Figure 18: Application of 19F NMR to investigate the biosynthesis of nucleocidin. The spectra are from culture...
Figure 19: Detection of new fluorofengycins (indicated by arrows) in culture supernatants of Bacillus sp. CS93...
Figure 20: Measurement of β-galactosidase activity in MCF7 cancer cells expressing lacZ using 19F NMR. The deg...
Figure 21: Detection of ions using 19F NMR. (a) Structure of TF-BAPTA and its 19F iCEST spectra in the presenc...
Figure 22: (a) The ONOO−-mediated decarbonylation of 5-fluoroisatin and 6-fluoroisatin. The selectivity of (b)...
Insight into functionalized-macrocycles-guided supramolecular photocatalysis
- Minzan Zuo,
- Krishnasamy Velmurugan,
- Kaiya Wang,
- Xueqi Tian and
- Xiao-Yu Hu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 139–155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.15
- cavity and strong bonding ability with various guests, macrocycles function as a tool to promote the specific conversion of substrates. On the one hand, the close inclusion of substrates by macrocycles can realize the intervention in, and regulation of the reaction, and thereby developing a new type of
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Chemical structures of representative macrocycles.
Figure 2: Ba2+-induced intermolecular [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition of crown ether-functionalized substrates 1 a...
Figure 3: Energy transfer system constructed of a BODIPY–zinc porphyrin–crown ether triad assembly bound to a...
Figure 4: The sensitizer 5 was prepared by a flavin–zinc(II)–cyclen complex for the photooxidation of benzyl ...
Figure 5: Enantiodifferentiating Z–E photoisomerization of cyclooctene sensitized by a chiral sensitizer as t...
Figure 6: Structures of the modified CDs as chiral sensitizing hosts. Adapted with permission from [24], Copyrigh...
Figure 7: Supramolecular 1:1 and 2:2 complexations of AC with the cationic β-CD derivatives 16–21 and subsequ...
Figure 8: Construction of the TiO2–AuNCs@β-CD photocatalyst. Republished with permission of The Royal Society...
Figure 9: Visible-light-driven conversion of benzyl alcohol to H2 and a vicinal diol or to H2 and benzaldehyd...
Figure 10: (a) Structures of CDs, (b) CoPyS, and (c) EY. Republished with permission of The Royal Society of C...
Figure 11: Conversion of CO2 to CO by ReP/HO-TPA–TiO2. Republished with permission of The Royal Society of Che...
Figure 12: Thiacalix[4]arene-protected TiO2 clusters for H2 evolution. Reprinted with permission from [37], Copyri...
Figure 13: 4-Methoxycalix[7]arene film-based TiO2 photocatalytic system. Reprinted from [38], Materials Today Chem...
Figure 14: (a) Photodimerization of 6-methylcoumarin (22). (b) Catalytic cycle for the photodimerization of 22...
Figure 15: Formation of a supramolecular PDI–CB[7] complex and structures of monomers and the chain transfer a...
Figure 16: Ternary self-assembled system for photocatalytic H2 evolution (a) and structure of 27 (b). Figure 16 reprodu...
Figure 17: Structures of COP-1, CMP-1, and their substrate S-1 and S-2.
Figure 18: Supramolecular self-assembly of the light-harvesting system formed by WP5, β-CAR, and Chl-b. Reprod...
Figure 19: Photocyclodimerization of AC based on WP5 and WP6.
Molecular basis for protein–protein interactions
- Brandon Charles Seychell and
- Tobias Beck
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.1
- functionality and the corresponding pathways. Important roles of PPIs include hormone reception [2], protease inhibition [3], antibody–antigen complexes [4], gene regulation [5], and large biomolecular assemblies [6]. PPI identification and prediction are important for targeting anticancer strategies [7
- because the methods normally neglect self-interactions. The advantages of homooligomeric complexes over monomer proteins include an increase in the diversity of the functions [61], allosteric regulation [62], protection against denaturation [63], and the oligomers being able to form without increasing the
- conserved than in non-isologous interfaces [66]. Furthermore, homooligomeric complexes have more disorder regions than heterooligomeric complexes, and thereby an increasing allosteric regulation [67]. Jayashree et al. [68] analysed datasets of 45 transient protein–protein complex structures and analysed the
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Different methodologies employed to study PPIs. The protein used for illustration is the heterodime...
Figure 2: Mechanisms of homooligomeric complex formations. a) Domain swapping of RNase A (PDB: 1A2W) [73]. The sw...
Figure 3: Parts a) and b) represent the electron densities and B-factors of TMV, respectively. The cryo-EM st...
Figure 4: Schematic of the general assembly of charged protein containers to form binary nanoparticle superla...
Secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis impact the assembly of soil-derived semisynthetic bacterial communities
- Heiko T. Kiesewalter,
- Carlos N. Lozano-Andrade,
- Mikael L. Strube and
- Ákos T. Kovács
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2983–2998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.248
- demonstrated that the production of these NRPs varies among coisolated B. subtilis environmental strains due to missing core genes or potentially altered gene regulation, highlighting the existing natural diversity of SM production in this species [51]. In this study, we focus on soil-derived semisynthetic
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Overview of the NRPs surfactin, plipastatin, bacillibactin, and iturin as well as the hybrid NRP-PK...
Figure 2: Overview of the experimental setup. A soil suspension, obtained from a soil sample, was used as an ...
Figure 3: The taxonomic summaries are showing the relative abundance of the most abundant genera for each rep...
Figure 4: Diversity analyses of the soil sample (“Soil”), 12 h preincubated soil suspensions (“Pre”), and unt...
Figure 5: Abundance ratios for each genus and replicate (points) in the control community compared to the WT-...
Figure 6: The relative abundance of Lysinibacillus in the untreated (“Control”) and treated mock communities ...
Figure 7: Growth curves of L. fusiformis M5 exposed to spent media from 48 h B. subtilis cultures and without...
Figure 8: Growth curves of L. fusiformis M5 exposed to different concentrations of surfactin, the highest con...
Figure 9: Overview on the biosynthetic pathways of surfactin (A), plipastatin (B), and bacillaene (C) produce...
