Synthesis of the polyketide section of seragamide A and related cyclodepsipeptides via Negishi cross coupling

• Jan Hendrik Lang and
• Thomas Lindel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 577–583, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.53

• . In most cases, the C2–C3 bond was formed by Ireland-, Johnson-, or Eschenmoser–Claisen rearrangement [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Alternatively, Evans methodology has been used [18][19][20]. The central C4–C5 double bond has also been constructed by Wittig reaction, cross metathesis, and ring

Synthesis of nonracemic hydroxyglutamic acids

• Dorota G. Piotrowska,
• Iwona E. Głowacka,
• Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
• Liwia Lubowiecka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 236–255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.22

• aldehyde (S)-18 prepared from O-benzyl-L-serine in three standard steps [53] was elongated by a two-carbon fragment employing a Wittig reaction to give Z-alkene 19. To introduce the next center of chirality of the required configuration a iodocyclocarbamation reaction was applied to give trans-oxazolidin-2

Stereodivergent approach in the protected glycal synthesis of L-vancosamine, L-saccharosamine, L-daunosamine and L-ristosamine involving a ring-closing metathesis step

• Pierre-Antoine Nocquet,
• Aurélie Macé,
• Frédéric Legros,
• Jacques Lebreton,
• Gilles Dujardin,
• Sylvain Collet,
• Arnaud Martel,
• Bertrand Carboni and
• François Carreaux

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2949–2955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.274

• obtained for the desired products due to the formation of substantial amounts of ring-opened byproducts 10 resulting from the hydride addition to the carbonyl group of the oxazolidinone ring [33][34]. The alcohols 9 were then subjected to a Swern oxidation followed by a Wittig reaction to generate the

Domino ring-opening–ring-closing enyne metathesis vs enyne metathesis of norbornene derivatives with alkynyl side chains. Construction of condensed polycarbocycles

• Ritabrata Datta and
• Subrata Ghosh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2708–2714, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.248

• ring-opened product 18 using an alternative path. The double bond in the norbornene nucleus in compound 17 was cleaved in the traditional way by treatment with OsO4/NaIO4 and the resulting dialdehyde on Wittig reaction provided the diene 18 in 66% yield in two steps. Amazingly when compound 18 was

Stereoselective total synthesis and structural revision of the diacetylenic diol natural products strongylodiols H and I

• Pamarthi Gangadhar,
• Sayini Ramakrishna,
• Ponneri Venkateswarlu and
• Pabbaraja Srihari

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2313–2320, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.206

• reaction steps. A common aldehyde intermediate has been used for the synthesis of both strongylodiols. Keywords: alkylation; Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling; Corey–Bakshi–Shibata reduction; Mosher’s analysis; Wittig reaction; Introduction Diacetylenic polyol compounds [1][2] originated from marine sources

• strongylodiol I The retrosynthetic analysis for strongylodiols H and I is delineated in Scheme 1. We envisaged that the target molecules strongylodiol H (9) and strongylodiol I (10) can be synthesized by a Wittig reaction of a common intermediate aldehyde 14 with triphenylphosphonium Wittig salts 15 and 16

• deprotection to give the primary alcohol which was subjected to oxidation to yield aldehyde 14a (Scheme 6). The latter was then subjected to a Wittig reaction with 15 followed by silyl deprotection as performed for 14 to furnish 9a (see Supporting Information File 1 for experimental details). The sign of the

β-Hydroxy sulfides and their syntheses

• Mokgethwa B. Marakalala,
• Edwin M. Mmutlane and
• Henok H. Kinfe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1668–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.143

• presence of the hydroxy functional group acting as a transition-state analog. The synthesis of the inhibitors commenced with the conversion of aldehyde 127 into alkene 128 via a Wittig reaction followed by epoxidation to furnish epoxide 129. Regioselective opening of the epoxide ring with a thiolate gave

Glycosylation reactions mediated by hypervalent iodine: application to the synthesis of nucleosides and carbohydrates

• Yuichi Yoshimura,
• Hideaki Wakamatsu,
• Yoshihiro Natori,
• Yukako Saito and
• Noriaki Minakawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1595–1618, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.137

• by manipulations of 5. After acetal hydrolysis and the subsequent hydride reduction, 4-thioarabinose derivative 9 was obtained in good yield. Introduction of a TBDPS group at the primary hydroxy group of 9, oxidation and Wittig reaction, followed by deprotection of the benzyl group, gave allyl

One hundred years of benzotropone chemistry

• Arif Dastan,
• Haydar Kilic and
• Nurullah Saracoglu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1120–1180, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.98

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for medicinal chemistry of C-nucleosides

• Kartik Temburnikar and
• Katherine L. Seley-Radtke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 772–785, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.65

• (compound 23) is shown in Figure 9, which involves installing an allyl group at C1' (20) and converting the C2'–CN to an aldehyde (21) followed by a Wittig reaction to install a second allyl group at C2' (22). Second generation Grubb’s catalyst was used for the ring formation, followed by hydrogenation to

Liquid-assisted grinding and ion pairing regulates percentage conversion and diastereoselectivity of the Wittig reaction under mechanochemical conditions

• Kendra Leahy Denlinger,
• Lianna Ortiz-Trankina,
• Preston Carr,
• Kingsley Benson,
• Daniel C. Waddell and
• James Mack

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.57

• used in liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) and properly chosen counter-ion pairing increases the percentage conversion of stilbenes in a mechanochemical Wittig reaction. Utilizing stepwise addition/evaporation of ethanol in liquid-assisted grinding also allows for the tuning of the diastereoselectivity in

• the Wittig reaction. Keywords: green chemistry; high-speed ball milling; HSBM; LAG; liquid-assisted grinding; Wittig; Introduction Mechanochemistry is maturing as a discipline and continuing to develop and grow [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Thus it is important to continue

• of the Wittig reaction under mechanochemical conditions [17][18]. The Wittig reaction is one of the most useful reactions for the synthesis of olefins [19][20][21][22][23]. Aside from its synthetic utility, its unique reaction mechanism (shown in Figure 1) and inherent diastereoselectivity has led to

Vinylphosphonium and 2-aminovinylphosphonium salts – preparation and applications in organic synthesis

• Anna Kuźnik,
• Roman Mazurkiewicz and
• Beata Fryczkowska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2710–2738, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.269

• attention is paid to the use of these compounds as building blocks for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocyclic systems after their prior transformation into the corresponding phosphorus ylides, followed by the intramolecular Wittig reaction with various types of nucleophiles containing a carbonyl function

• in their structures. Keywords: 2-aminovinylphosphonium salts; nucleophilic addition; phosphorus ylides; vinylphosphonium salts; Wittig reaction; Introduction Vinylphosphonium salts have been known for a long time, although significant interest in these compounds dates back to 1964, when Schweizer

• to vinylphosphonium salt. A phosphorus ylide thus generated undergoes a subsequent intramolecular Wittig reaction, leading to a carbo- or heterocyclic ring closure (Scheme 2) [1][2][3]. This reaction can be considered as a general method for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocyclic systems

Mechanochemical synthesis of small organic molecules

• Tapas Kumar Achar,
• Anima Bose and
• Prasenjit Mal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1907–1931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.186

• -free Wittig reaction of organic halides with aldehydes or ketones (Scheme 6) [55]. Suzuki Coupling In 2000, Peters and co-workers first reported the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction under ball-milling conditions [56]. In a planetary mill for 30–60 min, the mixture of aryl halide (1.0 equiv

• ) compared to the conventional method that generally takes days to a week for completion. The reaction of methyl acrylate with different para-substituted aryl aldehydes in the presence of 20 mol % 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) catalyst at 0.5–45 h yielded the MBH products in 28–98% yield [53]. Wittig

• Reaction Pecharsky and co-workers reported the solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of phosphonium salts [54] and phosphorus ylides [55] in the presence of the weak base K2CO3. Mechanochemically prepared phosphorous ylide from triphenylphosphine in presence of K2CO3 was utilized for a one-pot solvent

An effective Pd nanocatalyst in aqueous media: stilbene synthesis by Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction under microwave irradiation

• Carolina S. García,
• Paula M. Uberman and
• Sandra E. Martín

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1717–1727, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.166

• Wittig reaction followed by different metal-catalyzed reactions and harsh conditions are usually required [60][61][62]. In our case, the desired product was obtained under environmentally friendly reaction conditions and in a short reaction time. Thus, the PVP-Pd NPs proved to be an effective catalyst to

The chemistry and biology of mycolactones

• Matthias Gehringer and
• Karl-Heinz Altmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1596–1660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.159

Synthesis of D-manno-heptulose via a cascade aldol/hemiketalization reaction

• Yan Chen,
• Xiaoman Wang,
• Junchang Wang and
• You Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 795–799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.79

• chain elongations of aldoses employing the Henry reaction, the aldol reaction, and the Wittig reaction for the preparation of ketoheptoses [20][21][22], sugar lactones were also often utilized for the synthesis of D-manno-heptulose via reactions with C-nucleophiles or conversion into exocyclic glycals

Exploring endoperoxides as a new entry for the synthesis of branched azasugars

• Svenja Domeyer,
• Mark Bjerregaard,
• Henrik Johansson and
• Daniel Sejer Pedersen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 644–647, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.63

• was a Wittig reaction with methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide to provide 14–16. Compound 14 was found to be volatile and thus was only isolated in a poor yield. For diene 15 the low yield was largely due to complications with removing the triphenylphosphine oxide side product. However, at this stage

Synthesis of 1-indanones with a broad range of biological activity

• Marika Turek,
• Dorota Szczęsna,
• Marek Koprowski and
• Piotr Bałczewski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 451–494, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.48

•  82). Masui et al. have synthesized 1-indanone 299 in 5% as a result of the Diels–Alder reaction between homophthalic anhydride (298) and cyclopentynone 297 generated from the phosphorane 296 by the intramolecular Wittig reaction (Scheme 83) [115]. Jończyk et al. have synthesized cyano-substituted 1

Efficient access to β-vinylporphyrin derivatives via palladium cross coupling of β-bromoporphyrins with N-tosylhydrazones

• Vinicius R. Campos,
• Ana T. P. C. Gomes,
• Anna C. Cunha,
• Maria da Graça P. M. S. Neves,
• Vitor F. Ferreira and
• José A. S. Cavaleiro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 195–202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.22

• , affording in such way important intermediates for different synthetic strategies [4][17][18]. There are methods available allowing the insertion of alkenyl groups into porphyrin macrocycles (e.g., Heck reaction [4], metathesis [7][19][20][21], Wittig reaction [22][23]). However, palladium-catalyzed cross

Benzothiadiazole oligoene fatty acids: fluorescent dyes with large Stokes shifts

• Lukas J. Patalag and
• Daniel B. Werz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2739–2747, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.270

• isomerization has to take place. To access the benzothiadiazole (BTD) fatty acid 3 with just one conjugated double bond we made use of the Wittig reaction starting with commercially available aldehyde 1. As expected, the (Z)-isomer was the major product; thus, we performed a subsequent cis–trans isomerization

• presence of a Lewis acid and DIBAL at low temperatures. MnO2-mediated oxidation afforded the respective aldehyde that was immediately transformed by Wittig reaction. Iodine-catalyzed cis–trans isomerization yielded the desired fatty acid 7 in 35% over three steps (Scheme 2). The analogue with three

• ]. Whereas the second double bond is the result of the HWE reaction the third one is generated in the final Wittig reaction furnishing BTD-equipped triene fatty acid 11c in an overall yield of 32% (Scheme 3). Notably, the ester intermediate 9 showed already a strong fluorescence at ambient light. By choosing

Catalytic Wittig and aza-Wittig reactions

• Zhiqi Lao and
• Patrick H. Toy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2577–2587, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.253

• covers the field of related catalytic aza-Wittig reactions that are catalyzed by both phosphine oxides and phosphines. Keywords: aza-Wittig reactions; catalysis; phosphines; phosphine oxides; reduction; silanes; Wittig reactions; Introduction The Wittig reaction is a venerable transformation for

• inexpensive reagents to generate the necessary phosphonium ylide (phosphorane) reactant (a phosphine, typically Ph3P (1), an alkyl halide and a base), also adds to its appeal [3][4]. However, despite its proven utility, the Wittig reaction suffers from limitations that may deter from its use, especially on a

• a by-product from the desired product when they are formed in equal molar amounts. These major deficiencies of the Wittig reaction have led to numerous efforts towards developing variations of it which are catalytic in the required phosphine, or a surrogate for it, and this research is the major

Solvent-free, visible-light photocatalytic alcohol oxidations applying an organic photocatalyst

• Martin Obst and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2358–2363, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.229

• for mechanochemical syntheses include stoichiometric reactions such as the Knoevenagel condensation and the Wittig reaction, but also reactions catalyzed by metal catalysts, like the Sonogashira coupling and the Suzuki coupling [1]. Photocatalysis, as a part of Ostwald’s sub-discipline photochemistry

Total synthesis of leopolic acid A, a natural 2,3-pyrrolidinedione with antimicrobial activity

• Atul A. Dhavan,
• Rahul D. Kaduskar,
• Loana Musso,
• Leonardo Scaglioni,
• Piera Anna Martino and
• Sabrina Dallavalle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1624–1628, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.159

• DIBAL-H gave the corresponding primary alcohol, which was converted into bromide 5 by Appel reaction with PPh3 and CBr4. The phosphonium salt obtained from this bromide was subjected to a Wittig reaction with nonanal, to afford compound 6 [12]. Attempts to remove the PMB protecting group (CAN, DDQ, TFA

Muraymycin nucleoside-peptide antibiotics: uridine-derived natural products as lead structures for the development of novel antibacterial agents

• Daniel Wiegmann,
• Stefan Koppermann,
• Marius Wirth,
• Giuliana Niro,
• Kristin Leyerer and
• Christian Ducho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 769–795, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.77

• muraymycins. The latest and optimised synthesis is shown in Scheme 2 [92]. Oxidation of the isopropylidene-protected uridine 12 to the 5'-aldehyde and a Wittig reaction [93] gave olefin 13. The key step was a subsequent asymmetric Sharpless aminohydroxylation [94] furnishing (5'S,6'S)-nucleosyl amino acid 14

Hydroquinone–pyrrole dyads with varied linkers

• Hao Huang,
• Christoffer Karlsson,
• Maria Strømme,
• Martin Sjödin and
• Adolf Gogoll

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 89–96, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.10

• material, a Wittig reaction was chosen as an alternative. The Wittig reaction approach is shown in Scheme 2. In this reaction, phosphonium salt 7 was prepared in quantitative yield from 5 and triphenylphosphine by reflux in toluene, according to a procedure reported for dimethoxybenzyl chloride [21]. The

Synthesis of α,β-unsaturated esters via a chemo-enzymatic chain elongation approach by combining carboxylic acid reduction and Wittig reaction

• Yitao Duan,
• Peiyuan Yao,
• Yuncheng Du,
• Jinhui Feng,
• Qiaqing Wu and
• Dunming Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2245–2251, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.243

• chain elongation approach to access α,β-unsaturated esters by combining an enzymatic carboxylic acid reduction and Wittig reaction. Recently, we have found that Mycobacterium sp. was able to reduce phenylacetic acid (1a) to 2-phenyl-1-ethanol (1c) and two sequences in the Mycobacterium sp. genome had

• aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids, including ibuprofen. The Mycobacterium CAR catalyzed carboxylic acid reduction to give aldehydes, followed by a Wittig reaction to afford the products α,β-unsaturated esters with extension of two carbon atoms, demonstrating a new chemo-enzymatic method for the

• synthesis of these important compounds. Keywords: α,β-unsaturated esters; carboxylic acid reductase; chemoenzymatic synthesis; reduction; Wittig reaction; Introduction α,β-Unsaturated esters are versatile building blocks for organic synthesis and of significant importance for industrial applications [1][2