Group 13 exchange and transborylation in catalysis

• Dominic R. Willcox and
• Stephen P. Thomas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 325–348, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.28

• aminals with allylic or allenylboronic esters (Scheme 25) [117]. The reaction was proposed to proceed by an activation of elemental gallium to a GaI species [(18-crown-6)-GaI·(dioxane)nOTf] 99, which abstracted methoxide from the acetal 100, to give an oxocarbenium 101 and GaIOMe 102. The gallium(I

Catalytic aza-Nazarov cyclization reactions to access α-methylene-γ-lactam heterocycles

• Bilge Banu Yagci,
• Selin Ezgi Donmez,
• Onur Şahin and
• Yunus Emre Türkmen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 66–77, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.6

• acetal group could be used as substrates in an aza-Nazarov cyclization with the intermediacy of in situ-generated N-acyliminium ions (Scheme 1b) [21]. The first catalytic aza-Nazarov reaction was reported by Tius and co-workers in 2010, which involved the kinetic resolution of azirine derivatives via an

Combining the best of both worlds: radical-based divergent total synthesis

• Kyriaki Gennaiou,
• Antonios Kelesidis,
• Maria Kourgiantaki and
• Alexandros L. Zografos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1–26, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.1

• conditions of the Heck reaction to common scaffold 70 proved unsuccessful. Screening of several reaction conditions on different analogues led to the conclusion that reduction of the C8-carbonyl side and acetal deprotection to 71 are essential in order to create the 6/6/5/6-carbocycle in the presence of Pd2

• radical reaction [87]. Indeed, when ʟ-tyrosine methyl ester (154), 1,4-cyclohexanedione monoethylene acetal (155), and dehydroalanine derivative 156 were allowed to react in the presence of TFA, molecular sieves, 1 mol % of fac-Ir(ppy)3, and Hantzsch ester under blue LED irradiation at 40 W, this resulted

One-pot double annulations to confer diastereoselective spirooxindolepyrrolothiazoles

• Juan Lu,
• Bin Yao,
• Desheng Zhan,
• Zhuo Sun,
• Yun Ji and
• Xiaofeng Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1607–1616, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.171

• -acetalation and decarboxylative [3 + 2] cycloaddition is shown in Scheme 4. With the promotion of the protonic solvent EtOH, compound 3 (N,S-acetal) from the condensation of cysteine and an aldehyde reacts with a second equivalent of aldehyde followed by cyclization to generate thiazolooxazol-1-one I

Functionalization of imidazole N-oxide: a recent discovery in organic transformations

• Koustav Singha,
• Imran Habib and
• Mossaraf Hossain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1575–1588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.168

• , the authors revealed the product 4a as E-isomer due to the strong intramolecular H-bonding. It was also observed that the labile acetal group in the product 4g remained unaffected during the reaction process under the standard conditions. Imidazole N-oxides reacted with ethyl cyanoacetate to produce

Oxa-Michael-initiated cascade reactions of levoglucosenone

• Julian Klepp,
• Thomas Bousfield,
• Hugh Cummins,
• Sarah V. A.-M. Legendre,
• Jason E. Camp and
• Ben W. Greatrex

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1457–1462, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.151

• products existed as the pentacyclic hemiacetals 14. The 13C NMR spectrum for 14a had resonances at δ 144.5 and 104.4 ppm, consistent with an enol ether. In the 2D HMBC spectrum, crosspeaks between these double bond carbons were seen with the H2′-methylene and the H5′-acetal resonances. The characteristic

• ring-system resonances for the 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring-systems were still present in the 1H NMR spectrum, with the H5 and H5′ acetal signals appearing as singlets at δ 5.39 and 5.30 ppm, and the H1/H1′ resonances each coupling to only one of the neighboring H7/H7′ methylene protons due to an

1,4,6,10-Tetraazaadamantanes (TAADs) with N-amino groups: synthesis and formation of boron chelates and host–guest complexes

• Artem N. Semakin,
• Ivan S. Golovanov,
• Yulia V. Nelyubina and
• Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1424–1434, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.148

• triple alkylation of ammonia with α-halohydrazones 9a–e following a protocol previously developed by us [35] (Scheme 2a). Halohydrazones 9a–e were prepared by condensation of readily available chloroacetone or bromoacetaldehyde (generated from the corresponding diethyl acetal) with hydrazides or

Preparation of an advanced intermediate for the synthesis of leustroducsins and phoslactomycins by heterocycloaddition

• Anaïs Rousseau,
• Guillaume Vincent and
• Cyrille Kouklovsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1385–1395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.143

• gave a reproducible 46% yield of 23. Optimal conditions were obtained using 1.8 equivalents of vinyl iodide and 1.7 equivalents of BuLi (Table 2, entry 6). It was difficult at this stage to determine the stereoselectivity of the coupling reaction since the starting acetal in 20 was a mixture of

• diastereomers. Therefore, we decided to oxidize the acetal in 23 to the corresponding lactone (Scheme 9). The acetal was first hydrolyzed to the hemiacetal 24 in quantitative yield. Oxidation of 24 proved delicate due to the lability of the tertiary allylic alcohol, and the presence of acid-sensitive protecting

• conditions. Cleavage of enol phosphate with Red-Al. Synthesis of the protected central fragment 11b. Synthesis and derivatization of the lactone fragment. Coupling reaction between alkyne 19 and ketone 11b. Coupling reaction between vinyl iodide 20 and ketone 11b. Oxidation of the acetal to the lactone

Synthesis of C6-modified mannose 1-phosphates and evaluation of derived sugar nucleotides against GDP-mannose dehydrogenase

• Sanaz Ahmadipour,
• Alice J. C. Wahart,
• Jonathan P. Dolan,
• Laura Beswick,
• Chris S. Hawes,
• Robert A. Field and
• Gavin J. Miller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1379–1384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.142

• completed a selective anomeric deacetylation on a gram-scale using ammonium acetate in DMF, to afford hemi-acetal 15 in good yield (80%) [11]. This was followed by phosphorylation of the anomeric position using diphenylphosphoryl chloride as the phosphorous electrophile, following deprotonation of 15 using

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated tailoring of triterpenoids and steroids in plants

• Karan Malhotra and
• Jakob Franke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1289–1310, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.135

• oxidation at the methyl group C25 as well as C2, leading to the highly unusual acetal-epoxide proposed for ellarinacin (15). This work therefore not only represents an important example how a CYP51H evolved by gene duplication and neofunctionalisation from a sterol biosynthetic gene, but also demonstrates

Vicinal ketoesters – key intermediates in the total synthesis of natural products

• Marc Paul Beller and
• Ulrich Koert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1236–1248, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.129

• cycloisomerization of the α-ketoester 22, which can be described as a Friedel–Crafts-type reaction or an aldol reaction of an S,O-ketene acetal (Scheme 4). The required ketoester 22 was synthesized from sulfonylchromenone 20, accessible from dihydroxyacetophenone 19 and thiol 18 derived from known alcohol 17 [11][12

• (−)-irofulven (87), Movassaghi et al. used a CuII-catalyzed asymmetric aldol reaction of O-silyl ketene S,O-acetal 84 with methyl pyruvate (85) to enantioselectively install the crucial tertiary TMS-protected alcohol in ester 86 (Scheme 14) [29]. Eleven further steps gave (−)-irofulven (87). 2. Mesoxalic

The asymmetric Henry reaction as synthetic tool for the preparation of the drugs linezolid and rivaroxaban

• Martin Vrbický,
• Karel Macek,
• Jaroslav Pochobradský,
• Jan Svoboda,
• Miloš Sedlák and
• Pavel Drabina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 438–445, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.46

• modified synthetic procedure [14]. Here, it was included the chromatographic purification of the final chloroformates, which led to removing of corresponding alkyl chlorides formed as byproducts. The aldehyde 17 was prepared by a different way, because the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of its acetal

Synthetic strategies toward 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues

• Umesh P. Aher,
• Dhananjai Srivastava,
• Girij P. Singh and
• Jayashree B. S

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2680–2715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.182

• known as (±)-BCH-189 (1c). The key oxathiolane 4, a precursor of the corresponding nucleoside, was obtained as a 1:1 mixture of anomers (60%) from benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a) and 2-mercapto-substituted dimethyl acetal 3na. The reaction was performed in toluene in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid

• recrystallized to obtain the enantiomerically pure ʟ-menthyl ester 35a (Scheme 8). Milton et al. [47] synthesized the key intermediate 38 by two synthetic routes. The first route involves a reaction of bromoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal (36) with a xanthate ester, followed by treatment of ethylenediamine, which

• condensation of the sodium salt of methyl 2-mercaptoacetate (3j) with bromoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal (36) in DMF solvent and further oxidation of the sulfide using m-CPBA, followed by Pummerer rearrangement using Ac2O and sodium acetate at 90 °C, which provides compound 37 (Scheme 9). α-Acetoxy sulfide

α-Ketol and α-iminol rearrangements in synthetic organic and biosynthetic reactions

• Scott Benz and
• Andrew S. Murkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2570–2584, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.172

• the mixture of 38 and 39 induced a second α-ketol rearrangement to 40 as a tautomeric mixture. The same research group later utilized the same [3 + 2] cycloaddition and α-ketol rearrangement approach to prepare the 2′′′-epimer of 35, which bears an inverted methyl acetal in the dioxane ring, but this

Synthesis of new substituted 7,12-dihydro-6,12-methanodibenzo[c,f]azocine-5-carboxylic acids containing a tetracyclic tetrahydroisoquinoline core structure

• Agnieszka Grajewska,
• Maria Chrzanowska and
• Wiktoria Adamska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2511–2519, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.168

• reaction (Scheme 2). Results and Discussion Our investigations commenced with the synthesis of N-benzylated aminoacetaldehyde acetals 3a–e, the amine components for the Petasis reaction. The condensation of aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal 1 and 2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (2a) was carried out at rt in

• 5a–d carried out in DCM at rt for 24 h to afford amino acids 6a–g (Scheme 4). The condensation of N-(2,3-dimethoxybenzyl)aminoacetaldehyde acetal (3a) with glyoxylic acid hydrate (4) and 3,4-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid (5a) afforded the Petasis reaction product 6a in a high 94% yield. The double

• decarboxylated analogue of 6a, under the reaction conditions that led to products 7a or 8 starting from acid 6a. The substrate for the synthesis of compound 12 was aminoacetal 3f, obtained with moderate 49% yield through the condensation of aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal (1) and 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (2f

Strategies for the synthesis of brevipolides

• Yudhi D. Kurniawan and
• A'liyatur Rosyidah

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2399–2416, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.157

• (−)-DIPT affording ent-85 in 65% yield. A series of functional group transformations involving hydroxy group protection, reduction of the epoxide, protection of the resultant free alcohol as TBS ether, and removal of the acetal protection afforded the expected allylic alcohol 83. Accordingly, cross

Preparation of mono-substituted malonic acid half oxyesters (SMAHOs)

• Tania Xavier,
• Sylvie Condon,
• Christophe Pichon,
• Erwan Le Gall and
• Marc Presset

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2085–2094, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.135

• incompatible with either base-sensitive or acid-sensitive substituents, as the desired SMAHOs are isolated after acidification to pH ≤ 2. It was thus impossible to prepare reagents bearing a phthalimide, an ester or an acetal group. This limitation is overcome by the other possibilities afforded by this

Recent advances in the syntheses of anthracene derivatives

• Giovanni S. Baviera and
• Paulo M. Donate

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2028–2050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.131

• via an acid-catalyzed cyclization of O-protected ortho-acetal diarylmethanols 81a and 81b as a new type of reactants (Scheme 19) [52]. To carry out the cyclization step, this new methodology employed a diluted aqueous methanolic solution of HCl at room temperature. This step was based on a modified

• intramolecular Friedel–Crafts-type cyclization. This was the first report of the same molecule bearing an acid-sensitive acetal and dibenzyl alkoxy groups. The key steps described in the work were protection of the aldehyde group of 6-bromopiperonal (80) by using 1,2-ethanediol or 1,3-propanediol, followed by

• ortho-acetal diarylmethanols. Lewis acid-mediated regioselective cyclization of asymmetric diarylmethine dipivalates and diarylmethine diols. BF3·OEt2/CF3SO3H-mediated cyclodehydration reactions of 2-(arylmethyl)benzaldehydes and 2-(arylmethyl)benzoic acids. Synthesis of 2,3,6,7

Asymmetric organocatalyzed synthesis of coumarin derivatives

• Natália M. Moreira,
• Lorena S. R. Martelli and
• Arlene G. Corrêa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1952–1980, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.128

• , respectively, has proved to be the most effective for the promotion of the conjugate addition of 4-hydroxycoumarins 1 to 2-hydroxycinnamaldehydes 109, leading to chiral bridged bicyclic acetal products 110 with high ee (Scheme 35). The mechanistic study performed showed that possibly the phenolic hydroxy group

N-tert-Butanesulfinyl imines in the asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles

• Joseane A. Mendes,
• Paulo R. R. Costa,
• Miguel Yus,
• Francisco Foubelo and
• Camilla D. Buarque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1096–1140, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.86

• -hydroxypipecolic acid 145 was reported recently by Zhang and Sun. Compound 145 is an intermediate for the synthesis of β-lactamase inhibitors. A key step in this synthesis was the hydrocyanation of chiral sulfinyl imine 141, prepared from commercially available and inexpensive ʟ-glyceraldehyde acetal, with

• trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) in THF at −10 °C. The reaction product 142 was obtained in quantitative yield and good diastereomeric ratio. Further hydrolysis of the cyclic acetal, and subsequent epoxidation of the resulting diol under typical Mitsunobu conditions led to epoxide derivative 143. The piperidine

Synthesis of multiply fluorinated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine analogs via the corresponding deoxyfluorinated glucosazide and galactosazide phenyl thioglycosides

• Vojtěch Hamala,
• Lucie Červenková Šťastná,
• Martin Kurfiřt,
• Petra Cuřínová,
• Martin Dračínský and
• Jindřich Karban

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1086–1095, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.85

• C2, can be accomplished by nucleophilic fluorination and azidolysis starting from dianhydro derivatives 1 and 2 as we described previously [26]. The resulting intermediates 3 can be transformed into 2-azidohexopyranosides 4 by cleavage of the internal acetal and protection of the anomeric position

• internal acetal with PhSTMS was accompanied by the formation of low quantities of side-products detectable by TLC and separable by careful chromatography except for the cleavage of 12 where the side products co-eluted with the fraction containing the β-anomer of the product. In the case of the cleavage of

• ). 4,6-O-Benzylidenation of diol 18 followed by regioselective opening of the benzylidene acetal produced compound 35. Subsequent DAST deoxyfluorination delivered the desired thioglycoside 36 (Scheme 3). For both compounds 18 and 35, deoxyfluorination of the C4 hydroxy group occurred with inversion of

Prins cyclization-mediated stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrans and dihydropyrans: an inspection of twenty years

• Asha Budakoti,
• Pradip Kumar Mondal,
• Prachi Verma and
• Jagadish Khamrai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 932–963, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.77

• with DTBP for the synthesis of polyketide SCH 351448 [43], as shown in Scheme 14. Hart and Bennett have also examined the trifluroacetic acid-catalyzed Prins cyclization of acetal 71 to afford 72 along with side-chain-exchanged product 73 (Scheme 15) [44]. This method was utilized for the synthesis of

• -unsaturated acetals 164 in the presence of electron-rich olefins using Ce(NO3)3 and SDS in water [74]. The mechanism of the reaction is shown in Scheme 39, which plausibly proceeded through trapping of oxocarbenium ion 166 in a chair-like transition state. The stability of the acetal under these reaction

• conditions reflected that the acid-sensitive functional groups are well tolerated in the cyclized product. Furthermore, a natural product, (+)-dactyloide, was synthesized by following the above strategy using an appropriate acetal (Scheme 40) [75]. The synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 172, cis-2,6-DHP

Beyond ribose and phosphate: Selected nucleic acid modifications for structure–function investigations and therapeutic applications

• Christopher Liczner,
• Kieran Duke,
• Gabrielle Juneau,
• Martin Egli and
• Christopher J. Wilds

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 908–931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.76

Manganese/bipyridine-catalyzed non-directed C(sp³)–H bromination using NBS and TMSN₃

• Kumar Sneh,
• Takeru Torigoe and
• Yoichiro Kuninobu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 885–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.74

• , without any loss of the halogen substituents. Although the C(sp3)–H bromination of isobutyl benzoate 1f did not proceed at 60 °C, the corresponding C(sp3)–H brominated compound 2f was produced at higher temperature (80 °C). The C(sp3)–H bond in acetal 1g was efficiently brominated to give 2g in 79% yield

Synthesis of bis(aryloxy)fluoromethanes using a heterodihalocarbene strategy

• Carl Recsei and
• Yaniv Barda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 813–818, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.70

• was available. We report a simple, new procedure which we applied to the synthesis of some of these unusual structures. Keywords: acetal; aryloxyfluoromethane; dihalocarbene; herbicide; organofluorine; Introduction Organofluorine molecules are widely used for medicinal, agrochemical and material

• )chloromethane via a published protocol for radical chlorination of an acetal due to the presence of vulnerable benzylic methyl groups proximate to the acetal [10]. We then synthesized carboxylic acid 9, from which we anticipated creating an aryloxylchlorofluoromethane (10, X = Cl, Scheme 4) via

• 5 h, with 85% hydrolysis observed after 20 hours. The relative stability of 11 to acidic hydrolysis and its presumably enhanced lipophilicity with respect to a des-fluoro acetal, might presage a role for compounds possessing the acyclic bis(aryloxy)fluoromethane moiety in medicinal or agrochemical