Search for "perspective" in Full Text gives 219 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1656–1671, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.178
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of prominent natural products: N-butyrylhomoserine lactone (1), pyoverdin (2), malleicypro...
Figure 2: Biosynthetic principles of (A) assembly line-like pathways and (B) discrete multi-enzymatic assembl...
Figure 3: Universal (A, B, F) NP class and NP family-specific (C, D, F) signature sequences in NP BGCs and se...
Figure 4: Concepts of algorithms in order of complexity and examples of genome mining tools that employ the r...
Figure 5: Examples of peptide NPs, the corresponding BGCs of which were determined through retrobiosynthetic ...
Figure 6: gcBGC prioritization process. The bar represents all identified gene clusters in one organism and i...
Figure 7: Genome alignments of related organisms revealing the presence of syntenic (purple) as well as non-s...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1454–1456, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.150
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: a) Mechanochemical PEG-400-assisted halogenation of phenols and anilines using NXS. b) Halogenation...
Scheme 2: Mechanochemical palladium-catalyzed borylation protocol of aryl halides.
Scheme 3: 1,2-Debromination of polycyclic imides, followed by in situ trapping of the dienophile by several d...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of g-h-PCN from sodium phosphide and trichloroheptazine mediated by mechanochemistry.
Scheme 5: Mechanochemical intra- and intermolecular C–N coupling reactions using DDQ as an oxidant.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1355–1378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.141
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structure of halicin (1).
Figure 2: Structures of compounds 2–7.
Figure 3: Structures of compounds 8–12.
Figure 4: Structures of compounds 13–17.
Figure 5: Structures of compounds 18–21.
Figure 6: Structures of compounds 22–36 and SAR of compound 22.
Figure 7: Structures of compounds 37 and 38.
Figure 8: Structures of compounds 39–44.
Scheme 1: Retrosynthesis of pyrazolones A and B.
Scheme 2: Reaction conditions: i: HF, SbF6, CCl4. ii: (CF3SO2)2Zn, t-BuO2H, CH2Cl2/H2O.
Figure 9: Structures of compounds 49–61.
Figure 10: Structures of compounds 62–65.
Figure 11: Structures of compounds 66 and 67.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1278–1288, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.134
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Polyphosphate, a ubiquitous phosphate storage molecule. Reported chain lengths range from three to ...
Figure 2: Comparison of PPK1 and PPK2 enzymes. a) Reaction scheme; b) structure of the EcPPK1 monomer (PDB 1X...
Figure 3: a) Kinases as ATP regeneration enzymes, exemplified by the hexokinase-catalysed ATP-dependent phosp...
Figure 4: Time courses of reactions started with ADP catalysed by a) SmPPK2 and b) EcPPK1. Time courses of re...
Figure 5: a) Ratio of product to substrate for the three nucleotide concentrations (0.5, 2, and 4 mM) used in...
Figure 6: Time courses comparing EcPPK1 (blue) and SmPPK2 (green) for ATP synthesis (a) and ATP degradation (...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1225–1235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.128
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representation of (a) cavitation and elongational flow caused by pulsed ultrasonication, (b) mixer ...
Scheme 1: (a) Mechanochemical activation of anthracene–endoperoxide mechanophore incorporated in the cross-li...
Scheme 2: Mechanochemical activation of dendronized polymer-based compound 4 by ultrasonication and ball mill...
Figure 2: Structure of cellulose and chitin and approximation to the structure of lignin.
Figure 3: Tensile forces by ball milling change the conformation of a chitin model compound. This deformation...
Figure 4: (a) Representation of a collision between the ball and a particle of a chitin sample and (b) mechan...
Figure 5: (a) Ultrasound-induced ATRP using piezoelectric BaTiO3 and (b) mechanochemical atom transfer radica...
Figure 6: Mechanochemical solid-state complexation of organic capsule 5 with fullerenes C70 in a planetary ba...
Scheme 3: Comparative mechanochemical dissociation of the central C–C bond in TASN derivatives 6 and 8.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1203–1209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.125
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: a) Mechanochemical synthesis of g-PCN from sodium phosphide and trichlorotriazine (previous work [38]) ...
Figure 1: PXRD patterns of g-h-PCN (green) and g-h-PCN300 (teal).
Figure 2: XPS scans of a) C 1s, b) N 1s and c) P 2p for the pre-annealed g-h-PCN and d) C 1s, e) N 1s and f) ...
Figure 3: 31P MAS NMR of a) g-h-PCN and b) g-h-PCN300. Asterisks denote spinning sidebands.
Figure 4: Calculated structures for a) corrugated (edge facing), b) corrugated (single layer), c) layered g-h...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1009–1016, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.101
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of compounds 1–6, atromentin, and echoside C.
Figure 2: (A) Key 2D NMR correlations of compounds 1 and 2. (B) X-ray crystal structure of compounds 1 and 3.
Figure 3: (A) The biosynthetic gene cluster of daturamycins. (B) Proposed biosynthetic pathway of daturamycin...
Figure 4: (A) HPLC analysis of the fermentation extracts of mutant S. sp. KIB-H1544-∆datA. (B) SDS-PAGE analy...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.54
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: The structures of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and amodiaquine.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 3-azolylpyrazoles 3a–c.
Scheme 2: Assumed mechanism for the formation of 1H-pyrazoles 3a–c.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 3-aminopyrazoles 5b–k and 5-aminopyrazoles 5a and 5l–o.
Scheme 4: Orientation of nucleophilic attack of 7-chloro-4-hydrazinylquinoline on nitrobutadienes 4.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of oxazolidine 6 and pyrazole 7.
Scheme 6: A plausible mechanism for the formation of pyrazole 7.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of pyrazoles 9 and sulfoxide 10d.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of pyrazole 11.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 208–216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.24
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Chemical structures and reported activities of viral (A), human neuraminidases (B) and Trypanosoma ...
Figure 2: Design and synthesis of potential neuraminidase and trans-sialidase inhibitors exploiting a moiety ...
Figure 3: TcTS and neuraminidase hydrolase activity (A) as well as TcTS transferase activity (B) in the prese...
Figure 4: TcTS and neuraminidase inhibition by 1,2,3-triazole-linked sialic acid derivatives 3a–h (1 mM) usin...
Figure 5: Crystal structure of TcTS (PDB code 1MS1 – coloured red) (A) and neuraminidase (PDB code 2VK6 – col...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 13–24, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.2
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Initially assigned structures for patchoulol by Treibs (1) and by Büchi (2). Structures of patchoul...
Scheme 1: Biosynthesis of patchoulol (part I). A) Cyclisation mechanism from FPP to 3 as suggested by Croteau...
Scheme 2: Biosynthesis of patchoulol (part II). A) Cyclisation mechanism from FPP to 3 as suggested by Akhila...
Scheme 3: Biosynthesis of patchoulol (part III). A) Cyclisation mechanism from FPP to 3 as suggested by Faral...
Figure 2: ORTEP representation of patchoulol (3). Cu Kα, Flack parameter: −0.1(2); P2(true) = 1.000, P3(false...
Scheme 4: Determination of the absolute configurations of compounds 3 and 12 through stereoselective labellin...
Scheme 5: Labelling experiments on the biosynthesis of patchoulol (3, part 1). Black dots indicate 13C-labell...
Scheme 6: Labelling experiments on the biosynthesis of patchoulol (3, part 2). Black dots indicate 13C-labell...
Figure 3: Energy profile from DFT calculations (Gibbs energies at 298 K, mPW1PW91/6-311 + G(d,p)//B97D3/6-31G...
Figure 4: Structure elucidation of (2S,3S,7S,10R)-guaia-1,11-dien-10-ol (17) and structure of its known stere...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2840–2847, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.195
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: The evolution of hemicucurbituril analogs.
Scheme 2: The route for the synthesis of aminobenzene-containing hemicucurbituril 4.
Figure 1: The X-ray structure of nitrobenzene-containing hemicucurbituril 9 (CCDC 2094879).
Figure 2: Fluorescence emission spectra (λmax = 349 nm) of 4 (2.5 × 10−5 M) in the presence of 10 equivalents...
Figure 3: Column diagram of fluorescence quenching efficiency of 4 (2.5 × 10−5 M) in the presence of 10 equiv...
Figure 4: Fluorescence emission spectra (λmax = 349 nm) of 4 (2.5 × 10−5 M) in the presence of Fe3+ and Cu2+ ...
Figure 5: Fluorescence emission spectra (λmax = 349 nm) of 4 (2.5 × 10−5 M) in the presence of 20 equivalents...
Figure 6: Column diagram of fluorescence enhancement efficiency of 4 (2.5 × 10−5 M) in the presence of 20 equ...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2795–2798, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.190
Figure 1: Carsten Schmuck.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2680–2715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.182
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative modified 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues.
Figure 2: Mechanism of antiviral action of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides, 3TC (1) and FTC (2), as chain termina...
Figure 3: Synthetic strategies for the construction of the 1,3-oxathiolane sugar ring.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 4 from benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a) and 2-mercapto-substituted dimethyl acetal 3na.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of 8 from protected glycolic aldehyde 3b and 2-mercaptoacetic acid (3o).
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 20 from ᴅ-mannose (3c).
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 20 from 1,6-thioanhydro-ᴅ-galactose (3d).
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 8 from 2-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl-5-oxo-1,2-oxathiolane (3m).
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 20a from ʟ-gulose derivative 3f.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of 31 from (+)-thiolactic acid 3p and 2-benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a).
Scheme 8: Synthesis of 35a from 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (3q) and glyoxylic acid (3g) hydrate.
Scheme 9: Synthetic routes toward 41 through Pummerer reaction from methyl 2-mercaptoacetate (3j) and bromoac...
Scheme 10: Strategy for the synthesis of 2,5-substituted 1,3-oxathiolane 41a using 4-nitrobenzyl glyoxylate an...
Scheme 11: Synthesis of 44 by a resolution method using Mucor miehei lipase.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 45 from benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a) and 2-mercaptoacetaldehyde bis(2-methoxyethyl) ace...
Scheme 13: Synthesis of 46 from 2-mercaptoacetaldehyde bis(2-methoxyethyl) acetal (3nc) and diethyl 3-phosphon...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of 48 from 1,3-dihydroxyacetone dimer 3l.
Scheme 15: Approach toward 52 from protected alkene 3rb and lactic acid derivative 51 developed by Snead et al....
Scheme 16: Recent approach toward 56a developed by Kashinath et al.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of 56a from ʟ-menthyl glyoxylate (3h) hydrate by DKR.
Scheme 18: Possible mechanism with catalytic TEA for rapid interconversion of isomers.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of 35a by a classical resolution method through norephedrine salt 58 formation.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of 63 via [1,2]-Brook rearrangement from silyl glyoxylate 61 and thiol 3nb.
Scheme 21: Combined use of STS and CAL-B as catalysts to synthesize an enantiopure oxathiolane precursor 65.
Scheme 22: Synthesis of 1 and 1a from glycolaldehyde dimer 64 and 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (3q) using STS and CAL...
Scheme 23: Synthesis of 68 by using Klebsiella oxytoca.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of 71 and 72 using Trichosporon taibachii lipase and kinetic resolution.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolan-5-ones 77 and 78 via dynamic covalent kinetic resolution.
Figure 4: Pathway for glycosidic bond formation.
Scheme 26: First synthesis of (±)-BCH-189 (1c) by Belleau et al.
Scheme 27: Enantioselective synthesis of 3TC (1).
Scheme 28: Synthesis of cis-diastereomer 3TC (1) from oxathiolane propionate 44.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of (±)-BCH-189 (1c) via SnCl4-mediated N-glycosylation of 8.
Scheme 30: Synthesis of (+)-BCH-189 (1a) via TMSOTf-mediated N-glycosylation of 20.
Scheme 31: Synthesis of 3TC (1) from oxathiolane precursor 20a.
Scheme 32: Synthesis of 83 via N-glycosylation of 20 with pyrimidine bases.
Scheme 33: Synthesis of 85 via N-glycosylation of 20 with purine bases.
Scheme 34: Synthesis of 86 and 87 via N-glycosylation using TMSOTf and pyrimidines.
Scheme 35: Synthesis of 90 and 91 via N-glycosylation using TMSOTf and purines.
Scheme 36: Synthesis of 3TC (1) via TMSI-mediated N-glycosylation.
Scheme 37: Stereoselective N-glycosylation for the synthesis of 1 by anchimeric assistance of a chiral auxilia...
Scheme 38: Whitehead and co-workers’ approach for the synthesis of 1 via direct N-glycosylation without an act...
Scheme 39: ZrCl4-mediated stereoselective N-glycosylation.
Scheme 40: Plausible reaction mechanism for stereoselective N-glycosylation using ZrCl4.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of enantiomerically pure oxathiolane nucleosides 1 and 2.
Scheme 42: Synthesis of tetrazole analogues of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides 97.
Scheme 43: Synthetic approach toward 99 from 1,3-oxathiolane 45 by Camplo et al.
Scheme 44: Synthesis of 100 from oxathiolane phosphonate analogue 46.
Scheme 45: Synthetic approach toward 102 and the corresponding cyclic thianucleoside monophosphate 102a by Cha...
Scheme 46: Synthesis of emtricitabine (2) from 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (3q) and glyoxylic acid (3g).
Scheme 47: Synthesis of 1 and 2, respectively, from 56a–d using iodine-mediated N-glycosylation.
Scheme 48: Plausible mechanism for silane- and I2-mediated N-glycosylation.
Scheme 49: Pyridinium triflate-mediated N-glycosylation of 35a.
Scheme 50: Possible pathway for stereoselective N-glycosylation via in situ chelation with a metal ligand.
Scheme 51: Synthesis of novel 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside 108 from oxathiolane precursor 8 and 3-benzyloxy-2-me...
Scheme 52: Synthesis of 110 using T-705 as a nucleobase and 1,3-oxathiolane derivative 8 via N-glycosylation.
Scheme 53: Synthesis of 1 using an asymmetric leaving group and N-glycosylation with bromine and mesitylene.
Scheme 54: Cytidine deaminase for enzymatic separation of 1c.
Scheme 55: Enzymatic resolution of the monophosphate derivative 116 for the synthesis of (−)-BCH-189 (1) and (...
Scheme 56: Enantioselective resolution by PLE-mediated hydrolysis to obtain FTC (2).
Scheme 57: (+)-Menthyl chloroformate as a resolving agent to separate a racemic mixture 120.
Scheme 58: Separation of racemic mixture 1c by cocrystal 123 formation with (S)-(−)-BINOL.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2621–2628, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.175
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the chemical structures of BTU and BTP and the supramolecular self-asse...
Figure 2: cryoTEM images of A) BTU DAC (10 min, 1,000 rpm) and C) BTP DAC (10 min, 1,000 rpm). The correspond...
Figure 3: AF4 elution profiles showing the stability against dual centrifugation over different time ranges a...
Figure 4: AF4−UV elution profiles after US for the cumulated time of 0 s (black), 1 s (red), 5 s (blue), 10 s...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2287–2294, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.146
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: The importance of the 3,3-spirooxindole core and its access through enantioselective enolate alkyla...
Scheme 1: A) SN2 alkylation of 3-subtituted-2-oxindoles not readily functionalisable; B) Previous work: enant...
Figure 2: Substrate scope. aIsolated yield. bDetermined by CSP-HPLC. cValue in brackets refers to reaction co...
Scheme 2: Enantioselective synthesis of a CRTH2 receptor antagonist.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1952–1980, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.128
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Coumarin-derived commercially available drugs.
Figure 2: Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by coumarin derivatives.
Scheme 1: Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarins 1 to α,β‐unsaturated enones 2.
Scheme 2: Organocatalytic conjugate addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin 1 to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes 2 followed b...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 3,4-dihydrocoumarin derivatives 10 through decarboxylative and dearomatizative cascade...
Scheme 4: Total synthesis of (+)-smyrindiol (17).
Scheme 5: Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin (1) to enones 2 through a bifunctional modified binaphthyl or...
Scheme 6: Michael addition of ketones 20 to 3-aroylcoumarins 19 using a cinchona alkaloid-derived primary ami...
Scheme 7: Enantioselective reaction of cyclopent-2-enone-derived MBH alcohols 24 with 4-hydroxycoumarins 1.
Scheme 8: Sequential Michael addition/hydroalkoxylation one-pot approach to annulated coumarins 28 and 30.
Scheme 9: Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarins 1 to enones 2 using a binaphthyl diamine catalyst 31.
Scheme 10: Asymmetric Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin 1 with α,β-unsaturated ketones 2 catalyzed by a ch...
Scheme 11: Catalytic asymmetric β-C–H functionalization of ketones via enamine oxidation.
Scheme 12: Enantioselective synthesis of polycyclic coumarin derivatives 37 catalyzed by an primary amine-imin...
Scheme 13: Allylic alkylation reaction between 3-cyano-4-methylcoumarins 39 and MBH carbonates 40.
Scheme 14: Enantioselective synthesis of cyclopropa[c]coumarins 45.
Scheme 15: NHC-catalyzed lactonization of 2-bromoenals 46 with 4-hydroxycoumarin (1).
Scheme 16: NHC-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of dihydrocoumarins 51.
Scheme 17: Domino reaction of enals 2 with hydroxylated malonate 53 catalyzed by NHC 55.
Scheme 18: Oxidative [4 + 2] cycloaddition of enals 57 to coumarins 56 catalyzed by NHC 59.
Scheme 19: Asymmetric [3 + 2] cycloaddition of coumarins 43 to azomethine ylides 60 organocatalyzed by quinidi...
Scheme 20: Synthesis of α-benzylaminocoumarins 64 through Mannich reaction between 4-hydroxycoumarins (1) and ...
Scheme 21: Asymmetric addition of malonic acid half-thioesters 67 to coumarins 66 using the sulphonamide organ...
Scheme 22: Enantioselective 1,4-addition of azadienes 71 to 3-homoacyl coumarins 70.
Scheme 23: Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization of 3-acylcoumarins 43 to 3-halooxindoles 74.
Scheme 24: Enantioselective synthesis of 3,4-dihydrocoumarins 78 catalyzed by squaramide 73.
Scheme 25: Organocatalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition between 2,4-dienals 79 and 3-coumarincarboxylates 43.
Scheme 26: Enantioselective one-pot Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization for the synthesis of spiro[dih...
Scheme 27: Michael/hemiketalization addition enantioselective of hydroxycoumarins (1) to: (a) enones 2 and (b)...
Scheme 28: Synthesis of 2,3-dihydrofurocoumarins 89 through Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarins 1 to β-nitr...
Scheme 29: Synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives 93 via domino reaction between 4-hydroxycoumarins (1...
Scheme 30: Conjugated addition of 4-hydroxycoumarins 1 to nitroolefins 95.
Scheme 31: Michael addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin 1 to α,β-unsaturated ketones 2 promoted by primary amine thio...
Scheme 32: Enantioselective synthesis of functionalized pyranocoumarins 99.
Scheme 33: 3-Homoacylcoumarin 70 as 1,3-dipole for enantioselective concerted [3 + 2] cycloaddition.
Scheme 34: Synthesis of warfarin derivatives 107 through addition of 4-hydroxycoumarins 1 to β,γ-unsaturated α...
Scheme 35: Asymmetric multicatalytic reaction sequence of 2-hydroxycinnamaldehydes 109 with 4-hydroxycoumarins ...
Scheme 36: Mannich asymmetric addition of cyanocoumarins 39 to isatin imines 112 catalyzed by the amide-phosph...
Scheme 37: Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-scuteflorin A (119).
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1939–1951, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.127
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of indazole natural products (1 and 2) and synthetic biologically active indazole derivati...
Scheme 1: Synthetic approaches to N-1 substituted indazole derivatives [12-14].
Scheme 2: N-Alkylation of indazole 9 under Mitsunobu conditions shows a strong preference (ratio N-1 (10):N-2...
Figure 2: Observation of a 1H–13C correlation between the C-7a (blue circle) or C-3 (red circle) atom of the ...
Figure 3: C-3 substituted indazole derivatives (12–24) employed to investigate C-3 substituent effects on ind...
Scheme 3: Proposed mechanism for the regioselective N-1 alkylation of indazoles 9, 19, and 21–24 in the prese...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1752–1813, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.123
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Fluorination with N-F amine 1-1.
Scheme 2: Preparation of N-F amine 1-1.
Scheme 3: Reactions of N-F amine 1-1.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of N-F perfluoroimides 2-1 and 2-2.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 1-fluoro-2-pyridone (3-1).
Scheme 6: Fluorination with 1-fluoro-2-pyridone (3-1).
Figure 1: Synthesis of N-F sulfonamides 4-1a–g.
Scheme 7: Fluorination with N-F reagent 4-1b,c,f.
Scheme 8: Fluorination of alkenyllithiums with N-F 4-1h.
Scheme 9: Synthesis of N-fluoropyridinium triflate (5-4a).
Scheme 10: Synthetic methods for N-F-pyridinium salts.
Figure 2: Synthesis of various N-fluoropyridinium salts. Note: athis yield was the one by the improved method...
Scheme 11: Fluorination power order of N-fluoropyridinium salts.
Scheme 12: Fluorinations with N-F salts 5-4.
Scheme 13: Fluorination of Corey lactone 5-7 with N-F-bis(methoxymethyl) salt 5-4l.
Scheme 14: Fluorination with NFPy.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of the N-F reagent, N-fluoroquinuclidinium fluoride (6-1).
Scheme 16: Fluorinations achieved with N-F fluoride 6-1.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of N-F imides 7-1a–g.
Scheme 18: Fluorination with (CF3SO2)2NF, 7-1a.
Scheme 19: Fluorination reactions of various substrates with 7-1a.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of N-F triflate 8-1.
Scheme 21: Synthesis of chiral N-fluoro sultams 9-1 and 9-2.
Scheme 22: Fluorination with chiral N-fluoro sultams 9-1 and 9-2.
Scheme 23: Synthesis of saccharin-derived N-fluorosultam 10-2.
Scheme 24: Fluorination with N-fluorosultam 10-2.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of N-F reagent 11-2.
Scheme 26: Fluorination with N-F reagent 11-2.
Scheme 27: Synthesis and reaction of N-fluorolactams 12-1.
Scheme 28: Synthesis of NFOBS 13-2.
Scheme 29: Fluorination with NFOBS 13-2.
Scheme 30: Synthesis of NFSI (14-2).
Scheme 31: Fluorination with NFSI 14-2.
Scheme 32: Synthesis of N-fluorosaccharin (15-1) and N-fluorophthalimide (15-2).
Scheme 33: Synthesis of N-F salts 16-3.
Scheme 34: Fluorination with N-F salts 16-3.
Figure 3: Monofluorination with Selectfluor (16-3a).
Figure 4: Difluorination with Selectfluor (16-3a).
Scheme 35: Transfer fluorination of Selectfluor (16-3a).
Scheme 36: Fluorination of substrates with Selectfluor (16-3a).
Scheme 37: Synthesis of chiral N-fluoro-sultam 17-2.
Scheme 38: Asymmetric fluorination with chiral 17-2.
Figure 5: Synthesis of Zwitterionic N-fluoropyridinium salts 18-2a–h.
Scheme 39: Fluorinating power order of zwitterionic N-fluoropyridinium salts.
Scheme 40: Fluorination with zwitterionic 18-2.
Scheme 41: Activation of salt 18-2h with TfOH.
Scheme 42: Synthesis of NFTh, 19-2.
Scheme 43: Fluorination with NFTh, 19-2.
Scheme 44: Synthesis of 3-fluorobenzo-1,2,3-oxathiazin-4-one 2,2-dioxide (20-2).
Scheme 45: Fluorination with 20-2.
Scheme 46: Synthesis of N-F amide 21-3.
Scheme 47: Fluorination with N-F amide 21-2.
Scheme 48: Synthesis of N,N’-difluorodiazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane salts 22-1.
Scheme 49: One-pot synthesis of N,N’-difluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bistetrafluoroborate salt (22-1d...
Figure 6: Fluorination of anisole with 22-1a, d, e.
Scheme 50: Fluorination with N,N’-diF bisBF4 22-1d.
Scheme 51: Synthesis of bis-N-F reagents 23-1–5.
Scheme 52: Fluorination with 23-2, 4, 5.
Figure 7: Synthesis of N,N’-difluorobipyridinium salts 24-2.
Figure 8: Controlled fluorination of N,N’-diF 24-2.
Scheme 53: Fluorinating power of N,N’-diF salts 24-2 and N-F salt 5-4a.
Scheme 54: Fluorination reactions with SynfluorTM (24-2b).
Scheme 55: Additional fluorination reactions with SynfluorTM (24-2b).
Scheme 56: Synthesis of N-F 25-1.
Scheme 57: Fluorination of polycyclic aromatics with 25-1.
Scheme 58: Synthesis of 26-1 and dimethyl analog 26-2.
Scheme 59: Fluorination with reagents 26-1, 26-2, 1-1, and 26-3.
Scheme 60: Synthesis of N-F reagent 27-2.
Scheme 61: Synthesis of chiral N-F reagents 27-6.
Scheme 62: Synthesis of chiral N-F 27-7–9.
Scheme 63: Asymmetric fluorination with 27-6.
Scheme 64: Synthesis of chiral N-F reagents 28-3.
Scheme 65: Asymmetric fluorination with 28-3.
Scheme 66: Synthesis of chiral N-F reagents 28-7.
Figure 9: Asymmetric fluorination with 28-7.
Scheme 67: In situ formation of N-fluorinated cinchona alkaloids with SelectfluorTM.
Scheme 68: Asymmetric fluorination with N-F alkaloids formed in situ.
Scheme 69: Synthesis of N-fluorocinchona alkaloids with Selectfluor.
Scheme 70: Asymmetric fluorination with 30-1–4.
Scheme 71: Transfer fluorination from various N-F reagents.
Figure 10: Asymmetric fluorination of silyl enol ethers.
Scheme 72: Synthesis of N-fluoro salt 32-2.
Scheme 73: Reactivity of N-fluorotriazinium salt 32-2.
Scheme 74: Synthesis of bulky N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide NFBSI 33-3.
Scheme 75: Comparison of NFSI and NFBSI.
Scheme 76: Synthesis of p-substituted N-fluorobenzenesulfonimides 34-3.
Figure 11: Asymmetric fluorination with 34-3 and a chiral catalyst 34-4.
Scheme 77: 1,4-Fluoroamination with Selecfluor and a chiral catalyst.
Figure 12: Asymmetric fluoroamination with 35-5a, b.
Scheme 78: Synthesis of Selectfluor analogs 35-5a, b.
Scheme 79: Synthesis of chiral dicationic DABCO-based N-F reagents 36-5.
Scheme 80: Asymmetric fluorocyclization with chiral 36-5b.
Scheme 81: Synthesis of chiral 37-2a,b.
Scheme 82: Asymmetric fluorination with chiral 37-2a,b.
Scheme 83: Asymmetric fluorination with chiral 37-2b.
Scheme 84: Reaction of indene with chiral 37-2a,b.
Scheme 85: Synthesis of Me-NFSI, 38-2.
Scheme 86: Fluorination of active methine compounds with Me-NFSI.
Scheme 87: Fluorination of malonates with Me-NFSI.
Scheme 88: Fluorination of keto esters with Me-NFSI.
Scheme 89: Synthesis of N-F 39-3 derived from the ethylene-bridged Tröger’s base.
Scheme 90: Fluorine transfer from N-F 39-3.
Scheme 91: Fluorination with N-F 39-3.
Scheme 92: Synthesis of SelectfluorCN.
Scheme 93: Bistrifluoromethoxylation of alkenes using SelectfluorCN.
Figure 13: Synthesis of NFAS 41-2.
Scheme 94: Radical fluorination with different N-F reagents.
Scheme 95: Radical fluorination of alkenes with NFAS 41-2.
Scheme 96: Radical fluorination of alkenes with NFAS 41-2f.
Scheme 97: Decarboxylative fluorination with NFAS 41-2a,f.
Scheme 98: Fluorine plus detachment (FPD).
Figure 14: FPD values of representative N-F reagents in CH2Cl2 and CH3CN (in parentheses). Adapted with permis...
Scheme 99: N-F homolytic bond dissociation energy (BDE).
Figure 15: BDE values of representative N-F reagents in CH3CN. Adapted with permission from ref. [127]. Copyright 2...
Figure 16: Quantitative reactivity scale for popular N-F reagents. Adapted with permission from ref. [138], publish...
Scheme 100: SET and SN2 mechanisms.
Scheme 101: Radical clock reactions.
Scheme 102: Reaction of potassium enolate of citronellic ester with N-F reagents, 10-1, NFSI, and 8-1.
Scheme 103: Reaction of compound IV with Selectfluor (OTf) and NFSI.
Scheme 104: Reaction of TEMPO with Selecfluor.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.119
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: A systems glycobiology framework to link multi-OMICs data. a) Cell signaling proceeds to trigger TF...
Figure 2: Analysis workflow: ChiP-Seq provides evidence of TF binding to promoter regions with 0 ≤ RP ≤ 1, qu...
Figure 3: Summary of TFs enriched to glycosylation pathways for luminal and basal breast cancer: The TFs foun...
Figure 4: Luminal breast cancer signaling pathway enrichment and glycogene connections. a) TF-to-glycogene co...
Figure 5: Basal breast cancer signaling pathway enrichments and glycogene connections. a) TF-to-glycogene com...
Figure 6: Summary of TF–glycopathway enrichments across all cancer types: TF enrichments to glycopathways acr...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1374–1384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.96
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Retrosynthetic pathways to the pyrrole-based C3-symmetric truxene derivative 6.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of tripyrrolotruxene 6 via cyclotrimerization and RCM as crucial steps.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of star-shaped molecule 6 utilizing the Clauson–Kaas pyrrole strategy.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of truxene derivative 6 involving Ullmann-type cross-coupling reaction.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of imidazole and benzimidazole containing truxene derivatives 14 and 16.
Scheme 6: Construction of truxene-based di- and trioxazole derivatives 21 and 20.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of benzene-bridged rings containing trioxazolotruxene system 25.
Figure 1: Normalized absorption (left); fluorescence spectra (right) of the synthesized truxene derivatives (...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1335–1351, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.93
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Icilio Guareschi (1847–1918). (Source: Annali della Reale Accademia di Agricoltura di Torino 1919, ...
Scheme 1: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, 1), gabapentin (2), and thymol (3).
Figure 2: Baliatico (Nursing) by Francesco Scaramuzza (275 cm × 214 cm, Parma, Complesso Museale della Pilott...
Figure 3: Schiff’s fictitious report on the foundation of the Gazzetta Chimica Italiana (Image reproduced fro...
Scheme 2: Reaction of thymol (3) with chloroform under the basic conditions of the Guareschi–Lustgarten react...
Figure 4: The chemistry building of Turin University in a historical picture. Note, that one of the “mysterio...
Scheme 3: Triacetonamine (6) and the related compounds phorone (7), α-eucaine (8), and tropinone (9).
Scheme 4: Taxonomy of the Guareschi pyridone syntheses.
Scheme 5: The catalytic cycle of the “1897 reaction”.
Scheme 6: Resonance forms of the radical 10.
Figure 5: The wet chamber used by Guareschi to restore parchments (Gorrini, G. L'incendio della R. Biblioteca...
Figure 6: The Guareschi mask. (Servizio Chimico Militare. L'opera di Icilio Guareschi precursore della masche...
Figure 7: Guareschi’s bust at the Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco of Turin University. Permi...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1323–1334, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.92
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Schematic overview of g-CN-embedded hydrogel fabrication and its subsequent photoinduced post-modif...
Scheme 2: Hydrophobic hydrogel via photoinduced surface modification over embedded g-CN nanosheets in hydroge...
Figure 1: a) FTIR spectra of freeze-dried HGCM-vTA, HGCM and HG. b) UV spectra of freeze-dried HGCM-vTA, HGCM...
Figure 2: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of a) HGCM and b) HGCM-vTA in combination with their elem...
Figure 3: a) Equilibrium swelling ratios of HG, HGCM, HGCM-vTA at specified time intervals. b) Thermogravimet...
Scheme 3: Overview of pore substructuring via photoinduced free radical polymerization over embedded g-CN nan...
Figure 4: FTIR spectra of freeze-dried HGCM-PAA, HGCM-PAAM, HGCM-PEGMEMA in comparison with HGCM.
Figure 5: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of a) HGCM-PAA, b) HGCM-PAAM, and c) HGCM-PEGMEMA.
Figure 6: a) Thermogravimetric analysis of HGCM, HGCM-PAA, HGCM-PAAM and HGCM-PEGMEMA. b) Equilibrium swellin...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1313–1322, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.91
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Untargeted comparative metabolomics using AP-SMALDI-HRMS highlighted metabolites involved in Ulva–b...
Figure 2: Identification of significant features associated with axenic or bacterial symbiont-associated alga ...
Figure 3: Visualisation of algae Ulva mutabilis grown under axenic conditions or with bacterial symbionts Ros...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative shares of the global F&F market (2018) segmented on their applications [1].
Figure 2: General structure of an international fragrance company [2].
Figure 3: The Michael Edwards fragrance wheel.
Figure 4: Examples of oriental (1–3), woody (4–7), fresh (8–10), and floral (11 and 12) notes.
Figure 5: A basic depiction of batch vs flow.
Scheme 1: Examples of reactions for which flow processing outperforms batch.
Scheme 2: Some industrially important aldol-based transformations.
Scheme 3: Biphasic continuous aldol reactions of acetone and various aldehydes.
Scheme 4: Aldol synthesis of 43 in flow using LiHMDS as the base.
Scheme 5: A semi-continuous synthesis of doravirine (49) involving a key aldol reaction.
Scheme 6: Enantioselective aldol reaction using 5-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)tetrazole (51) as catalyst in a microreact...
Scheme 7: Gröger's example of asymmetric aldol reaction in aqueous media.
Figure 6: Immobilised reagent column reactor types.
Scheme 8: Photoinduced thiol–ene coupling preparation of silica-supported 5-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)tetrazole 63 and...
Scheme 9: Continuous-flow approach for enantioselective aldol reactions using the supported catalyst 67.
Scheme 10: Ötvös’ employment of a solid-supported peptide aldol catalyst in flow.
Scheme 11: The use of proline tetrazole packed in a column for aldol reaction between cyclohexanone (65) and 2...
Scheme 12: Schematic diagram of an aminosilane-grafted Si-Zr-Ti/PAI-HF reactor for continuous-flow aldol and n...
Scheme 13: Continuous-flow condensation for the synthesis of the intermediate 76 to nabumetone (77) and Microi...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of ψ-Ionone (80) in continuous-flow via aldol condensation between citral (79) and aceton...
Scheme 15: Synthesis of β-methyl-ionones (83) from citral (79) in flow. The steps are separately described, an...
Scheme 16: Continuous-flow synthesis of 85 from 84 described by Gavriilidis et al.
Scheme 17: Continuous-flow scCO2 apparatus for the synthesis of 2-methylpentanal (87) and the self-condensed u...
Scheme 18: Chen’s two-step flow synthesis of coumarin (90).
Scheme 19: Pechmann condensation for the synthesis of 7-hydroxyxcoumarin (93) in flow. The setup extended to c...
Scheme 20: Synthesis of the dihydrojasmonate 35 exploiting nitro derivative proposed by Ballini et al.
Scheme 21: Silica-supported amines as heterogeneous catalyst for nitroaldol condensation in flow.
Scheme 22: Flow apparatus for the nitroaldol condensation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (102) to nitrostyrene 103 a...
Scheme 23: Nitroaldol reaction of 64 to 105 employing a quaternary ammonium functionalised PANF.
Scheme 24: Enantioselective nitroaldol condensation for the synthesis of 108 under flow conditions.
Scheme 25: Enatioselective synthesis of 1,2-aminoalcohol 110 via a copper-catalysed nitroaldol condensation.
Scheme 26: Examples of Knoevenagel condensations applied for fragrance components.
Scheme 27: Flow apparatus for Knoevenagel condensation described in 1989 by Venturello et al.
Scheme 28: Knoevenagel reaction using a coated multichannel membrane microreactor.
Scheme 29: Continuous-flow apparatus for Knoevenagel condensation employing sugar cane bagasse as support deve...
Scheme 30: Knoevenagel reaction for the synthesis of 131–135 in flow using an amine-functionalised silica gel. ...
Scheme 31: Continuous-flow synthesis of compound 137, a key intermediate for the synthesis of pregabalin (138)...
Scheme 32: Continuous solvent-free apparatus applied for the synthesis of compounds 140–143 using a TSE. Throu...
Scheme 33: Lewis et al. developed a spinning disc reactor for Darzens condensation of 144 and a ketone to furn...
Scheme 34: Some key industrial applications of conjugate additions in the F&F industry.
Scheme 35: Continuous-flow synthesis of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide (156) via double conjugat...
Scheme 36: Continuous-flow system for Michael addition using CsF on alumina as the catalyst.
Scheme 37: Calcium chloride-catalysed asymmetric Michael addition using an immobilised chiral ligand.
Scheme 38: Continuous multistep synthesis for the preparation of (R)-rolipram (173). Si-NH2: primary amine-fun...
Scheme 39: Continuous-flow Michael addition using ion exchange resin Amberlyst® A26.
Scheme 40: Preparation of the heterogeneous catalyst 181 developed by Paixão et al. exploiting Ugi multicompon...
Scheme 41: Continuous-flow system developed by the Paixão’s group for the preparation of Michael asymmetric ad...
Scheme 42: Continuous-flow synthesis of nitroaldols catalysed by supported catalyst 184 developed by Wennemers...
Scheme 43: Heterogenous polystyrene-supported catalysts developed by Pericàs and co-workers.
Scheme 44: PANF-supported pyrrolidine catalyst for the conjugate addition of cyclohexanone (65) and trans-β-ni...
Scheme 45: Synthesis of (−)-paroxetine precursor 195 developed by Ötvös, Pericàs, and Kappe.
Scheme 46: Continuous-flow approach for the 5-step synthesis of (−)-oseltamivir (201) as devised by Hayashi an...
Scheme 47: Continuous-flow enzyme-catalysed Michael addition.
Scheme 48: Continuous-flow copper-catalysed 1,4 conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to enones. Reprinted w...
Scheme 49: A collection of commonly encountered hydrogenation reactions.
Figure 7: The ThalesNano H-Cube® continuous-flow hydrogenator.
Scheme 50: Chemoselective reduction of an α,β-unsaturated ketone using the H-Cube® reactor.
Scheme 51: Incorporation of Lindlar’s catalyst into the H-Cube® reactor for the reduction of an alkyne.
Scheme 52: Continuous-flow semi-hydrogenation of alkyne 208 to 209 using SACs with H-Cube® system.
Figure 8: The standard setups for tube-in-tube gas–liquid reactor units.
Scheme 53: Homogeneous hydrogenation of olefins using a tube-in-tube reactor setup.
Scheme 54: Recyclable heterogeneous flow hydrogenation system.
Scheme 55: Leadbeater’s reverse tube-in-tube hydrogenation system for olefin reductions.
Scheme 56: a) Hydrogenation using a Pd-immobilised microchannel reactor (MCR) and b) a representation of the i...
Scheme 57: Hydrogenation of alkyne 238 exploiting segmented flow in a Pd-immobilised capillary reactor.
Scheme 58: Continuous hydrogenation system for the preparation of cyrene (241) from (−)-levoglucosenone (240).
Scheme 59: Continuous hydrogenation system based on CSMs developed by Hornung et al.
Scheme 60: Chemoselective reduction of carbonyls (ketones over aldehydes) in flow.
Scheme 61: Continuous system for the semi-hydrogenation of 256 and 258, developed by Galarneau et al.
Scheme 62: Continuous synthesis of biodiesel fuel 261 from lignin-derived furfural acetone (260).
Scheme 63: Continuous synthesis of γ-valerolacetone (263) via CTH developed by Pineda et al.
Scheme 64: Continuous hydrogenation of lignin-derived biomass (products 265, 266, and 267) using a sustainable...
Scheme 65: Ru/C or Rh/C-catalysed hydrogenation of arene in flow as developed by Sajiki et al.
Scheme 66: Polysilane-immobilized Rh–Pt-catalysed hydrogenation of arenes in flow by Kobayashi et al.
Scheme 67: High-pressure in-line mixing of H2 for the asymmetric reduction of 278 at pilot scale with a 73 L p...
Figure 9: Picture of the PFR employed at Eli Lilly & Co. for the continuous hydrogenation of 278 [287]. Reprinted ...
Scheme 68: Continuous-flow asymmetric hydrogenation using Oppolzer's sultam 280 as chiral auxiliary.
Scheme 69: Some examples of industrially important oxidation reactions in the F&F industry. CFL: compact fluor...
Scheme 70: Gold-catalysed heterogeneous oxidation of alcohols in flow.
Scheme 71: Uozumi’s ARP-Pt flow oxidation protocol.
Scheme 72: High-throughput screening of aldehyde oxidation in flow using an in-line GC.
Scheme 73: Permanganate-mediated Nef oxidation of nitroalkanes in flow with the use of in-line sonication to p...
Scheme 74: Continuous-flow aerobic anti-Markovnikov Wacker oxidation.
Scheme 75: Continuous-flow oxidation of 2-benzylpyridine (312) using air as the oxidant.
Scheme 76: Continuous-flow photo-oxygenation of monoterpenes.
Scheme 77: A tubular reactor design for flow photo-oxygenation.
Scheme 78: Glucose oxidase (GOx)-mediated continuous oxidation of glucose using compressed air and the FFMR re...
Scheme 79: Schematic continuous-flow sodium hypochlorite/TEMPO oxidation of alcohols.
Scheme 80: Oxidation using immobilised TEMPO (344) was developed by McQuade et al.
Scheme 81: General protocol for the bleach/catalytic TBAB oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols.
Scheme 82: Continuous-flow PTC-assisted oxidation using hydrogen peroxide. The process was easily scaled up by...
Scheme 83: Continuous-flow epoxidation of cyclohexene (348) and in situ preparation of m-CPBA.
Scheme 84: Continuous-flow epoxidation using DMDO as oxidant.
Scheme 85: Mukayama aerobic epoxidation optimised in flow mode by the Favre-Réguillon group.
Scheme 86: Continuous-flow asymmetric epoxidation of derivatives of 359 exploiting a biomimetic iron catalyst.
Scheme 87: Continuous-flow enzymatic epoxidation of alkenes developed by Watts et al.
Scheme 88: Engineered multichannel microreactor for continuous-flow ozonolysis of 366.
Scheme 89: Continuous-flow synthesis of the vitamin D precursor 368 using multichannel microreactors. MFC: mas...
Scheme 90: Continuous ozonolysis setup used by Kappe et al. for the synthesis of various substrates employing ...
Scheme 91: Continuous-flow apparatus for ozonolysis as developed by Ley et al.
Scheme 92: Continuous-flow ozonolysis for synthesis of vanillin (2) using a film-shear flow reactor.
Scheme 93: Examples of preparative methods for ajoene (386) and allicin (388).
Scheme 94: Continuous-flow oxidation of thioanisole (389) using styrene-based polymer-supported peroxytungstat...
Scheme 95: Continuous oxidation of thiosulfinates using Oxone®-packed reactor.
Scheme 96: Continuous-flow electrochemical oxidation of thioethers.
Scheme 97: Continuous-flow oxidation of 400 to cinnamophenone (235).
Scheme 98: Continuous-flow synthesis of dehydrated material 401 via oxidation of methyl dihydrojasmonate (33).
Scheme 99: Some industrially important transformations involving Grignard reagents.
Scheme 100: Grachev et al. apparatus for continuous preparation of Grignard reagents.
Scheme 101: Example of fluidized Mg bed reactor with NMR spectrometer as on-line monitoring system.
Scheme 102: Continuous-flow synthesis of Grignard reagents and subsequent quenching reaction.
Figure 10: Membrane-based, liquid–liquid separator with integrated pressure control [52]. Adapted with permission ...
Scheme 103: Continuous-flow synthesis of 458, an intermediate to fluconazole (459).
Scheme 104: Continuous-flow synthesis of ketones starting from benzoyl chlorides.
Scheme 105: A Grignard alkylation combining CSTR and PFR technologies with in-line infrared reaction monitoring....
Scheme 106: Continuous-flow preparation of 469 from Grignard addition of methylmagnesium bromide.
Scheme 107: Continuous-flow synthesis of Grignard reagents 471.
Scheme 108: Preparation of the Grignard reagent 471 using CSTR and the continuous process for synthesis of the ...
Scheme 109: Continuous process for carboxylation of Grignard reagents in flow using tube-in-tube technology.
Scheme 110: Continuous synthesis of propargylic alcohols via ethynyl-Grignard reagent.
Scheme 111: Silica-supported catalysed enantioselective arylation of aldehydes using Grignard reagents in flow ...
Scheme 112: Acid-catalysed rearrangement of citral and dehydrolinalool derivatives.
Scheme 113: Continuous stilbene isomerisation with continuous recycling of photoredox catalyst.
Scheme 114: Continuous-flow synthesis of compound 494 as developed by Ley et al.
Scheme 115: Selected industrial applications of DA reaction.
Scheme 116: Multistep flow synthesis of the spirocyclic structure 505 via employing DA cycloaddition.
Scheme 117: Continuous-flow DA reaction developed in a plater flow reactor for the preparation of the adduct 508...
Scheme 118: Continuous-flow DA reaction using a silica-supported imidazolidinone organocatalyst.
Scheme 119: Batch vs flow for the DA reaction of (cyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yloxy)trimethylsilane (513) with acrylon...
Scheme 120: Continuous-flow DA reaction between 510 and 515 using a shell-core droplet system.
Scheme 121: Continuous-flow synthesis of bicyclic systems from benzyne precursors.
Scheme 122: Continuous-flow synthesis of bicyclic scaffolds 527 and 528 for further development of potential ph...
Scheme 123: Continuous-flow inverse-electron hetero-DA reaction to pyridine derivatives such as 531.
Scheme 124: Comparison between batch and flow for the synthesis of pyrimidinones 532–536 via retro-DA reaction ...
Scheme 125: Continuous-flow coupled with ultrasonic system for preparation of ʟ-ascorbic acid derivatives 539 d...
Scheme 126: Two-step continuous-flow synthesis of triazole 543.
Scheme 127: Continuous-flow preparation of triazoles via CuAAC employing 546-based heterogeneous catalyst.
Scheme 128: Continuous-flow synthesis of compounds 558 through A3-coupling and 560 via AgAAC both employing the...
Scheme 129: Continuous-flow photoinduced [2 + 2] cycloaddition for the preparation of bicyclic derivatives of 5...
Scheme 130: Continuous-flow [2 + 2] and [5 + 2] cycloaddition on large scale employing a flow reactor developed...
Scheme 131: Continuous-flow preparation of the tricyclic structures 573 and 574 starting from pyrrole 570 via [...
Scheme 132: Continuous-flow [2 + 2] photocyclization of cinnamates.
Scheme 133: Continuous-flow preparation of cyclobutane 580 on a 5-plates photoreactor.
Scheme 134: Continuous-flow [2 + 2] photocycloaddition under white LED lamp using heterogeneous PCN as photocat...
Figure 11: Picture of the parallel tube flow reactor (PTFR) "The Firefly" developed by Booker-Milburn et al. a...
Scheme 135: Continuous-flow acid-catalysed [2 + 2] cycloaddition between silyl enol ethers and acrylic esters.
Scheme 136: Continuous synthesis of lactam 602 using glass column reactors.
Scheme 137: In situ generation of ketenes for the Staudinger lactam synthesis developed by Ley and Hafner.
Scheme 138: Application of [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions in flow employed by Ley et al.
Scheme 139: Examples of FC reactions applied in F&F industry.
Scheme 140: Continuous-flow synthesis of ibuprofen developed by McQuade et al.
Scheme 141: The FC acylation step of Jamison’s three-step ibuprofen synthesis.
Scheme 142: Synthesis of naphthalene derivative 629 via FC acylation in microreactors.
Scheme 143: Flow system for rapid screening of catalysts and reaction conditions developed by Weber et al.
Scheme 144: Continuous-flow system developed by Buorne, Muller et al. for DSD optimisation of the FC acylation ...
Scheme 145: Continuous-flow FC acylation of alkynes to yield β-chlorovinyl ketones such as 638.
Scheme 146: Continuous-flow synthesis of tonalide (619) developed by Wang et al.
Scheme 147: Continuous-flow preparation of acylated arene such as 290 employing Zr4+-β-zeolite developed by Kob...
Scheme 148: Flow system applied on an Aza-FC reaction catalysed by the thiourea catalyst 648.
Scheme 149: Continuous hydroformylation in scCO2.
Scheme 150: Two-step flow synthesis of aldehyde 655 through a sequential Heck reaction and subsequent hydroform...
Scheme 151: Single-droplet (above) and continuous (below) flow reactors developed by Abolhasani et al. for the ...
Scheme 152: Continuous hydroformylation of 1-dodecene (655) using a PFR-CSTR system developed by Sundmacher et ...
Scheme 153: Continuous-flow synthesis of the aldehyde 660 developed by Eli Lilly & Co. [32]. Adapted with permissio...
Scheme 154: Continuous asymmetric hydroformylation employing heterogenous catalst supported on carbon-based sup...
Scheme 155: Examples of acetylation in F&F industry: synthesis of bornyl (S,R,S-664) and isobornyl (S,S,S-664) ...
Scheme 156: Continuous-flow preparation of bornyl acetate (S,R,S-664) employing the oscillating flow reactor.
Scheme 157: Continuous-flow synthesis of geranyl acetate (666) from acetylation of geraniol (343) developed by ...
Scheme 158: 12-Ttungstosilicic acid-supported silica monolith-catalysed acetylation in flow.
Scheme 159: Continuous-flow preparation of cyclopentenone 676.
Scheme 160: Two-stage synthesis of coumarin (90) via acetylation of salicylaldehyde (88).
Scheme 161: Intensification process for acetylation of 5-methoxytryptamine (677) to melatonin (678) developed b...
Scheme 162: Examples of macrocyclic musky odorants both natural (679–681) and synthetic (682 and 683).
Scheme 163: Flow setup combined with microwave for the synthesis of macrocycle 686 via RCM.
Scheme 164: Continuous synthesis of 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrroles via ring-closing metathesis.
Scheme 165: Continuous-flow metathesis of 485 developed by Leadbeater et al.
Figure 12: Comparison between RCM performed using different routes for the preparation of 696. On the left the...
Scheme 166: Continuous-flow RCM of 697 employed the solid-supported catalyst 698 developed by Grela, Kirschning...
Scheme 167: Continuous-flow RORCM of cyclooctene employing the silica-absorbed catalyst 700.
Scheme 168: Continuous-flow self-metathesis of methyl oleate (703) employing SILP catalyst 704.
Scheme 169: Flow apparatus for the RCM of 697 using a nanofiltration membrane for the recovery and reuse of the...
Scheme 170: Comparison of loadings between RCMs performed with different routes for the synthesis of 709.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1001–1040, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.82
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Tautomeric forms of biguanide.
Figure 2: Illustrations of neutral, monoprotonated, and diprotonated structures biguanide.
Figure 3: The main approaches for the synthesis of biguanides. The core structure is obtained via the additio...
Scheme 1: The three main preparations of biguanides from cyanoguanidine.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of butylbiguanide using CuCl2 [16].
Scheme 3: Synthesis of biguanides by the direct fusion of cyanoguanidine and amine hydrochlorides [17,18].
Scheme 4: Synthesis of ethylbiguanide and phenylbiguanide as reported by Smolka and Friedreich [14].
Scheme 5: Synthesis of arylbiguanides through the reaction of cyanoguanidine with anilines in water [19].
Scheme 6: Synthesis of aryl- and alkylbiguanides by adaptations of Cohn’s procedure [20,21].
Scheme 7: Microwave-assisted synthesis of N1-aryl and -dialkylbiguanides [22,23].
Scheme 8: Synthesis of aryl- and alkylbiguanides by trimethylsilyl activation [24,26].
Scheme 9: Synthesis of phenformin analogs by TMSOTf activation [27].
Scheme 10: Synthesis of N1-(1,2,4-triazolyl)biguanides [28].
Scheme 11: Synthesis of 2-guanidinobenzazoles by addition of ortho-substituted anilines to cyanoguanidine [30,32] and...
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 2,4-diaminoquinazolines by the addition of 2-cyanoaniline to cyanoguanidine and from 3...
Scheme 13: Reactions of anthranilic acid and 2-mercaptobenzoic acid with cyanoguanidine [24,36,37].
Scheme 14: Synthesis of disubstituted biguanides with Cu(II) salts [38].
Scheme 15: Synthesis of an N1,N2,N5-trisubstituted biguanide by fusion of an amine hydrochloride and 2-cyano-1...
Scheme 16: Synthesis of N1,N5-disubstituted biguanides by the addition of anilines to cyanoguanidine derivativ...
Scheme 17: Microwave-assisted additions of piperazine and aniline hydrochloride to substituted cyanoguanidines ...
Scheme 18: Synthesis of N1,N5-alkyl-substituted biguanides by TMSOTf activation [27].
Scheme 19: Additions of oxoamines hydrochlorides to dimethylcyanoguanidine [49].
Scheme 20: Unexpected cyclization of pyridylcyanoguanidines under acidic conditions [50].
Scheme 21: Example of industrial synthesis of chlorhexidine [51].
Scheme 22: Synthesis of symmetrical N1,N5-diarylbiguanides from sodium dicyanamide [52,53].
Scheme 23: Synthesis of symmetrical N1,N5-dialkylbiguanides from sodium dicyanamide [54-56].
Scheme 24: Stepwise synthesis of unsymmetrical N1,N5-trisubstituted biguanides from sodium dicyanamide [57].
Scheme 25: Examples for the synthesis of unsymmetrical biguanides [58].
Scheme 26: Examples for the synthesis of an 1,3-diaminobenzoquinazoline derivative by the SEAr cyclization of ...
Scheme 27: Major isomers formed by the SEAr cyclization of symmetric biguanides derived from 2- and 3-aminophe...
Scheme 28: Lewis acid-catalyzed synthesis of 8H-pyrrolo[3,2-g]quinazoline-2,4-diamine [63].
Scheme 29: Synthesis of [1,2,4]oxadiazoles by the addition of hydroxylamine to dicyanamide [49,64].
Scheme 30: Principle of “bisamidine transfer” and analogy between the reactions with N-amidinopyrazole and N-a...
Scheme 31: Representative syntheses of N-amidino-amidinopyrazole hydrochloride [68,69].
Scheme 32: First examples of biguanide syntheses using N-amidino-amidinopyrazole [66].
Scheme 33: Example of “biguanidylation” of a hydrazide substrate [70].
Scheme 34: Example for the synthesis of biguanides using S-methylguanylisothiouronium iodide as “bisamidine tr...
Scheme 35: Synthesis of N-substituted N1-cyano-S-methylisothiourea precursors.
Scheme 36: Addition routes on N1-cyano-S-methylisothioureas.
Scheme 37: Synthesis of an hydroxybiguanidine from N1-cyano-S-methylisothiourea [77].
Scheme 38: Synthesis of an N1,N2,N3,N4,N5-pentaarylbiguanide from the corresponding triarylguanidine and carbo...
Scheme 39: Reactions of N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) with carbodiimides to synthesize hexasubstituted ...
Scheme 40: Microwave-assisted addition of N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylguanidine to carbodiimides [80].
Scheme 41: Synthesis of N1-aryl heptasubstituted biguanides via a one-pot biguanide formation–copper-catalyzed ...
Scheme 42: Formation of 1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives by the reaction of guanidine with excess carbod...
Scheme 43: Plausible mechanism for the spontaneous cyclization of triguanides [82].
Scheme 44: a) Formation of mono- and disubstituted (iso)melamine derivatives by the reaction of biguanides and...
Scheme 45: Reactions of 2-aminopyrimidine with carbodiimides to synthesize 2-guanidinopyrimidines as “biguanid...
Scheme 46: Non-catalyzed alternatives for the addition of 2-aminopyrimidine derivatives to carbodiimides. A) h...
Scheme 47: Addition of guanidinomagnesium halides to substituted cyanamides [90].
Scheme 48: Microwave-assisted synthesis of [11C]metformin by the reaction of 11C-labelled dimethylcyanamide an...
Scheme 49: Formation of 4-amino-6-dimethylamino[1,3,5]triazin-2-ol through the reaction of Boc-guanidine and d...
Scheme 50: Formation of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives via the addition of guanidines to substituted cyanamides [92].
Scheme 51: Synthesis of biguanide by the reaction of O-alkylisourea and guanidine [93].
Scheme 52: Aromatic nucleophilic substitution of guanidine on 2-O-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine [95].
Scheme 53: Synthesis of N1,N2-disubstituted biguanides by the reaction of guanidine and thioureas in the prese...
Scheme 54: Cyclization reactions involving condensations of guanidine(-like) structures with thioureas [97,98].
Scheme 55: Condensations of guanidine-like structures with thioureas [99,100].
Scheme 56: Condensations of guanidines with S-methylisothioureas [101,102].
Scheme 57: Addition of 2-amino-1,3-diazaaromatics to S-alkylisothioureas [103,104].
Scheme 58: Addition of guanidines to 2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidines [105].
Scheme 59: An example of a cyclodesulfurization reaction to a fused 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole [106].
Scheme 60: Ring-opening reactions of 1,3-diaryl-2,4-bis(arylimino)-1,3-diazetidines [107].
Scheme 61: Formation of 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives via addition of hydrazines to 1,3-diazetidine-2...
Scheme 62: Formation of a biguanide via the addition of aniline to 1,2,4-thiadiazol-3,5-diamines, ring opening...
Figure 4: Substitution pattern of biguanides accessible by synthetic pathways a–h.