5-Aminopyrazole as precursor in design and synthesis of fused pyrazoloazines

• Ranjana Aggarwal and
• Suresh Kumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 203–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.15

• TFA as promoter at 80 °C to 140 °C. A three-component reaction of 5-aminopyrazole 16, 4-hydroxycoumarin (50) and aldehydes 47 was studied by Liu et al. [55] in various solvents like acetonitrile, dichloromethane, toluene and DMSO in the presence of catalysts like ZrCl4, InCl3, FeCl3, L-proline etc

Progress in copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation

• Guan-bao Li,
• Chao Zhang,
• Chun Song and
• Yu-dao Ma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 155–181, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.11

• reported by the group of Li and Duan, with sodium trifluoroacetate as the trifluoromethyl source and using Ag2O as a promoter (Scheme 5) [17]. Subsequently, Beller and co-workers [18] finished a copper-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of aryl iodides with inexpensive methyl trifluoroacetate (MTFA) (Scheme 6

• the ditrifluoromethylation product was formed as well. Recently, Tan and co-workers [55] designed a highly mono-selective ortho-trifluoromethylation of benzamides assisted with an 8-aminoquinoline directing group. This reaction employed simple copper salt CuBr as the promoter and Togni’s reagent II as

Synthetic mRNA capping

• Fabian Muttach,
• Nils Muthmann and
• Andrea Rentmeister

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2819–2832, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.274

• analogue [50]. The problem of orientation is circumvented when GpppA cap analogues are used in combination with the T7 class II promotor phi2.5 which allows initiating RNA synthesis with ATP. Hence, GpppA- or m7GpppA-capped RNAs can be produced [51]. When the common GTP-initiating T7 class III promoter

Reagent-controlled regiodivergent intermolecular cyclization of 2-aminobenzothiazoles with β-ketoesters and β-ketoamides

• Irwan Iskandar Roslan,
• Kian-Hong Ng,
• Gaik-Khuan Chuah and
• Stephan Jaenicke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2739–2750, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.270

• . coupled various 1,2-dihaloarenes with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole in a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction [53]. Zhu’s group used Cu salts as a promoter for the cycloaddition of isocyanides with benzothiazoles [54]. Benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles have also been synthesized via coupling of 2

Diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranoside: synthesis, derivatives and antimicrobial activity

• Henryk Myszka,
• Patrycja Sokołowska,
• Agnieszka Cieślińska,
• Andrzej Nowacki,
• Maciej Jaśkiewicz,
• Wojciech Kamysz and
• Beata Liberek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2310–2315, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.227

• the β anomer). Glycosylation of diosgenin with 2 was performed in dichloromethane by a “reverse” procedure: The glycosyl donor was added to the solution of diosgenin and the promoter (silver triflate) [31]. This procedure afforded the expected β glycoside 3 in 80% yield. The structure of 3 was

Preactivation-based chemoselective glycosylations: A powerful strategy for oligosaccharide assembly

• Weizhun Yang,
• Bo Yang,
• Sherif Ramadan and
• Xuefei Huang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2094–2114, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.207

• University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 10.3762/bjoc.13.207 Abstract Most glycosylation reactions are performed by mixing the glycosyl donor and acceptor together followed by the addition of a promoter. While many oligosaccharides have been synthesized successfully using this premixed strategy, extensive

• protective group manipulation and aglycon adjustment often need to be performed on oligosaccharide intermediates, which lower the overall synthetic efficiency. Preactivation-based glycosylation refers to strategies where the glycosyl donor is activated by a promoter in the absence of an acceptor. The

• -reducing end with a glycosyl donor premixed with an acceptor. Upon the addition of a promoter to the reaction mixture, the donor is activated to glycosylate the acceptor yielding a disaccharide, which is subsequently deprotected to expose a free hydroxy group (Scheme 1a). The newly generated acceptor can

Intramolecular glycosylation

• Xiao G. Jia and
• Alexei V. Demchenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2028–2048, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.201

• of stereoselectivity, so further trials were done in the absence of metal or acid reagents. Surprisingly, when IBr was used as a promoter the selectivity reversed resulting in the formation of glycoside 103 in 65% yield and high β-stereoselectivity (α/β = 1:10). The selectivity also reverses when the

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin as promoter for glycosylations using thioglycosides

• Fei-Fei Xu,
• Claney L. Pereira and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1994–1998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.195

• trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) were employed as co-promoters in solution or automated glycan assembly on solid phase. Keywords: automated glycan assembly; 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin; glycosylation; promoter; thioglycosides; Introduction Thioglycosides are versatile glycosylating

• be freshly prepared prior to use [24][25][26]. Here, we describe a promoter system based on the commercially available, inexpensive 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBDMH) for the activation of thioglycosides. DBDMH, a white to pale-brown powder that is readily soluble in most organic solvents

• ]. In synthetic chemistry, DBDMH acts as a thiophilic activator in the conversion of dithioacetals to the corresponding O,O-acetals [28][29][30], as well as in the synthesis of heparin mimetics [31]. We considered DBDMH as a readily available alternative promoter for glycosylations involving

Sustainable synthesis of 3-substituted phthalides via a catalytic one-pot cascade strategy from 2-formylbenzoic acid with β-keto acids in glycerol

• Lina Jia and
• Fuzhong Han

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1425–1429, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.139

• Discussion To optimize the reaction conditions, 2-formylbenzoic acid (1a) and benzoylacetic acid (2a) were chosen as model substrates. As summarized in Table 1, the reaction did not occur without the use of a base, indicating that a promoter is essential for an effective transformation (Table 1, entry 1). We

From chemical metabolism to life: the origin of the genetic coding process

• Antoine Danchin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1119–1135, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.111

Automating multistep flow synthesis: approach and challenges in integrating chemistry, machines and logic

• Chinmay A. Shukla and
• Amol A. Kulkarni

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 960–987, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.97

• equiv) in DMF solution and ICI as the promoter (3 equiv) in n-PrOH and was subjected to an oxidative 1,2-aryl migration. The reaction is carried out in a coiled reactor at 90 °C and 1 min residence time. The outlet stream is subjected to an alkaline solution of 2-mercaptoethanol, which quenched the ICI

• to create the desired pressure and facilitate complete separation. Trimethylorthoformate and ICI promoter also need to be preheated to 90 °C and mixed with the process stream containing the aryl ketone intermediate. The reactor can be maintained at the desired temperature using a jacket or tube-in

Opportunities and challenges for the sustainable production of structurally complex diterpenoids in recombinant microbial systems

• Katarina Kemper,
• Max Hirte,
• Markus Reinbold,
• Monika Fuchs and
• Thomas Brück

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 845–854, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.85

• = geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; GGPPSRS = GGPPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides; KSSR = ent-kaurene synthase from Stevia rebaudiana, CPPSSR = ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase from Stevia rebaudiana, Trc = Trc promoter; T7 = T7 promoter. Mutational engineering of different classes of terpene synthases. Left

Synthesis of D-manno-heptulose via a cascade aldol/hemiketalization reaction

• Yan Chen,
• Xiaoman Wang,
• Junchang Wang and
• You Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 795–799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.79

• ). The reaction of 5 with ethanethiol in the presence of hydrochloric acid followed by selective protection of the 4,5-diol with 2,2-dimethoxypropane using pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate as the promoter gave the 4,5-O-isopropylidene derivative 6 in 71% yield over two steps [40]. Treatment of diol 6 with

Synthesis of 1-indanones with a broad range of biological activity

• Marika Turek,
• Dorota Szczęsna,
• Marek Koprowski and
• Piotr Bałczewski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 451–494, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.48

• 116 was isolated in 60% yield and further used in the synthesis of the natural product. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) is a commonly used promoter of aryl alkyl ketones in the Mannich reaction which has been applied in the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated ketones 119 [64]. The HMTA/acetic anhydride

• vinyl β-ketoesters 156 in the presence of AlCl3 as a promoter, in high yields (up to 99%) (Scheme 45). It was further proved that the pattern of substituents at C-2, C-4 and C-5 positions was essential for the reaction efficiency. 1.2 From alcohols An interesting synthesis of optically active 1

Total synthesis of a Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F CPS repeating unit hexasaccharide

• Peter H. Seeberger,
• Claney L. Pereira and
• Subramanian Govindan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 164–173, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.19

• [25]. Silylation of the C3 hydroxy group furnished thioglycoside 17. Glycosylation of the C5 linker by activation of 17 using NIS/TfOH as the promoter at −20 °C produced mainly β-mannoside 15 (4:1 β:α) [26]. The identity of the β-isomer was confirmed by NMR analysis (1JCH β = 159.0 Hz, see Supporting

Silyl-protective groups influencing the reactivity and selectivity in glycosylations

• Mikael Bols and
• Christian Marcus Pedersen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 93–105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.12

• Lewis X trisaccharide: The reaction of 7 with disaccharide 8 promoted by dimethyl disulfide and triflic anhydride gave trisaccharide 9 with high α-selectivity (Scheme 3) [12]. These conditions, using this promoter system, worked fine in a number of similar cases. The less-stable trimethylsilyl group has

First DMAP-mediated direct conversion of Morita–Baylis–Hillman alcohols into γ-ketoallylphosphonates: Synthesis of γ-aminoallylphosphonates

• Marwa Ayadi,
• Haitham Elleuch,
• Emmanuel Vrancken and
• Farhat Rezgui

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2906–2915, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.290

• trialkyl and triaryl phosphites, into γ-ketoallylphosphonates under solvent-free conditions, in the presence or absence of the promoter DMAP. The corresponding products have been further involved in two alternative efficient synthetic routes for γ-amino- and γ-tosylaminophosphonates that were readily

Biochemical and structural characterisation of the second oxidative crosslinking step during the biosynthesis of the glycopeptide antibiotic A47934

• Veronika Ulrich,
• Clara Brieke and
• Max J. Cryle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2849–2864, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.284

• StaF was obtained from genomic DNA [33] and was amplified by PCR using specific primers (fwd: 5’-CACCATGTTCGAGGAGATCAACGTCGTC-3’, rev: 5’- CTACCAGTCGAGCAGCAGGGCTTC- 3’) for cloning into pET151d (Life Technologies) using TOPO-cloning. The plasmid was sequenced using T7 promoter and terminator primers

• . StaF was expressed with an N-terminal hexahistidine-tag and under the control of the T7 promoter. The StaH construct (pET28a StaH) as well as all NRPS constructs (pET MBP-PCPsta-Xsta 1c, pET MBP-PCPtei-Xtei 1c, pET MBP-PCPtei-Xsta 1c, pET MBP-PCPsta-Xtei 1c, pET NCL-4 MBP-Xsta) were employed from a

New approaches to organocatalysis based on C–H and C–X bonding for electrophilic substrate activation

• Pavel Nagorny and
• Zhankui Sun

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2834–2848, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.283

• directionality that might make these interactions of a great value to the field of organocatalysis [71][72][73]. Molecular iodine has been used for many decades as a mild catalyst or promoter of various organic transformations such as conjugate addition, imine formation or aldolate dehydration reactions [74][75

cis-Diastereoselective synthesis of chroman-fused tetralins as B-ring-modified analogues of brazilin

• Dimpee Gogoi,
• Runjun Devi,
• Pallab Pahari,
• Bipul Sarma and
• Sajal Kumar Das

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2816–2822, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.280

• using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as reaction medium as well as the reaction promoter. The first choice of HFIP was based on its recently found ability to promote high-yielding IFCEA cyclization of benzylic epoxides [29]. Unfortunately, however, refluxing a solution of (±)-6a in HFIP for 4

Electron-transfer-initiated benzoin- and Stetter-like reactions in packed-bed reactors for process intensification

• Anna Zaghi,
• Daniele Ragno,
• Graziano Di Carmine,
• Carmela De Risi,
• Olga Bortolini,
• Pier Paolo Giovannini,
• Giancarlo Fantin and
• Alessandro Massi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2719–2730, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.268

• -supported base. Together with the ease of product/promoter separation, an important benefit of the flow regime has been the significant long-term stability of the packing bed (ca. 5 five days on streams). Small-scale reactors have been described in this work; nevertheless, an easy scale-up of the disclosed

Et₃B-mediated and palladium-catalyzed direct allylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds with Morita–Baylis–Hillman alcohols

• Ahlem Abidi,
• Yosra Oueslati and
• Farhat Rezgui

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2402–2409, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.234

• -dicarbonyl compounds with both cyclic and acyclic Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) alcohols, using Et3B as a Lewis acid promoter, is described herein. A wide range of the corresponding functionalized allylated derivatives have been obtained in good yields and with high selectivity. Keywords: allylic substitution

• -enone (1a) and acyclic ethyl 2-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate (1b), under the action of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds 2, in the presence of an appropriate palladium catalyst and Et3B as a Lewis acid promoter, into the allylation compounds 3–8 with the formation of only water as a byproduct. These derivatives can be

• ], which further gives, in the presence of Pd(0), the π-allylpalladium complex I2. This intermediate reacts then with the diethyl malonate carbanion I3, in situ formed, to generate the promoter Et3B of this nucleophilic allylic substitution and the desired allylated product 3a. Next, under the previously

TMSBr-mediated solvent- and work-up-free synthesis of α-2-deoxyglycosides from glycals

• Mei-Yuan Hsu,
• Yi-Pei Liu,
• Sarah Lam,
• Su-Ching Lin and
• Cheng-Chung Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1758–1764, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.164

• under ambient atmosphere (Table 1, α:β = 2:1, entry 1). Without work-up and washing, S-2-deoxyglycoside 2 could be directly isolated and purified by flash column chromatography. We further extended the scope of the reaction to other glycals by using TMSBr as the promoter under neat conditions (Table 1

Rh-Catalyzed reductive Mannich-type reaction and its application towards the synthesis of (±)-ezetimibe

• Motoyuki Isoda,
• Kazuyuki Sato,
• Yurika Kunugi,
• Satsuki Tokonishi,
• Atsushi Tarui,
• Masaaki Omote,
• Hideki Minami and
• Akira Ando

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1608–1615, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.157

• asymmetric Mannich reaction using a Lewis acid catalyst [1]. (L)-Proline is known as an excellent promoter for the Mannich reaction [2][3][4][5][6], and besides this, the reaction of the silyl enol ether derivatives with imines was used as an effective method [7][8][9]. In this situation, a wide variety of

Antibiotics from predatory bacteria

• Juliane Korp,
• María S. Vela Gurovic and
• Markus Nett

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 594–607, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.58

• regulatory proteins influencing the transcription by binding to a specific enhancer-like element (ELE) sequence located in close vicinity to the corresponding promoter in a δ54 dependent manner [83]. Two EBPs of M. xanthus DK1622, namely HsfA and MXAN4899, have recently been identified as transcriptional

• transcription [106]. During early stages of transcriptional initiation, the RNAP clamp possesses an opened form in order to allow binding of the promoter DNA to the active-center cleft. At late transcriptional initiation and elongation, the clamp changes into a closed position to retain the DNA inside the