[2 + 1] Cycloaddition reactions of fullerene C₆₀ based on diazo compounds

• Yuliya N. Biglova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 630–670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.55

• (Scheme 33). Сoordination of these compounds with ruthenium(II) leads to a donor–bridge–acceptor assembly of complexes with various lengths, 187–189. It is believed [153] that the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the complexes presented are promising for the formation of charge-separated

• tpy-containing methanofullerene dyads 184–186, coordination of which with ruthenium(II) gives donor–bridge–acceptor assemblies 187–189. Synthesis of a series of spirocyclopentalydenemethanofullerenes 190–193. Synthesis of spiromethanofullerenes 194 and 195. The synthetic route to ring-B-C60-attached

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

• role of butoxide was postulated to be the activation of the heterogeneous splitting of dihydrogen. BDM is an important building block for the production of resins and polyesters other than PET [186][187]. Analogously, a similar Milstein-type ruthenium–PNN complex, generated in situ by treatment of the

• be resistant to the presence of contaminants and impurities (e.g., additives, pigments) [188]. More recently, effective PET depolymerisation was accomplished by a ruthenium molecular catalysts bearing the well-known tripodal phosphorous ligand 1,1,1-tri(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane (triphos) [189

• equimolar mixtures of PET and PLA using the [Ru(triphos-xyl)methylallyl]NTf2 catalyst congener at 45 °C reaction temperature, wherein insoluble PET was filtered out, while PLA was fully converted to PD. Similarly to PET, the ruthenium(II)–PNN complex sketched in Table 1, entry 2 was also used in PLA

The preparation and properties of 1,1-difluorocyclopropane derivatives

• Kymbat S. Adekenova,
• Peter B. Wyatt and
• Sergazy M. Adekenov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 245–272, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.25

• isopropanol as reductant, in conjunction with a Noyori–Ikariya ruthenium-based homogeneous catalyst (Scheme 36) [73]. 2 Reactions of difluorocyclopropane and its derivatives Difluorocyclopropanes are synthetically useful substrates for a variety of reactions such as thermal rearrangements, carbocation

Ring-closing metathesis of prochiral oxaenediynes to racemic 4-alkenyl-2-alkynyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrans

• Viola Kolaříková,
• Markéta Rybáčková,
• Martin Svoboda and
• Jaroslav Kvíčala

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2757–2768, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.226

• enantioselective enyne metathesis yielding chiral building blocks for compounds with potential biological activity, e.g., norsalvinorin or cacospongionolide B. Keywords: Diels–Alder reaction; enediyne; enyne metathesis; ring-closing metathesis; ruthenium precatalyst; Introduction Among the plethora of metathetic

• for other catalytic reactions, e.g., for the Pauson–Khand reaction [14]. In the enantioselective RCM, prochiral trienes have been most often employed, leading to chiral cycloalkenes. The Schrock molybdenum precatalysts [15][16][17] proved to be more effective than the Grubbs or Collins ruthenium

• (Scheme 2). This effect was explained to be caused not by an improved activation of the ruthenium precatalyst, but either by the participation in the second metathesis cycle releasing the diene product and returning methyleneruthenium complex to the catalytic cycle [22], or by preventing the catalytic

Nocarimidazoles C and D, antimicrobial alkanoylimidazoles from a coral-derived actinomycete Kocuria sp.: application of ¹J_C,H coupling constants for the unequivocal determination of substituted imidazoles and stereochemical diversity of anteisoalkyl chains in microbial metabolites

• Md. Rokon Ul Karim,
• Enjuro Harunari,
• Amit Raj Sharma,
• Naoya Oku,
• Kazuaki Akasaka,
• Daisuke Urabe,
• Mada Triandala Sibero and
• Yasuhiro Igarashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2719–2727, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.222

• (Figure S31, Supporting Information File 1). Thus, the amino substitution at C-5 in 1 was unequivocally established (Figure 3). The absolute configuration at C-11 in the anteisoalkanoyl chain was determined by the Ohrui–Akasaka method [29]. The imidazole ring was degraded by oxidation using ruthenium

NMR Spectroscopy of supramolecular chemistry on protein surfaces

• Peter Bayer,
• Anja Matena and
• Christine Beuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2505–2522, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.203

• cancer cell growth. Ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine) (RuII(bpy)3) complexes carrying multiple carboxylate-substituted arms were designed as protein surface mimetics, exploiting electrostatic binding through multiple contacts to the protein surface [63]. 15N-HSQC titrations showed that these complexes

Recent developments in enantioselective photocatalysis

• Callum Prentice,
• James Morrisson,
• Andrew D. Smith and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2363–2441, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.197

• enantioselectivities (17 examples, up to 91:9 er). Bach proposes for their reaction that an external ruthenium photocatalyst generates the triplet excited state iminium ion through an energy transfer process, which is also observed by Alemán when using an external transition metal-based sensitiser. Tertiary amine

• 101 could be generated in an oxidative quenching cycle from THIQs 102 using a ruthenium-based photocatalyst and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) as a sacrificial oxidant (Scheme 13) [51]. These iminium ions could then be intercepted by a Breslow intermediate 103, formed between aldehydes 104 and the NHC

• ruthenium photocatalyst. The subsequent enantioselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition gives cyclobutane products 290 in excellent yields and enantioselectivities (43 examples, up to >99:1 er). Meggers et al. has contributed significantly to the field of enantioselective photocatalysis, introducing unique

Synthetic approaches to bowl-shaped π-conjugated sumanene and its congeners

• Shakeel Alvi and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2212–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.186

• by quenching with Cp*ZrCl3 to furnish the blackish-green solution. Since the complex 124 was found to be unstable in THF-d8, therefore, immediately it was replaced by toluene-d8 which was further replaced by CD2Cl2 to remove THF-d8 completely. Furthermore, they reported the ruthenium sumanene complex

Photosensitized direct C–H fluorination and trifluoromethylation in organic synthesis

• Shahboz Yakubov and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2151–2192, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.183

• byproducts. It is inexpensive, sustainable (ideally not ruthenium or iridium complexes) and commercially available. Due to their comparatively high triplet energies and the long lifetime of their triplet states; organic dyes and various ruthenium and iridium complexes are well-suited photosensitizers [118

When metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization meets visible-light photocatalysis

• Lucas Guillemard and
• Joanna Wencel-Delord

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1754–1804, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.147

• merging C–H activation with photoredox catalysis to allow in situ reoxidation of the metal catalyst. In 2015, a procedure combining ruthenium C–H activation of phenols derivatives bearing a pyridine moiety as DG and photoredox catalysis was disclosed (Figure 9) [75]. This ortho-olefination was performed

• towards various functional groups such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters. Of note is that in some cases, partial hydrogenation of the double bond was observed, resulting probably from the generation of a ruthenium–hydride complex. However, this consecutive reactivity and the ratio between the olefin and

• alkylation of arenes. The ruthenium-catalyzed meta-selective C–H functionalization through arene σ-activation was already well established yet limited by harsh reaction conditions and elevated reaction temperatures. Both research groups hence hypothesized that the Ru-metallacyclic intermediate, generated via

One-pot synthesis of isosorbide from cellulose or lignocellulosic biomass: a challenge?

• Isaline Bonnin,
• Raphaël Mereau,
• Thierry Tassaing and
• Karine De Oliveira Vigier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1713–1721, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.143

• yield of 56% which is higher than the yield obtained after the one-step strategy. The two-step reaction was also performed using a similar Ru/NbOPO4-pH2 catalyst in both steps and the yield of isosorbide was 33%. This decrease was due to a different acidity. Hence, the ruthenium species occupied the

Pauson–Khand reaction of fluorinated compounds

• Jorge Escorihuela,
• Daniel M. Sedgwick,
• Alberto Llobat,
• Mercedes Medio-Simón,
• Pablo Barrio and
• Santos Fustero

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1662–1682, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.138

• described, including the use of metals other than cobalt (such as rhodium, iridium, titanium, ruthenium, nickel, and palladium), or the use of CO surrogates such as aldehydes, alcohols and formates. Recently, its utility in flow chemistry has also been described [42]. Intramolecular Pauson–Khand reactions

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

• topic in 2019 alone (Figure 1A). The credit for the development of this field is often given to MacMillan [24], Yoon [25], and Stephenson [26], whose seminal papers in 2008 and 2009 elegantly demonstrated the photocatalytic ability of ruthenium–bipyridyl complexes to drive chemical reactions with

• to fuse samarium oxide nanoparticles to TiO2 and ceria (CeO2) as a bifunctional heterogeneous photoredox Lewis acid catalyst for reductive cyclisation reactions, previously reported with ruthenium transition metal complex photocatalysts [157]. Both electrochemical and photochemical deposition

Oxime radicals: generation, properties and application in organic synthesis

• Igor B. Krylov,
• Stanislav A. Paveliev,
• Alexander S. Budnikov and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1234–1276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.107

• unsaturated oximes 130 using a combination of t-BuONO and a ruthenium catalyst (Scheme 43) [132]. The authors proposed that the interaction of unsaturated oxime with TBN produced a hydroxyiminomethylisoxazoline (Scheme 40) [130] that was transformed into the cyano-substituted oxazoline in the presence of a

• ruthenium catalyst. This possible reaction pathway was confirmed by a control experiment in which the hydroxyiminomethylisoxazoline was transformed to a nitrile in the presence of [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2. Aromatic oximes with various substituents, as well as heteroaromatic oximes, give cyano-substituted

Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

• growth resides in the availability of visible light-absorbing transition metal complexes. These catalysts can harvest the energy of visible-light photons and transfer it to organic molecules, giving access to key reactive intermediates. For instance, ruthenium and iridium polypyridyl complexes played a

Photocatalytic deaminative benzylation and alkylation of tetrahydroisoquinolines with N-alkylpyrydinium salts

• David Schönbauer,
• Carlo Sambiagio,
• Timothy Noël and
• Michael Schnürch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 809–817, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.74

• Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands 10.3762/bjoc.16.74 Abstract A ruthenium-catalyzed photoredox coupling of substituted N-aryltetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) and different bench-stable pyridinium salts was successfully developed to give fast access to 1-benzyl-THIQs. Furthermore, secondary

• demonstrate the deaminative coupling of N-benzylpyridinium Katritzky salts with THIQs under ruthenium photoredox catalysis. During the preparation of this article, a similar transformation was disclosed using an iridium photoredox catalyst [47]. Results and Discussion We started our investigations by

• DIPEA reduced the yield substantially (Table 1, entries 21–23). Separate control experiments without catalyst (Table 1, entry 24) or in the dark (Table 1, entry 25) gave no or little conversion to the product, indicating the catalytic role of the ruthenium complex. With the optimized reaction conditions

Combining enyne metathesis with long-established organic transformations: a powerful strategy for the sustainable synthesis of bioactive molecules

• Valerian Dragutan,
• Ileana Dragutan,
• Albert Demonceau and
• Lionel Delaude

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 738–755, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.68

• account surveys the current progress on the application of intra- and intermolecular enyne metathesis as main key steps in the synthesis of challenging structural motifs and stereochemistries found in bioactive compounds. Special emphasis is placed on ruthenium catalysts as promoters of enyne metathesis

• of known, in vivo effective substances but also for designing chemically modified analogs as valid alternatives for further therapeutic agents. Keywords: bioactive compounds; enyne metathesis; ring-closing metathesis; ruthenium catalysts; tandem reactions; Introduction Alkene and alkyne metathesis

• stereoisomeric diyne precursors was performed first by a ring-closing alkyne metathesis in the presence of Schrock’s molybdenum catalyst. Next, the diene units were installed by intermolecular enyne metathesis of the preformed cyclic alkyne with ethylene using Grubbs second-generation ruthenium catalyst (Scheme

A systematic review on silica-, carbon-, and magnetic materials-supported copper species as efficient heterogeneous nanocatalysts in “click” reactions

• Pezhman Shiri and
• Jasem Aboonajmi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 551–586, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.52

• protecting groups [12]. Later, ruthenium complexes-catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloadditions (RuAACs) regioselectively produced the opposite form of the disubstituted triazoles. Thus, a wide range of azides was reacted with diverse nonactivated terminal alkyne substrates using ruthenium complexes to generate

Efficient synthesis of 3,6,13,16-tetrasubstituted-tetrabenzo[a,d,j,m]coronenes by selective C–H/C–O arylations of anthraquinone derivatives

• Seiya Terai,
• Yuki Sato,
• Takuya Kochi and
• Fumitoshi Kakiuchi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 544–550, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.51

• alkyl and alkoxy substituents at the 3, 6, 13, and 16-positions was achieved based on the ruthenium-catalyzed coupling reactions of anthraquinone derivatives with arylboronates via C–H and C–O bond cleavage. The reaction sequence involving the arylation, carbonyl methylenation, and oxidative cyclization

• tetrabenzo[a,d,j,m]coronene product indicated its self-assembling behavior in CDCl3. Keywords: C–H arylation; C–O arylation; oxidative cyclization; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; ruthenium catalyst; Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives have attracted much attention

• reactions have been increasingly utilized in recent years for the rapid expansion of the aromatic frameworks [10][11][12][13][14][15]. We have been working on the efficient syntheses of PAH derivatives based on the ruthenium-catalyzed C–H/C–O arylation reactions developed in our group [16][17][18][19][20

KOt-Bu-promoted selective ring-opening N-alkylation of 2-oxazolines to access 2-aminoethyl acetates and N-substituted thiazolidinones

• Qiao Lin,
• Shiling Zhang and
• Bin Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 492–501, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.44

• synthetic chemists. However, only a few examples are reported for the synthesis of N-substituted thiazolidinones although the synthetic method of thiazolidinone was described in 1993 [16]. Frost and co-workers explored an efficient ruthenium-catalyzed O-to-S-alkyl migration of N-alkyloxazolidine-2-thiones

Recent advances in photocatalyzed reactions using well-defined copper(I) complexes

• Mingbing Zhong,
• Xavier Pannecoucke,
• Philippe Jubault and
• Thomas Poisson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 451–481, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.42

• organic chemistry. Despite the impressive advances reported since the renewal of the field in 2008 [2][3][4], several issues still have to be addressed. Indeed, most of the developed reactions relied on the use of organometallic complexes of expensive noble metals, such as iridium and ruthenium [5]. Even

• authors precluded a possible photocatalytic process (path II). And indeed, even though from a comparison of the redox potential of [Cu(I)(dap)2]Cl and [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2, the latter should have been capable to promote the photocatalytic reaction, the ruthenium complex was unsuccessful. Hence, to explain the

Synthesis of six-membered silacycles by borane-catalyzed double sila-Friedel–Crafts reaction

• Yafang Dong,
• Masahiko Sakai,
• Kazuto Fuji,
• Kohei Sekine and
• Yoichiro Kuninobu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 409–414, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.39

• silacycles. For example, the intramolecular C–H silylation of biphenylhydrosilanes can be used to prepare various silafluorene derivatives [30][31][32][33][34] and the ruthenium-catalyzed intermolecular Friedel–Crafts-type reaction of 2-phenylindole with a variety of dihydrosilanes affords indole-fused

Synthesis of 3-alkenylindoles through regioselective C–H alkenylation of indoles by a ruthenium nanocatalyst

• Abhijit Paul,
• Debnath Chatterjee,
• Srirupa Banerjee and
• Somnath Yadav

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 140–148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.16

• are biologically and medicinally very important compounds, and their syntheses have received considerable attention. Herein, we report the synthesis of 3-alkenylindoles via a regioselective alkenylation of indoles, catalysed by a ruthenium nanocatalyst (RuNC). The reaction tolerates several electron

• on the surface are responsible for the high catalytic efficiency of the Ru nanocatalyst. Keywords: alkenylation; C–H activation; heterogeneous catalysis; nanocatalysis; ruthenium catalysis; Introduction The synthesis of functionalised indole ring systems has received significant attention over the

• analysed by XPS, which showed peaks at 280.0 and 284.7 eV (Figure S8, Supporting Information File 1), corresponded to the 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 peak regions of ruthenium (Figure S9, Supporting Information File 1). This could be deconvoluted to the peaks for Ru(0) at 279.8 and 283.8 eV and RuO2 at 280.5 and 284.6

Progress in metathesis chemistry

• Karol Grela and
• Anna Kajetanowicz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2765–2766, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.267

• by Kotha et al. [4], on artificial metalloproteins by Okuda et al. [5], on stereoretentive ruthenium dithiolate catalysts by Mauduit et al. [6], on unsymmetrical NHC ligands by Grisi et al. [7], on polymers by Kudryavtsev [8] and on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes by Pietraszuk et al. [9

Formation of alkyne-bridged ferrocenophanes using ring-closing alkyne metathesis on 1,1’-diacetylenic ferrocenes

• Celine Bittner,
• Dirk Bockfeld and
• Matthias Tamm

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2534–2543, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.246

• illustrated for alkyne metathesis reactions of organometallic compounds. After some stoichiometric reactions of ruthenium and rhenium half sandwich complexes [70], several reactions have been described exploiting the reactivity of acetylenic ferrocene compounds [71][72][73][74][75]. For most of these