The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1194–1219, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.134

• -aryl migration step. This was mediated by a hypervalent iodine reagent, PhI(OAc)2 (13), conducted in trimethyl orthoformate (14, TMOF) and methanol (Scheme 2). The direct saponification of the resulting rearranged methyl ester with an excess of base thus completed the telescoped flow synthesis of

• (Friedel–Crafts acylation, 1,2-aryl migration and saponification) this report focuses on improved output by intensifying the overall sequence (Scheme 3). As such an in-line extraction is performed after the Friedel–Crafts acylation step, followed by dissolving intermediate 18 in trimethyl orthoformate and

Carboxylated dithiafulvenes and tetrathiafulvalene vinylogues: synthesis, electronic properties, and complexation with zinc ions

• Yunfei Wang and
• Yuming Zhao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 957–965, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.107

• . Saponification was then performed on compound 5 in a solution of NaOH in water and methanol to finally afford carboxyl-TTFV 6 in 84% yield. Compound 6 showed relatively poor solubility in non-polar organic solvents, but could be readily dissolved in polar solvents such as MeOH, EtOH, THF, and DMSO. For

Synthesis of tripodal catecholates and their immobilization on zinc oxide nanoparticles

• Franziska Klitsche,
• Julian Ramcke,
• Julia Migenda,
• Andreas Hensel,
• Tobias Vossmeyer,
• Horst Weller,
• Silvia Gross and
• Wolfgang Maison

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 678–686, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.77

• chloride to give acrylamide 4. Treatment of 4 with dimethylamine and excess KOH leads to the nucleophilic addition of the amine and saponification of the methyl esters in one step to give the free acid 5 after acidic work-up. Subsequent coupling of 5 to dopamine acetonide 6 with EDC and HOBt gave the

Articulated rods – a novel class of molecular rods based on oligospiroketals (OSK)

• Pablo Wessig,
• Roswitha Merkel and
• Peter Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 74–84, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.11

• first step histidine methylester hydrochloride (40) is acylated with anthracene-9-acetic acid to give 41. After saponification of the ester the potassium salt of the corresponding acid 42 was treated with 32c affording the articulated rod 43 in quantitative yield (Scheme 10). The stretched–folded

Synthesis of aromatic glycoconjugates. Building blocks for the construction of combinatorial glycopeptide libraries

• Markus Nörrlinger and
• Thomas Ziegler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2453–2460, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.256

• strategies [10]. Results and Discussion Our synthesis of building blocks 1 and 2 started from known 3-azidomethyl-5-nitrobenzoic acid methyl ester 3 which was prepared from commercially available dimethyl 5-nitroisophthalate in 64% overall yield [12][13]. Saponification of the methyl ester in 3 with aqueous

Structure/affinity studies in the bicyclo-DNA series: Synthesis and properties of oligonucleotides containing bc^en-T and iso-tricyclo-T nucleosides

• Branislav Dugovic,
• Michael Wagner and
• Christian J. Leumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1840–1847, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.194

• use of compound 6 as nucleobase acceptor improved the yield of nucleosides 7α,β in general and led to an acceptable β:α = 2.5:1 ratio of anomers. Subsequent saponification of 7α,β (unseparable by flash chromatography) proved to be tricky and after testing a series of standard techniques, only

Synthesis and bioactivity of analogues of the marine antibiotic tropodithietic acid

• Patrick Rabe,
• Tim A. Klapschinski,
• Nelson L. Brock,
• Christian A. Citron,
• Paul D’Alvise,
• Lone Gram and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1796–1801, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.188

• efficiently converted into 13 by stirring in TFA. The synthesis of 12a followed a previously published route for ethyl tropone-2-carboxylate (12b) [14], but saponification of this ester led to decomposition, and therefore, the tert-butyl ester 12a was prepared that allowed for a conversion into 13 under

Selective allylic hydroxylation of acyclic terpenoids by CYP154E1 from Thermobifida fusca YX

• Anna M. Bogazkaya,
• Clemens J. von Bühler,
• Sebastian Kriening,
• Alexandrine Busch,
• Alexander Seifert,
• Jürgen Pleiss,
• Sabine Laschat and
• Vlada B. Urlacher

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1347–1353, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.137

• into neryl acetate ((Z)-19) in 87%, followed by allylic oxidation [38], to provide enal (Z)-20 and allylic alcohol (Z)-21 in 14% and 41% yield, respectively. Saponification of 8-hydroxyneryl acetate ((Z)-21) under the above mentioned conditions gave 8-hydroxynerol (4) in 73% yield (Scheme 2). Following

Synthesis of zearalenone-16-β,D-glucoside and zearalenone-16-sulfate: A tale of protecting resorcylic acid lactones for regiocontrolled conjugation

• Hannes Mikula,
• Julia Weber,
• Dennis Svatunek,
• Philipp Skrinjar,
• Gerhard Adam,
• Rudolf Krska,
• Christian Hametner and
• Johannes Fröhlich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1129–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.112

• dry DMF after optimization in terms of base and solvent type (Scheme 4A). Königs–Knorr glucosylation of the PMB-protected mimic 15 afforded 16, which was deprotected using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) for oxidative PMB cleavage and subsequent ester saponification to yield the desired

Molecular architecture with carbohydrate functionalized β-peptides adopting 3₁₄-helical conformation

• Nitin J. Pawar,
• Navdeep S. Sidhu,
• George M. Sheldrick,
• Dilip D. Dhavale and
• Ulf Diederichsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 948–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.93

• nucleophile preferentially attacks from the re-face as shown in TS 1 (Figure 4) to give 10b [48][55]. In the next step, ester saponification of 10a using lithium hydroxide afforded D-glucose derived β-amino acid 11a in 84% yield. Finally, N-terminal fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protection of the β-amino

Synthesis of complex intermediates for the study of a dehydratase from borrelidin biosynthesis

• Frank Hahn,
• Nadine Kandziora,
• Steffen Friedrich and
• Peter F. Leadlay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 634–640, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.55

• conditions. As the presence of a methyl ester would prevent the selective introduction of one thioester into 5a by saponification–thioesterification, we planned transesterification from a suitably activated carboxylic acid derivative 8. Alternatively, direct introduction into 11 with appropriate SNAc

• assay mixture, the latter will be transformed into their corresponding methyl esters by saponification and following methylation with trimethylsilyldiazomethane. The fully protected E-isomer 10a was obtained in 18% yield by a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction with phosphonate 25 or, alternatively, in 64

Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics

• Gijs Koopmanschap,
• Eelco Ruijter and
• Romano V.A. Orru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 544–598, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.50

• -cyclohexylglycine methyl ester pyrazinecarboxylic acid followed by a saponification afforded the carboxylic acid 62. Moreover, for the isocyanide component, the Dess–Martin oxidation of 60 and the subsequent Passerini reaction could be performed in one-pot, since the former reaction produces acetic acid as

• , thioacetic acid and 4-methoxy-phenylethylamine (also as chiral auxiliary) provided the corresponding Ugi product 138 in 60% yield (dr 1:1). Chiral separation and deprotection in TFA resulted in compound 139 in 70% yield, after which saponification followed by an amide coupling with tryptamine and CDI

Self-assembly of metallosupramolecular rhombi from chiral concave 9,9’-spirobifluorene-derived bis(pyridine) ligands

• Rainer Hovorka,
• Sophie Hytteballe,
• Torsten Piehler,
• Georg Meyer-Eppler,
• Filip Topić,
• Kari Rissanen,
• Marianne Engeser and
• Arne Lützen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 432–441, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.40

• subjected to an acid-mediated condensation to give the 9,9’-spirobifluorene. Friedel–Crafts acylation with acetyl chloride gave rise to the racemic 2,2’-diketone which was transformed to the racemic diester in a Baeyer–Villiger oxidation. Saponification of the ester functions then afforded (rac)-1. One part

Concise, stereodivergent and highly stereoselective synthesis of cis- and trans-2-substituted 3-hydroxypiperidines – development of a phosphite-driven cyclodehydration

• Peter H. Huy,
• Julia C. Westphal and
• Ari M. P. Koskinen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 369–383, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.35

• of the NK-1 inhibitor L-733,060 in 8 steps. Additionally, a cyclodehydration-realizing simple triethylphosphite as a substitute for triphenylphosphine is developed. Here the stoichiometric oxidized P(V)-byproduct (triethylphosphate) is easily removed during the work up through saponification

• (of O=P(OiPr)3). In our case we were not able to remove stoichiometric amounts of OP(OEt)3 (which is more hydrophilic than OP(OiPr)3) through an aqueous work up (without saponification). Moreover, pentavalent P(OEt)5 prepared from P(OEt)3 with diethylperoxide and ethylbenzenesulfonate, respectively

• Schotten–Baumann conditions [62][63]. Thus, K2CO3 (→ pH = 10) as the base prevented saponification of the side chain methyl ester functions (as observed with hydroxide salts). Nevertheless, in the acylation of the glutamic acid derivative 8e the corresponding pyroglutamic acid derivative 2g resulting from

Convergent synthesis of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide from the cell wall lipopolysaccharide of Azospirillum brasilense strain Sp7

• Pintu Kumar Mandal,
• Debashis Dhara and
• Anup Kumar Misra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 293–299, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.26

• transformed to the target compound 1 in an overall 69% yield following a sequence of reactions consisting of (a) the conversion of the N-phthaloyl group to an acetamido group [41], (b) the hydrogenolysis with hydrogen over Pearlman’s catalyst [42], and (c) the saponification with sodium methoxide. A NMR

Recent applications of the divinylcyclopropane–cycloheptadiene rearrangement in organic synthesis

• Sebastian Krüger and
• Tanja Gaich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 163–193, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.14

• . The resulting major alcohol was protected, followed by saponification of the ester with concomitant removal of the TBDPS-protecting group. The resulting free alcohol was then re-protected to give bicycle 40. Barton decarboxylation was then achieved using standard conditions, followed by trapping of

An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2265–2319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.265

Gold-catalyzed glycosidation for the synthesis of trisaccharides by applying the armed–disarmed strategy

• Abhijeet K. Kayastha and
• Srinivas Hotha

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2147–2155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.252

• . Subsequently, the disarmed disaccharide 3 was transformed into an armed glycosyl donor 4 by simple saponification followed by etherification. The reaction between armed donor 4 and disarmed aglycon 2, which was carried out under the aforementioned conditions did not result in the formation of desired

• allowed to react with disarmed aglycon 22 in the presence of AuCl3 (5 mol %)/AgSbF6 (5 mol %) in CH3CN/CH2Cl2 (1:1) at 25 °C for 4 h to obtain the disarmed disaccharide 23 in 85% yield. Further, the armed disaccharide 24 was synthesized from 23 by saponification followed by the etherification in 84% over

Synthesis of mucin-type O-glycan probes as aminopropyl glycosides

• David Benito-Alifonso,
• Rachel A. Jones,
• Anh-Tuan Tran,
• Hannah Woodward,
• Nichola Smith and
• M. Carmen Galan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1867–1872, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.218

• sialylated 22b, as the ester groups were removed by reaction with sodium methoxide in methanol followed by saponification of the methyl ester with LiOH at room temperature and subsequent azide reduction catalysed by hydrogen and Pd/C in water to give target 6 in 80% overall yield (Scheme 2). The presence of

A practical synthesis of long-chain iso-fatty acids (iso-C₁₂–C₁₉) and related natural products

• Mark B. Richardson and
• Spencer J. Williams

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1807–1812, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.210

• 2-hydroxy compound 31 as a single diastereoisomer (as determined by 1H NMR) in 71% yield. Esterification with MeOMgCl [69] (which has been shown not to cause epimerization at the α-position [67]) and saponification [70] afforded (S)-2-hydroxy-15-methylpalmitic acid (32). The ketone 33 was isolated

Straightforward synthesis of a tetrasaccharide repeating unit corresponding to the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O16

• Manas Jana and
• Anup Kumar Misra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1757–1762, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.203

• transfer hydrogenation with triethylsilane and 10% Pd/C [20]; (b) an acetylation using acetic anhydride and pyridine, and (c) a saponification reaction with sodium methoxide to furnish compound 1, which was purified over a Sephadex® LH-20 gel to give the pure compound 1 in 64% overall yield. The structure

Synthesis of the reported structure of piperazirum using a nitro-Mannich reaction as the key stereochemical determining step

• James C. Anderson,
• Andreas S. Kalogirou,
• Michael J. Porter and
• Graham J. Tizzard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1737–1744, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.200

• allow elucidation of the absolute stereochemistry of piperazirum (2). Results and Discussion The common α-keto acid derivative 5 was easily prepared from a Grignard reaction of isobutylmagnesium chloride with diethyl oxalate to give α-keto ester 10 in 94% yield (Scheme 3) [47]. Saponification of 10 with

Amyloid-β probes: Review of structure–activity and brain-kinetics relationships

• Todd J. Eckroat,
• Abdelrahman S. Mayhoub and
• Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1012–1044, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.116

• . [Re] and [99mTc]BAT-BTA (84a and 84b; note: BAT = bis(aminoethanethiol)) were prepared by addition of ethyl bromoacetate (41) to the unprotected amine of the S,S'-bis-trityl-N-Boc-1,2-ethylenedicysteamine chelating agent (90) followed by saponification that gave the free acid intermediate 91, which

Study on the total synthesis of velbanamine: Chemoselective dioxygenation of alkenes with PIFA via a stop-and-flow strategy

• Huili Liu,
• Kuan Zheng,
• Xiang Lu,
• Xiaoxia Wang and
• Ran Hong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 983–990, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.113

• where iodolactones, obtained from the iodolactonization of alkenes in the presence of iodine, can be converted into hydroxylactone upon saponification [40][41]. This appealing metal-free protocol evolved into enantioselective iodolactonization by using chiral amides or esters. The catalytic asymmetric

Design and synthesis of tag-free photoprobes for the identification of the molecular target for CCG-1423, a novel inhibitor of the Rho/MKL1/SRF signaling pathway

• Jessica L. Bell,
• Andrew J. Haak,
• Susan M. Wade,
• Yihan Sun,
• Richard R. Neubig and
• Scott D. Larsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 966–973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.111

• -benzoylbenzoic acid afforded the final probe 19. Synthesis of a photoprobe based on the most active model 8c is shown in Scheme 4. Acid 20 was esterified prior to alkylation with propargyl bromide, affording ester 22. Saponification, followed by amidation with the previously prepared piperidine 6c, provided the