Search for "bromine" in Full Text gives 332 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 754–768, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.76
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: The olfactory spectrum wheel ordering different types of odorants from fruity to musky.
Figure 2: Classification of odorants as “top note”, “middle note” and “base note” depending on their substant...
Scheme 1: Synthesis of raspberry ketone (5) and raspberry ketone methyl ether (6) in two steps in flow.
Scheme 2: Autoxidation of (+)-valencene (7) to (+)-nootkatone (8) under catalyst and solvent-free conditions ...
Scheme 3: Enzyme-catalyzed acetylation of isoamyl alcohol (9) in a biphasic n-heptane/water mixture utilizing...
Scheme 4: Esterification of alcohols by transesterification, catalyzed by immobilized acyltransferase in a pa...
Scheme 5: Synthesis of homologated alcohols 20 by iterative homologation of terpenyl boronate esters 17 follo...
Scheme 6: Sequential three-step synthesis of (S)-α-phellandrene (30) from (R)-carvone (25) via selective hydr...
Scheme 7: Selective hydrogenation of alkyne 31 to “leaf alcohol” 32 employing a solid-supported palladium cat...
Scheme 8: A) Synthesis of jasmonal (35) by crossed aldol condensation of benzaldehyde (33) and heptanal (34) ...
Scheme 9: Synthesis of thymol (41) from m-cresol (39) and isopropyl alcohol via Fries-type rearrangement of e...
Scheme 10: Preparation of coumarin (46) by reaction of salicylaldehyde (44) with potassium acetate, acetic aci...
Scheme 11: Synthesis of phthalide (50) by photoinduced decatungstate catalysis.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of woody acetate (54) by reduction of cyclohexanone 51 and subsequent acetylation; ADH200...
Scheme 13: Synthesis of juniper lactone (56) by pyrolysis of triperoxide 55 generated by oxidation of cyclohex...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of macrocyclic olefine 60 by ring-closing metathesis of diene 58 in a continuously stirre...
Scheme 15: Synthesis of macrocycles 65 and 66 by ring-closing metathesis of dienes 62 or 63, respectively, in ...
Scheme 16: Z-Selective synthesis of civetone (69) enabled by metathesis catalyst 68 in a tube-in-tube reactor.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of macrocyclic olefine 72 by ring-closing metathesis of diene 70.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 680–687, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.69
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Molecular structures of the monomeric cyclopalladated intermediate and brominated product observed ...
Scheme 1: Halogenation of azobenzenes with strong electron-donating substituents.
Figure 2: a) Two-dimensional (2D) plot of the time-resolved Raman monitoring of NG of L2 (0.50 mmol) with NBS...
Figure 3: Experimental X-ray molecular structure of succinimide product L4-III.
Scheme 2: PdII-catalyzed halogenation of azobenzene and its para-halogenated derivatives.
Figure 4: Experimental X-ray molecular structure of the intermediate I6-I.
Figure 5: a) In situ observation of I6-I during the time-resolved Raman monitoring of LAG of L6 (0.50 mmol) w...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 381–419, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.43
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Natural bioactive naphthoquinones.
Figure 2: Chemical structures of vitamins K.
Figure 3: Redox cycle of menadione.
Scheme 1: Selected approaches for menadione synthesis using silver(I) as a catalyst.
Scheme 2: Methylation approaches for the preparation of menadione from 1,4-naphthoquinone using tert-butyl hy...
Scheme 3: Methylation approach of 1,4-naphthoquinone using i) rhodium complexes/methylboronic acid and ii) bi...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of menadione (10) from itaconic acid.
Scheme 5: Menadione synthesis via Diels–Alder reaction.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of menadione (10) using p-cresol as a synthetic precursor.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of menadione (10) via demethoxycarbonylating annulation of methyl methacrylate.
Scheme 8: Furan 34 used as a diene in a Diels–Alder reaction for the synthesis of menadione (10).
Scheme 9: o-Toluidine as a dienophile in a Diels–Alder reaction for the synthesis of menadione (10).
Scheme 10: Representation of electrochemical synthesis of menadione.
Figure 4: Reaction sites and reaction types of menadione as substrate.
Scheme 11: DBU-catalyzed epoxidation of menadione (10).
Scheme 12: Phase-transfer catalysis for the epoxidation of menadione.
Scheme 13: Menadione epoxidation using a hydroperoxide derived from (+)-norcamphor.
Scheme 14: Enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction for the synthesis of asymmetric quinone 50 catalyzed by a chi...
Scheme 15: Optimized reaction conditions for the synthesis of anthra[9,1-bc]pyranone.
Scheme 16: Synthesis of anthra[9,1-bc]furanone, anthra[9,1-bc]pyridine, and anthra[9,1-bc]pyrrole derivatives.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of derivatives employing protected trienes.
Scheme 18: Synthesis of cyclobutene derivatives of menadione.
Scheme 19: Menadione reduction reactions using sodium hydrosulfite.
Scheme 20: Green methodology for menadiol synthesis and pegylation.
Scheme 21: Menadione reduction by 5,6-O-isopropylidene-ʟ-ascorbic acid under UV light irradiation.
Scheme 22: Selected approaches of menadione hydroacetylation to diacetylated menadiol.
Scheme 23: Thiele–Winter reaction catalyzed by Bi(OTf)3.
Scheme 24: Carbonyl condensation of menadione using resorcinol and a hydrazone derivative.
Scheme 25: Condensation reaction of menadione with thiosemicarbazide.
Scheme 26: Condensation reaction of menadione with acylhydrazides.
Scheme 27: Menadione derivatives functionalized with organochalcogens.
Scheme 28: Synthesis of selenium-menadione conjugates derived from chloromethylated menadione 84.
Scheme 29: Menadione alkylation by the Kochi–Anderson method.
Scheme 30: Menadione alkylation by diacids.
Scheme 31: Menadione alkylation by heterocycles-substituted carboxylic acids.
Scheme 32: Menadione alkylation by bromoalkyl-substituted carboxylic acids.
Scheme 33: Menadione alkylation by complex carboxylic acids.
Scheme 34: Kochi–Anderson method variations for the menadione alkylation via oxidative decarboxylation of carb...
Scheme 35: Copper-catalyzed menadione alkylation via free radicals.
Scheme 36: Nickel-catalyzed menadione cyanoalkylation.
Scheme 37: Iron-catalyzed alkylation of menadione.
Scheme 38: Selected approaches to menadione alkylation.
Scheme 39: Menadione acylation by photo-Friedel–Crafts acylation reported by Waske and co-workers.
Scheme 40: Menadione acylation by Westwood procedure.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of 3-benzoylmenadione via metal-free TBAI/TBHP system.
Scheme 42: Michael-type addition of amines to menadione reported by Kallmayer.
Scheme 43: Synthesis of amino-menadione derivatives using polyalkylamines.
Scheme 44: Selected examples for the synthesis of different amino-substituted menadione derivatives.
Scheme 45: Selected examples of Michael-type addition of complex amines to menadione (10).
Scheme 46: Addition of different natural α-amino acids to menadione.
Scheme 47: Michael-type addition of amines to menadione using silica-supported perchloric acid.
Scheme 48: Indolylnaphthoquinone or indolylnaphthalene-1,4-diol synthesis reported by Yadav et al.
Scheme 49: Indolylnaphthoquinone synthesis reported by Tanoue and co-workers.
Scheme 50: Indolylnaphthoquinone synthesis from menadione by Escobeto-González and co-workers.
Scheme 51: Synthesis of menadione analogues functionalized with thiols.
Scheme 52: Synthesis of menadione-derived symmetrical derivatives through reaction with dithiols.
Scheme 53: Mercaptoalkyl acids as nucleophiles in Michael-type addition reaction to menadione.
Scheme 54: Reactions of menadione (10) with cysteine derivatives for the synthesis of quinoproteins.
Scheme 55: Synthesis of menadione-glutathione conjugate 152 by Michael-type addition.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 143–151, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.15
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Paullone related indolobenzazepinone isomers. 7,12-Dihydroindolo[3,2-d][1]benzazepin-6(5H)-one or p...
Scheme 1: Investigated retrosynthetic pathways to scaffold C.
Scheme 2: Attempted synthesis of scaffold C by route (a).
Scheme 3: Attempted synthesis of C by route (b).
Scheme 4: Attempted synthesis of N-benzylated indole-2-acetic acid.
Scheme 5: Attempt to obtain open-chain precursor N-(2-bromophenyl)-2-(1H-indol-2-yl)acetamide.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of scaffold C and analogues by route (c).
Figure 2: ORTEP view of 1a with thermal ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level.
Figure 3: ORTEP view of 3a with thermal ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level.
Scheme 7: Attempted Ullmann cross-coupling of 23 with o-bromo-nitrobenzene.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2959–2967, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.205
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Redox potentials of representative nitrogenated HAT catalysts and photocatalysts [9-12,21-23].
Figure 2: Previous reports of DABCO as hydrogen abstractor in HAT reactions and this work.
Scheme 1: Aryl bromide and aldehyde scope. Isolated yields. aYield determined by 1H NMR analysis with 1,3-ben...
Scheme 2: Mechanistic investigations of the HAT reaction using DABCO.
Scheme 3: Proposed mechanism for aldehyde arylation. PC = photocatalyst Ir[dF(CF3)ppy]2(dtbbpy)PF6. SET = sin...
Figure 3: Free energy profile for the HAT step reactions between isovaleraldehyde with (top) DABCO and (botto...
Figure 4: TS structure for the HAT reaction between the DABCO radical cation and isovaleraldehyde obtained at...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2906–2914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.198
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: General procedure for α-bromination of δ-valerolactone (1a) and the method described in this work.
Scheme 2: Tetraalkylammonium salt-mediated intramolecular cyclization of 2a.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of α-functionalized lactones using the two-phase system.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of unsymmetrically functionalized sulfide 5 via the two-phase system-promoted intramolecu...
Scheme 5: Sequential nucleophilic substitution in the two-phase system.
Scheme 6: One-pot synthesis of 2-phenylthio-α-valerolactone 6.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2680–2715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.182
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative modified 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues.
Figure 2: Mechanism of antiviral action of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides, 3TC (1) and FTC (2), as chain termina...
Figure 3: Synthetic strategies for the construction of the 1,3-oxathiolane sugar ring.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 4 from benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a) and 2-mercapto-substituted dimethyl acetal 3na.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of 8 from protected glycolic aldehyde 3b and 2-mercaptoacetic acid (3o).
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 20 from ᴅ-mannose (3c).
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 20 from 1,6-thioanhydro-ᴅ-galactose (3d).
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 8 from 2-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl-5-oxo-1,2-oxathiolane (3m).
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 20a from ʟ-gulose derivative 3f.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of 31 from (+)-thiolactic acid 3p and 2-benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a).
Scheme 8: Synthesis of 35a from 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (3q) and glyoxylic acid (3g) hydrate.
Scheme 9: Synthetic routes toward 41 through Pummerer reaction from methyl 2-mercaptoacetate (3j) and bromoac...
Scheme 10: Strategy for the synthesis of 2,5-substituted 1,3-oxathiolane 41a using 4-nitrobenzyl glyoxylate an...
Scheme 11: Synthesis of 44 by a resolution method using Mucor miehei lipase.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 45 from benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a) and 2-mercaptoacetaldehyde bis(2-methoxyethyl) ace...
Scheme 13: Synthesis of 46 from 2-mercaptoacetaldehyde bis(2-methoxyethyl) acetal (3nc) and diethyl 3-phosphon...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of 48 from 1,3-dihydroxyacetone dimer 3l.
Scheme 15: Approach toward 52 from protected alkene 3rb and lactic acid derivative 51 developed by Snead et al....
Scheme 16: Recent approach toward 56a developed by Kashinath et al.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of 56a from ʟ-menthyl glyoxylate (3h) hydrate by DKR.
Scheme 18: Possible mechanism with catalytic TEA for rapid interconversion of isomers.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of 35a by a classical resolution method through norephedrine salt 58 formation.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of 63 via [1,2]-Brook rearrangement from silyl glyoxylate 61 and thiol 3nb.
Scheme 21: Combined use of STS and CAL-B as catalysts to synthesize an enantiopure oxathiolane precursor 65.
Scheme 22: Synthesis of 1 and 1a from glycolaldehyde dimer 64 and 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (3q) using STS and CAL...
Scheme 23: Synthesis of 68 by using Klebsiella oxytoca.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of 71 and 72 using Trichosporon taibachii lipase and kinetic resolution.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolan-5-ones 77 and 78 via dynamic covalent kinetic resolution.
Figure 4: Pathway for glycosidic bond formation.
Scheme 26: First synthesis of (±)-BCH-189 (1c) by Belleau et al.
Scheme 27: Enantioselective synthesis of 3TC (1).
Scheme 28: Synthesis of cis-diastereomer 3TC (1) from oxathiolane propionate 44.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of (±)-BCH-189 (1c) via SnCl4-mediated N-glycosylation of 8.
Scheme 30: Synthesis of (+)-BCH-189 (1a) via TMSOTf-mediated N-glycosylation of 20.
Scheme 31: Synthesis of 3TC (1) from oxathiolane precursor 20a.
Scheme 32: Synthesis of 83 via N-glycosylation of 20 with pyrimidine bases.
Scheme 33: Synthesis of 85 via N-glycosylation of 20 with purine bases.
Scheme 34: Synthesis of 86 and 87 via N-glycosylation using TMSOTf and pyrimidines.
Scheme 35: Synthesis of 90 and 91 via N-glycosylation using TMSOTf and purines.
Scheme 36: Synthesis of 3TC (1) via TMSI-mediated N-glycosylation.
Scheme 37: Stereoselective N-glycosylation for the synthesis of 1 by anchimeric assistance of a chiral auxilia...
Scheme 38: Whitehead and co-workers’ approach for the synthesis of 1 via direct N-glycosylation without an act...
Scheme 39: ZrCl4-mediated stereoselective N-glycosylation.
Scheme 40: Plausible reaction mechanism for stereoselective N-glycosylation using ZrCl4.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of enantiomerically pure oxathiolane nucleosides 1 and 2.
Scheme 42: Synthesis of tetrazole analogues of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides 97.
Scheme 43: Synthetic approach toward 99 from 1,3-oxathiolane 45 by Camplo et al.
Scheme 44: Synthesis of 100 from oxathiolane phosphonate analogue 46.
Scheme 45: Synthetic approach toward 102 and the corresponding cyclic thianucleoside monophosphate 102a by Cha...
Scheme 46: Synthesis of emtricitabine (2) from 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (3q) and glyoxylic acid (3g).
Scheme 47: Synthesis of 1 and 2, respectively, from 56a–d using iodine-mediated N-glycosylation.
Scheme 48: Plausible mechanism for silane- and I2-mediated N-glycosylation.
Scheme 49: Pyridinium triflate-mediated N-glycosylation of 35a.
Scheme 50: Possible pathway for stereoselective N-glycosylation via in situ chelation with a metal ligand.
Scheme 51: Synthesis of novel 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside 108 from oxathiolane precursor 8 and 3-benzyloxy-2-me...
Scheme 52: Synthesis of 110 using T-705 as a nucleobase and 1,3-oxathiolane derivative 8 via N-glycosylation.
Scheme 53: Synthesis of 1 using an asymmetric leaving group and N-glycosylation with bromine and mesitylene.
Scheme 54: Cytidine deaminase for enzymatic separation of 1c.
Scheme 55: Enzymatic resolution of the monophosphate derivative 116 for the synthesis of (−)-BCH-189 (1) and (...
Scheme 56: Enantioselective resolution by PLE-mediated hydrolysis to obtain FTC (2).
Scheme 57: (+)-Menthyl chloroformate as a resolving agent to separate a racemic mixture 120.
Scheme 58: Separation of racemic mixture 1c by cocrystal 123 formation with (S)-(−)-BINOL.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2450–2461, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.162
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Some important tetrahydroacridines used as drugs.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 2.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of compounds 4a–g.
Figure 2: UV–vis absorption spectra of 4a–d at room temperature in dilute dichloromethane solutions (c = 1 × ...
Figure 3: Fluorescence spectra of 4a–d at room temperature in dilute dichloromethane solutions (c = 1 × 10−5 ...
Figure 4: A) Absorbance and B) emission spectra for the standard quinine sulfate (SQ).
Figure 5: A) Absorbance and B) fluorescence spectra for 4b.
Figure 6: A) Plot of fluorescence intensities against their absorbances for quinine sulfate (SQ) and B) plot ...
Figure 7: Selected dihedral angles (°) for compounds 4a–d.
Figure 8: Selected dihedral angles (°) for compound 4f.
Figure 9: Calculated energy levels for compounds 4a–d and their spatial distribution of the HOMO–LUMO frontie...
Figure 10: Visualization of MEP for compounds 4a–d calculated by B3LYP method with 6-31G(d) basis set.
Figure 11: Cyclic voltammogram for 4c in 0.1 M (n-Bu)4NBF4/acetonitrile at a scan rate of 50 mV/s.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2433–2440, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.160
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Synthetic strategies employing chiral Brønsted acid catalysis.
Scheme 1: The substrate scope of the aminalization reaction for different aldehydes. aAfter recrystallization...
Scheme 2: The substrate scope of the intermolecular aminalization reaction for anthranilamide derivatives. aA...
Figure 2: X-ray single-crystal structure of aminal 3l with the displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 30% proba...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2321–2328, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.150
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representation of bioactive molecules and applications.
Scheme 1: Synthetic methodologies for 3-monohalooxindoles.
Scheme 2: Substrate scope of the acidolysis of isatin-derived phosphates 2 with hydrochloric acid. Standard r...
Scheme 3: Substrate scope of the acidolysis of isatin-derived phosphates 2 with hydrobromic acid. Standard re...
Scheme 4: Reduction of the substrates 2 to the corresponding oxindoles 5.
Scheme 5: Plausible reaction mechanism.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2270–2286, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.145
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: a) Binding interactions in the chloride channel of E. coli. and b) examples of chloride, cyanide, n...
Figure 2: a) H-bond vs anion-binding catalysis and b) activation modes in anion-binding catalysis.
Scheme 1: First proposed anion-binding mechanism in the thiourea-catalyzed acetalization of benzaldehyde.
Scheme 2: a) Thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective acyl-Pictet–Spengler reaction of tryptamine-derived imines 4...
Scheme 3: Proposed mechanism of the thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective Pictet–Spengler reaction of hydroxyla...
Scheme 4: a) Thiourea-catalyzed intramolecular Pictet–Spengler-type cyclization of hydroxylactam-derived N-ac...
Scheme 5: Enantioselective Reissert-type reactions of a) (iso)quinolines with silyl ketene acetals, and b) vi...
Figure 3: Role of the counter-anion: a) Anion acting as a spectator and b) anion participating directly as th...
Scheme 6: Enantioselective selenocyclization catalyzed by squaramide 28.
Scheme 7: Desymmetrization of meso-aziridines catalyzed by bifunctional thiourea catalyst 31.
Scheme 8: Anion-binding-catalyzed desymmetrization of a) meso-aziridines catalyzed by chiral triazolium catal...
Scheme 9: Bis-urea-catalyzed enantioselective fluorination of a) β-bromosulfides and b) β-haloamines by Gouve...
Scheme 10: a) Bifunctional thiourea anion-binding – basic/nucleophilic catalysts. Selected applications in b) ...
Scheme 11: Thiourea-catalyzed enantioselective polycyclization reaction of hydroxylactams 51 through cation–π ...
Scheme 12: Enantioselective aza-Sakurai cyclization of hydroxylactams 56 implicating additional cation–π and L...
Scheme 13: Enantioselective tail-to-head cyclization of neryl chloride derivatives.
Scheme 14: Cation–π interactions in anion binding-catalyzed asymmetric addition reactions: a) addition of indo...
Scheme 15: Bisthiourea catalyzed oxa-Pictet–Spengler reaction of indole-based alcohols and aromatic aldehydes ...
Scheme 16: Anion-binding catalyst development in the enantioselective addition of silyl ketene acetals to 1-ch...
Scheme 17: a) Macrocyclic bis-thiourea catalyst in a diastereoselective glycosylation reaction. b) Competing SN...
Scheme 18: a) Folding mechanism of oligotriazoles upon anion recognition. b) Representative tetratriazole 82 c...
Scheme 19: Switchable chiral tetratriazole catalyst 86 in the enantioselective addition of silyl ketene acetal...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2209–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.143
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling versus C‒H activation.
Figure 1: Oxidative and reductive quenching cycles of a photocatalyst. [PC] = photocatalyst, A = acceptor, D ...
Scheme 2: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)–H arylation of dimethylaniline (1a).
Scheme 3: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed arylation of α-amino, α-oxy and benzylic C(sp3)‒H bonds with aryl bromi...
Figure 2: Proposed catalytic cycle for the photoredox-mediated HAT and nickel catalysis enabled C(sp3)‒H aryl...
Scheme 4: Photoredox arylation of α-amino C(sp3)‒H bonds with aryl iodides.
Figure 3: Proposed mechanism for photoredox nickel-catalyzed α-amino C‒H arylation with aryl iodides.
Scheme 5: Nickel-catalyzed α-oxy C(sp3)−H arylation of cyclic and acyclic ethers.
Figure 4: Proposed catalytic cycle for the C(sp3)−H arylation of cyclic and acyclic ethers.
Scheme 6: Photochemical nickel-catalyzed C–H arylation of ethers.
Figure 5: Proposed catalytic cycle for the nickel-catalyzed arylation of ethers with aryl bromides.
Scheme 7: Nickel-catalyzed α-amino C(sp3)‒H arylation with aryl tosylates.
Scheme 8: Arylation of α-amino C(sp3)‒H bonds by in situ generated aryl tosylates from phenols.
Scheme 9: Formylation of aryl chlorides through redox-neutral 2-functionalization of 1,3-dioxolane (13).
Scheme 10: Photochemical C(sp3)–H arylation via a dual polyoxometalate HAT and nickel catalytic manifold.
Figure 6: Proposed mechanism for C(sp3)–H arylation through dual polyoxometalate HAT and nickel catalytic man...
Scheme 11: Photochemical nickel-catalyzed α-hydroxy C‒H arylation.
Scheme 12: Photochemical synthesis of fluoxetine (21).
Scheme 13: Photochemical nickel-catalyzed allylic C(sp3)‒H arylation with aryl bromides.
Figure 7: Proposed mechanism for the photochemical nickel-catalyzed allylic C(sp3)‒H arylation with aryl brom...
Scheme 14: Photochemical C(sp3)‒H arylation by the synergy of ketone HAT catalysis and nickel catalysis.
Figure 8: Proposed mechanism for photochemical C(sp3)‒H arylation by the synergy of ketone HAT catalysis and ...
Scheme 15: Benzophenone- and nickel-catalyzed photoredox benzylic C–H arylation.
Scheme 16: Benzaldehyde- and nickel-catalyzed photoredox C(sp3)–H arylation.
Scheme 17: Photoredox and nickel-catalyzed enantioselective benzylic C–H arylation.
Figure 9: Proposed mechanism for the photoredox and nickel-catalyzed enantioselective benzylic C–H arylation.
Scheme 18: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed α-(sp3)‒H arylation of secondary benzamides with aryl bromides.
Scheme 19: Enantioselective sp3 α-arylation of benzamides.
Scheme 20: Nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative vinylation/C‒H arylation of cyclic oxalates.
Figure 10: Proposed mechanism for the nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative vinylation/C‒H arylation of cyclic oxal...
Scheme 21: C(sp3)−H arylation of bioactive molecules using mpg-CN photocatalysis and nickel catalysis.
Figure 11: Proposed mechanism for the mpg-CN/nickel photocatalytic C(sp3)–H arylation.
Scheme 22: Nickel-catalyzed synthesis of 1,1-diarylalkanes from alkyl bromides and aryl bromides.
Figure 12: Proposed mechanism for photoredox nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)–H alkylation via polarity-matched HAT.
Scheme 23: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)‒H alkylation via polarity-matched HAT.
Scheme 24: Benzaldehyde- and nickel-catalyzed photoredox C(sp3)‒H alkylation of ethers.
Scheme 25: Benzaldehyde- and nickel-catalyzed photoredox C(sp3)‒H alkylation of amides and thioethers.
Scheme 26: Photoredox and nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)‒H alkylation of benzamides with alkyl bromides.
Scheme 27: CzIPN and nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)‒H alkylation of ethers with alkyl bromides.
Figure 13: Proposed mechanism for the CzIPN and nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)‒H alkylation of ethers.
Scheme 28: Nickel/photoredox-catalyzed methylation of (hetero)aryl chlorides and acid chlorides using trimethy...
Figure 14: Proposed catalytic cycle for the nickel/photoredox-catalyzed methylation of (hetero)aryl chlorides ...
Scheme 29: Photochemical nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)–H methylations.
Scheme 30: Photoredox nickel catalysis-enabled alkylation of unactivated C(sp3)–H bonds with alkyl bromides.
Scheme 31: Photochemical C(sp3)–H alkenylation with alkenyl tosylates.
Scheme 32: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed hydroalkylation of internal alkynes.
Figure 15: Proposed mechanism for the photoredox nickel-catalyzed hydroalkylation of internal alkynes.
Scheme 33: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed hydroalkylation of activated alkynes with C(sp3)−H bonds.
Scheme 34: Allylation of unactivated C(sp3)−H bonds with allylic chlorides.
Scheme 35: Photochemical nickel-catalyzed α-amino C(sp3)–H allylation of secondary amides with trifluoromethyl...
Scheme 36: Photoredox δ C(sp3)‒H allylation of secondary amides with trifluoromethylated alkenes.
Scheme 37: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed acylation of α-amino C(sp3)‒H bonds of N-arylamines.
Figure 16: Proposed mechanism for the photoredox nickel-catalyzed acylation of α-amino C(sp3)–H bonds of N-ary...
Scheme 38: Photocatalytic α‑acylation of ethers with acid chlorides.
Figure 17: Proposed mechanism for the photocatalytic α‑acylation of ethers with acid chlorides.
Scheme 39: Photoredox and nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)‒H esterification with chloroformates.
Scheme 40: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of benzylic and aldehydic C–H bonds.
Figure 18: Proposed reaction pathway for the photoredox nickel-catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of benzylic ...
Scheme 41: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed enantioselective acylation of α-amino C(sp3)–H bonds with carboxylic ac...
Scheme 42: Nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)‒H acylation with N-acylsuccinimides.
Figure 19: Proposed mechanism for the nickel-catalyzed C(sp3)–H acylation with N-acylsuccinimides.
Scheme 43: Nickel-catalyzed benzylic C–H functionalization with acid chlorides 45.
Scheme 44: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed benzylic C–H acylation with N-acylsuccinimides 84.
Scheme 45: Photoredox nickel-catalyzed acylation of indoles 86 with α-oxoacids 87.
Scheme 46: Nickel-catalyzed aldehyde C–H functionalization.
Figure 20: Proposed catalytic cycle for the photoredox nickel-catalyzed aldehyde C–H functionalization.
Scheme 47: Photoredox carboxylation of methylbenzenes with CO2.
Figure 21: Proposed mechanism for the photoredox carboxylation of methylbenzenes with CO2.
Scheme 48: Decatungstate photo-HAT and nickel catalysis enabled alkene difunctionalization.
Figure 22: Proposed catalytic cycle for the decatungstate photo-HAT and nickel catalysis enabled alkene difunc...
Scheme 49: Diaryl ketone HAT catalysis and nickel catalysis enabled dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes.
Figure 23: Proposed catalytic mechanism for the diaryl ketone HAT catalysis and nickel catalysis enabled dicar...
Scheme 50: Overview of photoredox nickel-catalyzed C–H functionalizations.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2164–2185, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.139
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Chemical structure, numbering scheme, and resonance form of azulene.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of polyazulene-iodine (PAz-I2) and polyazulene-bromine (PAz-Br2) complexes.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of ‘true polyazulene’ 3 or 3’ by cationic polymerization.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 1,3-polyazulene 5 by Yamamoto protocol.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 4,7-dibromo-6-(n-alkyl)azulenes 12–14.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of (A) 4,7-diethynyl-6-(n-dodecyl)azulene (16) and (B) 4,7-polyazulene 17 containing an e...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of directly connected 4,7-polyazulenes 18–20.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of (A) tert-butyl N-(6-bromoazulen-2-yl)carbamate (27), (B) dimeric aminoazulene 29, and ...
Figure 2: Iminium zwitterionic resonance forms of poly[2(6)-aminoazulene] 31.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of poly{1,3-bis[2-(3-alkylthienyl)]azulene} 33–38.
Scheme 9: Synthesis of polymer ruthenium complexes 40–43.
Scheme 10: Synthesis of 4,7-polyazulenes 45 containing a thienyl linker.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of azulene-bithiophene 48 and azulene-benzothiadiazole 52 copolymers. Conditions: (a): (i...
Scheme 12: Synthesis of azulene-benzodithiophene copolymer 54 and azulene-bithiophene copolymer 56.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of (A) 5,5’-bis(trimethylstannyl)-3,3’-didodecyl-2,2’-bithiophene (60) and (B) azulene-bi...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of 1,3-bisborylated azulene 67.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of D–A-type azulene-DPP copolymers 69, 71, and 72. Conditions: (a) Pd(PPh3)4, K2CO3, Aliq...
Scheme 16: Synthesis of the key precursor TBAzDI 79.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of TBAzDI-based polymers 81 and 83. Conditions: (a) P(o-tol)3, Pd2(dba)3, PivOH, Cs2CO3, ...
Scheme 18: Synthesis of (A) 1,3-dibromo-2-arylazulene 92–98 and (B) 2-arylazulene-thiophene copolymers 99–101.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of (A) poly[2,7-(9,9-dialkylfluorenyl)-alt-(1’,3’-azulenyl)] 106–109, (B) 1,3-bis(7-bromo...
Scheme 20: Synthesis of azulene-fluorene copolymers 117–121 containing varying ratios of 1,3- and 4,7-connecte...
Scheme 21: Synthesis of (A) 2,6-dibromoazulene (125), (B) azulene-fluorene copolymer 126, and (C) azulene-fluo...
Scheme 22: Synthesis of 2-arylazulene-fluorene copolymers 131–134.
Scheme 23: Synthesis of azulene-fluorene-benzothiadiazole terpolymers 136–138.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of azulene-carbazole-benzothiadiazole-conjugated polymers 140–144.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of (A) azulene-2-yl methacrylate (146) and (B) the triazole-containing azulene methacryla...
Scheme 26: Synthesis of (A) azulene methacrylate polymer 151 and (B) triazole-containing azulene methacrylate ...
Scheme 27: Synthesis of azulene methyl methacrylate polymers 154, 155 (A and B) and azulene-sulfobetaine metha...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2028–2050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.131
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of anthracene derivatives and their applications.
Scheme 1: Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions of arylboronic acids with internal alkynes.
Scheme 2: Rhodium-catalyzed oxidative benzannulation reactions of 1-adamantoyl-1-naphthylamines with internal...
Scheme 3: Gold/bismuth-catalyzed cyclization of o-alkynyldiarylmethanes.
Scheme 4: [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerization reactions with alkynes/nitriles in the presence of nickel and cobalt...
Scheme 5: Cobalt-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization reactions with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene (23).
Scheme 6: [2 + 2 + 2] Alkyne-cyclotrimerization reactions catalyzed by a CoCl2·6H2O/Zn reagent.
Scheme 7: Pd(II)-catalyzed sp3 C–H alkenylation of diphenyl carboxylic acids with acrylates.
Scheme 8: Pd(II)-catalyzed sp3 C–H arylation with o-tolualdehydes and aryl iodides.
Scheme 9: Alkylation of arenes with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of acetyl bromide and ZnBr2/SiO2.
Scheme 10: BF3·H2O-catalyzed hydroxyalkylation of arenes with aromatic dialdehyde 44.
Scheme 11: Bi(OTf)3-promoted Friedel–Crafts alkylation of triarylmethanes and aromatic acylals and of arenes a...
Scheme 12: Reduction of anthraquinones by using Zn/pyridine or Zn/NaOH reductive methods.
Scheme 13: Two-step route to novel substituted Indenoanthracenes.
Scheme 14: Synthesis of 1,8-diarylanthracenes through Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction in the presence of Pd-P...
Scheme 15: Synthesis of five new substituted anthracenes by using LAH as reducing agent.
Scheme 16: One-pot procedure to synthesize substituted 9,10-dicyanoanthracenes.
Scheme 17: Reduction of bromoanthraquinones with NaBH4 in alkaline medium.
Scheme 18: In(III)-catalyzed reductive-dehydration intramolecular cycloaromatization of 2-benzylic aromatic al...
Scheme 19: Acid-catalyzed cyclization of new O-protected ortho-acetal diarylmethanols.
Scheme 20: Lewis acid-mediated regioselective cyclization of asymmetric diarylmethine dipivalates and diarylme...
Scheme 21: BF3·OEt2/CF3SO3H-mediated cyclodehydration reactions of 2-(arylmethyl)benzaldehydes and 2-(arylmeth...
Scheme 22: Synthesis of 2,3,6,7-anthracenetetracarbonitrile (90) by double Wittig reaction followed by deprote...
Scheme 23: Homo-elongation protocol for the synthesis of substituted acene diesters/dinitriles.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of two new parental BN anthracenes via borylative cyclization.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of substituted anthracenes from a bifunctional organomagnesium alkoxide.
Scheme 26: Palladium-catalyzed tandem C–H activation/bis-cyclization of propargylic carbonates.
Scheme 27: Ruthenium-catalyzed C–H arylation of acetophenone derivatives with arenediboronates.
Scheme 28: Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of (Z,Z)-p-styrylstilbene derivatives.
Scheme 29: AuCl-catalyzed double cyclization of diiodoethynylterphenyl compounds.
Scheme 30: Iodonium-induced electrophilic cyclization of terphenyl derivatives.
Scheme 31: Oxidative photocyclization of 1,3-distyrylbenzene derivatives.
Scheme 32: Oxidative cyclization of 2,3-diphenylnaphthalenes.
Scheme 33: Suzuki-Miyaura/isomerization/ring closing metathesis strategy to synthesize benz[a]anthracenes.
Scheme 34: Green synthesis of oxa-aza-benzo[a]anthracene and oxa-aza-phenanthrene derivatives.
Scheme 35: Triple benzannulation of substituted naphtalene via a 1,3,6-naphthotriyne synthetic equivalent.
Scheme 36: Zinc iodide-catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions with 1,3-dienes and aroyl propiolates followed by intra...
Scheme 37: H3PO4-promoted intramolecular cyclization of substituted benzoic acids.
Scheme 38: Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular direct acylation of aromatic aldehydes and o-iodoesters.
Scheme 39: Cycloaddition/oxidative aromatization of quinone and β-enamino esters.
Scheme 40: ʟ-Proline-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of naphthoquinones and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes....
Scheme 41: Iridium-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of a 1,2-bis(propiolyl)benzene derivative with alkynes.
Scheme 42: Synthesis of several anthraquinone derivatives by using InCl3 and molecular iodine.
Scheme 43: Indium-catalyzed multicomponent reactions employing 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (186), β-naphthol (...
Scheme 44: Synthesis of substituted anthraquinones catalyzed by an AlCl3/MeSO3H system.
Scheme 45: Palladium(II)-catalyzed/visible light-mediated synthesis of anthraquinones.
Scheme 46: [4 + 2] Anionic annulation reaction for the synthesis of substituted anthraquinones.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.115
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Applications of acridines.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 2,4-dibromo-9-chloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroacridine (2).
Scheme 2: Synthesis of 2,4-bis(arylethynyl)-9-chloro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroacridines 4a–g.
Figure 2: UV–vis absorption spectra of 4a,b and 4e–g in diluted dichloromethane solutions at room temperature...
Figure 3: Emission spectra of 4a,b and 4e–g in diluted dichloromethane solutions at room temperature (c = 1 ×...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1600–1628, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.114
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Some significant triazole derivatives [8,23-27].
Scheme 1: A general comparison between synthetic routes for disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives and full...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of formyltriazoles 3 from the treatment of α-bromoacroleins 1 with azides 2.
Scheme 3: A probable mechanism for the synthesis of formyltriazoles 5 from the treatment of α-bromoacroleins 1...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles 8 from the reaction of aryl azides 7 with enamino...
Scheme 5: Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles from the reaction of a...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles 11 from the reaction of primary amines 10 with 1,...
Scheme 7: The proposed mechanism for the synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles 11 from the reacti...
Scheme 8: Synthesis of fully decorated 1,2,3-triazoles 19 containing a sulfur-based side chain.
Scheme 9: Mechanism for the formation of fully decorated 1,2,3-triazoles 19 containing a sulfur-based side ch...
Scheme 10: Synthesis of fully decorated 1,2,3-triazole compounds 25 through the regioselective addition and cy...
Scheme 11: A reasonable mechanism for the synthesis of fully decorated 1,2,3-triazole compounds 25 through the...
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted glycosyl-containing 1,2,3-triazole derivatives 30 from the reacti...
Scheme 13: Synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles 34 via intramolecular cyclization reaction of ket...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of fully decorated 1,2,3-triazoles 38 from the reaction of aldehydes 35, amines 36, and α...
Scheme 15: A reasonable mechanism for the synthesis of fully decorated 1,2,3-triazoles 38 from the reaction of...
Scheme 16: Synthesis of functionally rich double C- and N-vinylated 1,2,3-triazoles 45 and 47.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of disubstituted 4-chloro-, 4-bromo-, and 4-iodo-1,2,3-triazoles 50.
Scheme 18: a) A general route for SPAAC in polymer chemistry and b) synthesis of a novel pH-sensitive polymeri...
Scheme 19: Synthesis of 5-allenyl-1,2,3-triazoles 60 by the treatment of alkynes 57, azides 58, and propargyli...
Scheme 20: A reasonable mechanism for the synthesis of 5-allenyl-1,2,3-triazoles 60 by the treatment of alkyne...
Scheme 21: Synthesis of 5‐alkynyl-1,2,3-triazoles 69.
Scheme 22: A reasonable mechanism for the synthesis of 5‐alkynyl-1,2,3-triazoles 69.
Scheme 23: Synthesis of sulfur-cycle-fused 1,2,3-triazoles 75 and 77.
Scheme 24: A reasonable mechanism for the synthesis of sulfur-cycle-fused 1,2,3‐triazoles 75 and 77.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of 5-selanyltriazoles 85 from the reaction of ethynylstibanes 82, organic azides 83, and ...
Scheme 26: A mechanism for the synthesis of 5-selanyltriazoles 85 from the reaction of ethynylstibanes 82, org...
Scheme 27: Synthesis of trisubstituted triazoles containing an Sb substituent at position C5 in 93 and 5-unsub...
Scheme 28: Synthesis of asymmetric triazole disulfides 98 from disulfide-containing tert-butyltosyl disulfide 97...
Scheme 29: A mechanism for the synthesis of asymmetric triazole disulfides 98 from disulfide-containing tert-bu...
Scheme 30: Synthesis of triazole-fused sultams 104.
Scheme 31: Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-fused tricyclic heterocycles 106.
Scheme 32: A reasonable mechanism for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-fused tricyclic heterocycles 106.
Scheme 33: Synthesis of 5-aryl-substituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives 112.
Scheme 34: A reasonable mechanism for the synthesis of 5-aryl-substituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives 112.
Scheme 35: Synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamides 119.
Scheme 36: A probable mechanism for the synthesis of 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxamides 119.
Scheme 37: Synthesis of fully decorated triazoles 125 via the Pd/C-catalyzed arylation of disubstituted triazo...
Scheme 38: Synthesis of triazolo[1,5-a]indolones 131.
Scheme 39: Synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted triazole-fused enediyne systems 135 and 5-aryl-4-ethynyltr...
Scheme 40: Synthesis of Pd/Cu-BNP 139 and application of 139 in the synthesis of polycyclic triazoles 142.
Scheme 41: A probable mechanism for the synthesis of polycyclic triazoles 142.
Scheme 42: Synthesis of highly functionalized 1,2,3-triazole-fused 5-, 6-, and 7-membered rings 152–154.
Scheme 43: A probable mechanism for the synthesis of highly functionalized 1,2,3-triazole-fused 5-, 6-, and 7-...
Scheme 44: Synthesis of fully functionalized 1,2,3-triazolo-fused chromenes 162, 164, and 166 via the intramol...
Scheme 45: Ru-catalyzed synthesis of fully decorated triazoles 172.
Scheme 46: Synthesis of 4-cyano-1,2,3-triazoles 175.
Scheme 47: Synthesis of functionalized triazoles from the reaction of 1-alkyltriazenes 176 and azides 177 and ...
Scheme 48: Mechanism for the synthesis of functionalized triazoles from the reaction of 1-alkyltriazenes 176 a...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1374–1384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.96
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Retrosynthetic pathways to the pyrrole-based C3-symmetric truxene derivative 6.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of tripyrrolotruxene 6 via cyclotrimerization and RCM as crucial steps.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of star-shaped molecule 6 utilizing the Clauson–Kaas pyrrole strategy.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of truxene derivative 6 involving Ullmann-type cross-coupling reaction.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of imidazole and benzimidazole containing truxene derivatives 14 and 16.
Scheme 6: Construction of truxene-based di- and trioxazole derivatives 21 and 20.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of benzene-bridged rings containing trioxazolotruxene system 25.
Figure 1: Normalized absorption (left); fluorescence spectra (right) of the synthesized truxene derivatives (...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1352–1359, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.94
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of alkynes from carbonyl compounds through one-carbon homologation.
Scheme 2: Reactions of magnesium alkylidene carbenoids 3, generated from sulfoxides 2 and iPrMgCl.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of sulfoxides 2 and 5–8 from carbonyl compounds 1.
Scheme 4: Reaction of sulfoxides 5 and 6 with isopropylmagnesium chloride.
Scheme 5: Reaction of sulfoxide 2c with isopropylmagnesium chloride.
Scheme 6: Reaction of 13C-labeled sulfoxides [13C]-(E)-2e and [13C]-(Z)-2e with iPrMgCl.
Scheme 7: A plausible reaction mechanism for the formation of alkynes 4. a) 1,2-Rearrangement readily takes p...
Figure 1: Optimized geometries of reactant (E)-3e, transition state (E)-3e‡, and product 4e·MgCl2 for the FBW...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1335–1351, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.93
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Icilio Guareschi (1847–1918). (Source: Annali della Reale Accademia di Agricoltura di Torino 1919, ...
Scheme 1: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, 1), gabapentin (2), and thymol (3).
Figure 2: Baliatico (Nursing) by Francesco Scaramuzza (275 cm × 214 cm, Parma, Complesso Museale della Pilott...
Figure 3: Schiff’s fictitious report on the foundation of the Gazzetta Chimica Italiana (Image reproduced fro...
Scheme 2: Reaction of thymol (3) with chloroform under the basic conditions of the Guareschi–Lustgarten react...
Figure 4: The chemistry building of Turin University in a historical picture. Note, that one of the “mysterio...
Scheme 3: Triacetonamine (6) and the related compounds phorone (7), α-eucaine (8), and tropinone (9).
Scheme 4: Taxonomy of the Guareschi pyridone syntheses.
Scheme 5: The catalytic cycle of the “1897 reaction”.
Scheme 6: Resonance forms of the radical 10.
Figure 5: The wet chamber used by Guareschi to restore parchments (Gorrini, G. L'incendio della R. Biblioteca...
Figure 6: The Guareschi mask. (Servizio Chimico Militare. L'opera di Icilio Guareschi precursore della masche...
Figure 7: Guareschi’s bust at the Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco of Turin University. Permi...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1149–1170, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.88
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: 5-Halo-substituted porphyrins.
Figure 2: Expanded view (thermal ellipsoid) of compound 1 in the crystal showing (A) stacking, (B) tilted edg...
Figure 3: Expanded view (ball and stick) of compound 2 in the crystal showing (A) stacking, (B) bromine atoms...
Figure 4: Expanded view (ball and stick) of compound 3 in the crystal showing (A) stacking and (B) edge-on in...
Figure 5: Hirshfeld surfaces of compounds 1–3.
Figure 6: Contact percentages of compounds 1–3.
Figure 7: NSD charts for compounds 1–3.
Figure 8: Expanded view (thermal ellipsoid plot) of compound 2A showing (A) the edge-on and stacking interact...
Figure 9: 5-Halo-15-phenyl-substituted porphyrins.
Figure 10: Expanded view (thermal ellipsoid plot) of compound 4 showing (A) tilted alignment of porphyrin ring...
Figure 11: Expanded view (thermal ellipsoid plot) of compound 5 showing (A) porphyrin stacking and (B) Br···H ...
Figure 12: Expanded view (thermal ellipsoid plot) of compounds 6 (A and C) and 7 (B and D) showing (A) Br···H ...
Figure 13: 5,15-Di-halo-substituted porphyrins.
Figure 14: Expanded view (thermal ellipsoid plot) of compound 9 showing the Br···H interactions with (A) pyrro...
Figure 15: Expanded view (thermal ellipsoid plot) of compound 10 showing the (A) Br···H interactions with toly...
Figure 16: Expanded view (thermal ellipsoid plot) of compound 11 showing the (A) edge-on interactions, (B) edg...
Figure 17: Expanded view (thermal ellipsoid plot) of compound 13 showing (A) Br···H interactions with pyrrole ...
Figure 18: Expanded view (ball and stick) of compound 13A showing (A) Br···H interactions with pyrrole units a...
Figure 19: 5,10-Di-halo-substituted porphyrins.
Figure 20: Expanded view (ball and stick) of compound 16 showing (A) stacking, (B) head-to-tail alignment, (C)...
Figure 21: Honorable mentions of halogen-substituted porphyrins taken from the CSD database.
Figure 22: Series 1 – 5,15-di-halo-substituted porphyrins.
Figure 23: Series 2 – increasing number of halogen substituents.
Figure 24: Series 3 – 5,10-di-halo-substituted porphyrins.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1096–1140, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.86
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: General strategy for the enantioselective synthesis of N-containing heterocycles from N-tert-butane...
Scheme 2: Methodologies for condensation of aldehydes and ketones with tert-butanesulfinamides (1).
Scheme 3: Transition models for cis-aziridines and trans-aziridines.
Scheme 4: Mechanism for the reduction of N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines.
Scheme 5: Transition models for the addition of organomagnesium and organolithium compounds to N-tert-butanes...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 2,2-dibromoaziridines 15 from aldimines 14 and bromoform, and proposed non-chelation-c...
Scheme 7: Diastereoselective synthesis of aziridines from tert-butanesulfinyl imines.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of vinylaziridines 22 from aldimines 14 and 1,3-dibromopropene 23, and proposed chelation...
Scheme 9: Synthesis of vinylaziridines 27 from aldimines 14 and α-bromoesters 26, and proposed transition sta...
Scheme 10: Synthesis of 2-chloroaziridines 28 from aldimines 14 and dichloromethane, and proposed transition s...
Scheme 11: Synthesis of cis-vinylaziridines 30 and 31 from aldimines 14 and bromomethylbutenolide 29.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 2-chloro-2-aroylaziridines 36 and 32 from aldimines 14, arylnitriles 34, and silyldich...
Scheme 13: Synthesis of trifluoromethylaziridines 39 and proposed transition state of the aziridination.
Scheme 14: Synthesis of aziridines 42 and proposed state transition.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of 1-substituted 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptanes, 1-phenyl-2-azaspiro[3.4]octane and 1-phenyl-2-a...
Scheme 16: Synthesis of 1-substituted 2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptanes 48 from chiral imines 14 and 1-Boc-azetidine...
Scheme 17: Synthesis of β-lactams 52 from chiral imines 14 and dimethyl malonate (49).
Scheme 18: Synthesis of spiro-β-lactam 57 from chiral (RS)-N-tert-butanesulfinyl isatin ketimine 53 and ethyl ...
Scheme 19: Synthesis of β-lactam 60, a precursor of (−)-batzelladine D (61) and (−)-13-epi-batzelladine D (62)...
Scheme 20: Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of 3-substituted pyrrolidines 66 from chiral imine (RS)-63 a...
Scheme 21: Asymmetric synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted isoindolines 69 and 70 from chiral imine 67.
Scheme 22: Asymmetric synthesis of cis-2,5-disubstituted pyrrolidines 73 from chiral imine (RS)-71.
Scheme 23: Asymmetric synthesis of 3-hydroxy-5-substituted pyrrolidin-2-ones 77 from chiral imine (RS)-74.
Scheme 24: Asymmetric synthesis of 4-hydroxy-5-substituted pyrrolidin-2-ones 80 from chiral imines 79.
Scheme 25: Asymmetric synthesis of 3-pyrrolines 82 from chiral imines 14 and ethyl 4-bromocrotonate (81).
Scheme 26: Asymmetric synthesis of γ-amino esters 84, and tetramic acid derivative 86 from chiral imines (RS)-...
Scheme 27: Asymmetric synthesis of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactams 90 from chiral imines (Z,SS)-87 and ethyl 2-bro...
Scheme 28: Asymmetric synthesis of methylenepyrrolidines 92 from chiral imines (RS)-14 and 2-(trimethysilylmet...
Scheme 29: Synthesis of dibenzoazaspirodecanes from cyclic N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines.
Scheme 30: Stereoselective synthesis of cyclopenta[c]proline derivatives 103 from β,γ-unsaturated α-amino acid...
Scheme 31: Stereoselective synthesis of alkaloids (−)-angustureine (107) and (−)-cuspareine (108).
Scheme 32: Stereoselective synthesis of alkaloids (−)-pelletierine (112) and (+)-coniine (117).
Scheme 33: Synthesis of piperidine alkaloids (+)-dihydropinidine (122a), (+)-isosolenopsin (122b) and (+)-isos...
Scheme 34: Stereoselective synthesis of the alkaloids(+)-sedamine (125) from chiral imine (SS)-119.
Scheme 35: Stereoselective synthesis of trans-5-hydroxy-6-substituted-2-piperidinones 127 and 129 from chiral ...
Scheme 36: Stereoselective synthesis of trans-5-hydroxy-6-substituted ethanone-2-piperidinones 132 from chiral...
Scheme 37: Stereoselective synthesis of trans-3-benzyl-5-hydroxy-6-substituted-2-piperidinones 136 from chiral...
Scheme 38: Stereoselective synthesis of trans-5-hydroxy-6-substituted 2-piperidinones 139 from chiral imine 138...
Scheme 39: Stereoselective synthesis of ʟ-hydroxypipecolic acid 145 from chiral imine 144.
Scheme 40: Synthesis of 1-substituted isoquinolones 147, 149 and 151.
Scheme 41: Stereoselective synthesis of 3-substituted dihydrobenzo[de]isoquinolinones 154.
Scheme 42: Enantioselective synthesis of alkaloids (S)-1-benzyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (...
Scheme 43: Enantioselective synthesis of alkaloids (−)-cermizine B (171) and (+)-serratezomine E (172) develop...
Scheme 44: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-isosolepnosin (177) and (+)-solepnosin (178) from homoallylamine d...
Scheme 45: Stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydroquinoline derivatives 184, 185 and 187 from chiral imines (RS...
Scheme 46: Stereoselective synthesis of pyridobenzofuran and pyridoindole derivatives 193 from homopropargylam...
Scheme 47: Stereoselective synthesis of 2-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines 196 from chiral imines (RS)-...
Scheme 48: Stereoselective synthesis of 2-substituted trans-2,6-disubstituted piperidine 199 from chiral imine...
Scheme 49: Stereoselective synthesis of cis-2,6-disubstituted piperidines 200, and alkaloid (+)-241D, from chi...
Scheme 50: Stereoselective synthesis of 6-substituted piperidines-2,5-diones 206 and 1,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decane...
Scheme 51: Stereoselective synthesis of spirocyclic oxindoles 210 from chiral imines (RS)-53.
Scheme 52: Stereoselective synthesis of azaspiro compound 213 from chiral imine 211.
Scheme 53: Stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives from chiral imines (RS)-214.
Scheme 54: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-crispine A 223 from chiral imine (RS)-214.
Scheme 55: Synthesis of (−)-harmicine (228) using tert-butanesulfinamide through haloamide cyclization.
Scheme 56: Stereoselective synthesis of tetraponerines T1–T8.
Scheme 57: Stereoselective synthesis of phenanthroindolizidines 246a and (−)-tylophorine (246b), and phenanthr...
Scheme 58: Stereoselective synthesis of indoline, tetrahydroquinoline and tetrahydrobenzazepine derivatives 253...
Scheme 59: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-epohelmin A (258) and (+)-epohelmin B (260) from aldimine (RS)-79.
Scheme 60: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-epiquinamide (266) from chiral aldimine (SS)-261.
Scheme 61: Synthesis synthesis of (–)-hippodamine (273) and (+)-epi-hippodamine (272) using chiral sulfinyl am...
Scheme 62: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-grandisine D (279) and (+)-amabiline (283).
Scheme 63: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-epiquinamide (266) and (+)-swaisonine (291) from aldimine (SS)-126....
Scheme 64: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-C(9a)-epi-epiquinamide (294).
Scheme 65: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-lasubine II (298) from chiral aldimine (SS)-109.
Scheme 66: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-epimyrtine (300a) and (−)-lasubine II (ent-302) from β-amino keton...
Scheme 67: Stereoselective synthesis of (−)-tabersonine (310), (−)-vincadifformine (311), and (−)-aspidospermi...
Scheme 68: Stereoselective synthesis of (+)-epohelmin A (258) and (+)-epohelmin B (260) from aldehyde 313 and ...
Scheme 69: Total synthesis of (+)-lysergic acid (323) from N-tert-butanesulfinamide (RS)-1.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 885–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.74
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Several examples of C(sp3)–H halogenation.
Scheme 2: Substrate scope. a80 °C. b45 min. c4 h. d90 °C, eGC yield of mono-brominated product 2n using mesit...
Scheme 3: Gram-scale synthesis of 2a.
Scheme 4: Conversion of the C(sp3)–Br bond.
Scheme 5: Proposed mechanism of manganese-catalyzed C(sp3)–H bromination.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 719–729, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.61
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of dibenzosuberenone 1 and pyridazine and pyrrole derivatives.
Figure 2: Structures of s-tetrazines 2a–l.
Scheme 1: Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reactions of dibenzosuberenone (1) with tetrazines 2a–l.
Scheme 2: Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reactions between dibenzosuberenone 1 and tetrazines 2ka and 2lb...
Scheme 3: Proposed reaction mechanism for the formation of dibenzosuberenone derivatives 3 and 4.
Scheme 4: Proposed mechanism for the formation of 5l.
Scheme 5: Oxidation of dihydropyridazines 3a–f. All reactions were carried in CH2Cl2 at room temperature (4e:...
Scheme 6: Synthesis of pyrrole 10a. a1.34 mmol 4a, Zinc (for 10aa: 6.68 mmol, for 10ab: 13.36 mmol), 10 mL gl...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of pyrrole 10b. a1.21 mmol 4b, 12.10 mmol Zinc, 118 °C, 2 h. b1.13 mmol 10ba, 1.69 mmol K...
Scheme 8: Synthesis of p-quinone methides 13–16. a1.77 mmol 11, 1.77 mmol 2, 5 mL toluene, 80 °C (13a: overni...
Scheme 9: Proposed mechanism for the formation of 13.
Figure 3: UV–vis spectra of 3c–f and 3k in CH3CN at rt (c = 5 μM).
Figure 4: Fluorescence spectra of 3c–f and 3k in CH3CN at rt (c = 5 μM).
Figure 5: Ambient (top) and fluorescence (bottom, under 365 nm UV light) images of 3c–f and 3k in CH3CN.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.34
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: 5-Aminotetrazole derivatives.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of tetrazolium-5-aminides.
Scheme 2: N-Functionalizations of 1,3-disubstituted tetrazolium-5-aminides 8a,b.
Figure 2: Molecules of compounds 8a, 10, 11a, and the bistetrazolium cation 9, with displacement ellipsoids d...
Scheme 3: Possible Lewis structures for the molecule of 8a, with non-Lewis occupancies as % of the total elec...
Figure 3: Experimental (a) and TD-tHCTHhyb/6-311+G(2d,p) calculated (b) UV–vis spectra of compound 8a in diff...
Figure 4: Model structures of 8a used for the calculations of the UV–vis spectra: a) In n-hexane and THF, b) ...
Figure 5: NPA charges (left) and MESP contour map (right) for the molecule of 8a.
Figure 6: The calculated plots in n-hexane of a) HOMO, b) LUMO, c) electron density difference between the S1...
Figure 7: The calculated plots in water of a) HOMO, b) LUMO, c) electron density difference between the S1 an...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 343–378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.32
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Stabilizing interaction in the CF3CH2+ carbenium ion (top) and structure of the first observable fl...
Scheme 1: Isodesmic equations accounting for the destabilizing effect of the CF3 group. ΔE in kcal⋅mol−1, cal...
Scheme 2: Stabilizing effect of fluorine atoms by resonance electron donation in carbenium ions (δ in ppm).
Scheme 3: Direct in situ NMR observation of α-(trifluoromethyl)carbenium ion or protonated alcohols. Δδ = δ19...
Scheme 4: Reported 13C NMR chemical shifts for the α-(trifluoromethyl)carbenium ion 10c (δ in ppm).
Scheme 5: Direct NMR observation of α-(trifluoromethyl)carbenium ions in situ (δ in ppm).
Scheme 6: Illustration of the ion pair solvolysis mechanism for sulfonate 13f. YOH = solvent.
Figure 2: Solvolysis rate for 13a–i and 17.
Figure 3: Structures of allyl triflates 18 and 19 and allyl brosylate 20. Bs = p-BrC6H4SO2.
Figure 4: Structure of tosylate derivatives 21.
Figure 5: a) Structure of triflate derivatives 22. b) Stereochemistry outcomes of the reaction starting from (...
Scheme 7: Solvolysis reaction of naphthalene and anthracenyl derivatives 26 and 29.
Figure 6: Structure of bisarylated derivatives 34.
Figure 7: Structure of bisarylated derivatives 36.
Scheme 8: Reactivity of 9c in the presence of a Brønsted acid.
Scheme 9: Cationic electrocyclization of 38a–c under strongly acidic conditions.
Scheme 10: Brønsted acid-catalyzed synthesis of indenes 42 and indanes 43.
Scheme 11: Reactivity of sulfurane 44 in triflic acid.
Scheme 12: Solvolysis of triflate 45f in alcoholic solvents.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of labeled 18O-52.
Scheme 14: Reactivity of sulfurane 53 in triflic acid.
Figure 8: Structure of tosylates 56 and 21f.
Scheme 15: Resonance forms in benzylic carbenium ions.
Figure 9: Structure of pyrrole derivatives 58 and 59.
Scheme 16: Resonance structure 60↔60’.
Scheme 17: Ga(OTf)3-catalyzed synthesis of 3,3’- and 3,6’-bis(indolyl)methane from trifluoromethylated 3-indol...
Scheme 18: Proposed reaction mechanism.
Scheme 19: Metal-free 1,2-phosphorylation of 3-indolylmethanols.
Scheme 20: Superacid-mediated arylation of thiophene derivatives.
Scheme 21: In situ mechanistic NMR investigations.
Scheme 22: Proposed mechanisms for the prenyltransferase-catalyzed condensation.
Scheme 23: Influence of a CF3 group on the allylic SN1- and SN2-mechanism-based reactions.
Scheme 24: Influence of the CF3 group on the condensation reaction.
Scheme 25: Solvolysis of 90 in TFE.
Scheme 26: Solvolysis of allyl triflates 94 and 97 and isomerization attempt of 96.
Scheme 27: Proposed mechanism for the formation of 95.
Scheme 28: Formation of α-(trifluoromethyl)allylcarbenium ion 100 in a superacid.
Scheme 29: Lewis acid activation of CF3-substituted allylic alcohols.
Scheme 30: Bimetallic-cluster-stabilized α-(trifluoromethyl)carbenium ions.
Scheme 31: Reactivity of cluster-stabilized α-(trifluoromethyl)carbenium ions.
Scheme 32: α-(Trifluoromethyl)propargylium ion 122↔122’ generated from silyl ether 120 in a superacid.
Scheme 33: Formation of α-(trifluoromethyl)propargylium ions from CF3-substituted propargyl alcohols.
Scheme 34: Direct NMR observation of the protonation of some trifluoromethyl ketones in situ and the correspon...
Scheme 35: Selected resonance forms in protonated fluoroketone derivatives.
Scheme 36: Acid-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts reactions of trifluoromethyl ketones 143a,b and 147a–c.
Scheme 37: Enantioselective hydroarylation of CF3-substituted ketones.
Scheme 38: Acid-catalyzed arylation of ketones 152a–c.
Scheme 39: Reactivity of 156 in a superacid.
Scheme 40: Reactivity of α-CF3-substituted heteroaromatic ketones and alcohols as well as 1,3-diketones.
Scheme 41: Reactivity of 168 with benzene in the presence of a Lewis or Brønsted acid.
Scheme 42: Acid-catalyzed three-component asymmetric reaction.
Scheme 43: Anodic oxidation of amines 178a–c and proposed mechanism.
Scheme 44: Reactivity of 179b in the presence of a strong Lewis acid.
Scheme 45: Trifluoromethylated derivatives as precursors of trifluoromethylated iminium ions.
Scheme 46: Mannich reaction with trifluoromethylated hemiaminal 189.
Scheme 47: Suitable nucleophiles reacting with 192 after Lewis acid activation.
Scheme 48: Strecker reaction involving the trifluoromethylated iminium ion 187.
Scheme 49: Reactivity of 199 toward nucleophiles.
Scheme 50: Reactivity of 204a with benzene in the presence of a Lewis acid.
Scheme 51: Reactivity of α-(trifluoromethyl)-α-chloro sulfides in the presence of strong Lewis acids.
Scheme 52: Anodic oxidation of sulfides 213a–h and Pummerer rearrangement.
Scheme 53: Mechanism for the electrochemical oxidation of the sulfide 213a.
Scheme 54: Reactivity of (trifluoromethyl)diazomethane (217a) in HSO3F.
Figure 10: a) Structure of diazoalkanes 217a–c and b) rate-limiting steps of their decomposition.
Scheme 55: Deamination reaction of racemic 221 and enantioenriched (S)-221.
Scheme 56: Deamination reaction of labeled 221-d2. Elimination products were formed in this reaction, the yiel...
Scheme 57: Deamination reaction of 225-d2. Elimination products were also formed in this reaction in undetermi...
Scheme 58: Formation of 229 from 228 via 1,2-H-shift.
Scheme 59: Deamination reaction of 230. Elimination products were formed in this reaction, the yield of which ...
Scheme 60: Deamination of several diazonium ions. Elimination products were formed in these reactions, the yie...
Scheme 61: Solvolysis reaction mechanism of alkyl tosylates.
Scheme 62: Solvolysis outcome for the tosylates 248 and 249 in HSO3FSbF5.
Figure 11: Solvolysis rate of 248, 249, 252, and 253 in 91% H2SO4.
Scheme 63: Illustration of the reaction pathways. TsCl, pyridine, −5 °C (A); 98% H2SO4, 30 °C (B); 98% H2SO4, ...
Scheme 64: Proposed solvolysis mechanism for the aliphatic tosylate 248.
Scheme 65: Solvolysis of the derivatives 259 and 260.
Scheme 66: Solvolysis of triflate 261. SOH = solvent.
Scheme 67: Intramolecular Friedel–Crafts alkylations upon the solvolysis of triflates 264 and 267.
Scheme 68: α-CF3-enhanced γ-silyl elimination of cyclobutyltosylates 270a,b.
Scheme 69: γ-Silyl elimination in the synthesis of a large variety of CF3-substituted cyclopropanes. Pf = pent...
Scheme 70: Synthetic pathways to 281. aNMR yields.
Scheme 71: The cyclopropyl-substituted homoallylcyclobutylcarbenium ion manifold.
Scheme 72: Reactivity of CF3-substituted cyclopropylcarbinyl derivatives 287a–c. LG = leaving group.
Scheme 73: Reactivity of CF3-substituted cyclopropylcarbinyl derivatives 291a–c.
Scheme 74: Superacid-promoted dimerization or TFP.
Scheme 75: Reactivity of TFP in a superacid.
Scheme 76: gem-Difluorination of α-fluoroalkyl styrenes via the formation of a “hidden” α-RF-substituted carbe...
Scheme 77: Solvolysis of CF3-substituted pentyne 307.
Scheme 78: Photochemical rearrangement of 313.
Figure 12: Structure of 2-norbornylcarbenium ion 318 and argued model for the stabilization of this cation.
Figure 13: Structures and solvolysis rate (TFE, 25 °C) of the sulfonates 319–321. Mos = p-MeOC6H4SO2.
Scheme 79: Mechanism for the solvolysis of 323. SOH = solvent.
Scheme 80: Products formed by the hydrolysis of 328.
Scheme 81: Proposed carbenium ion intermediates in an equilibrium during the solvolysis of tosylates 328, 333,...