On the hydrolysis of diethyl 2-(perfluorophenyl)malonate

• Ilya V. Taydakov and
• Mikhail A. Kiskin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1863–1868, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.153

• . Keywords: decarboxylation; fluorinated aromatic compounds; hydrolysis of esters; 2-(perfluorophenyl)acetic acid; 2-(perfluorophenyl)malonic acid; Introduction 2-Phenylmalonic acid (1) and its esters are useful and versatile intermediates in the synthesis of many practically important compounds, e.g

• starting ester remained intact, while under drastic conditions (high concentration of alkali, homogeneous solutions, elevated temperatures), decomposition and/or decarboxylation occurred. However, it is possible that decarboxylation took place during the isolation of the free acid. In all cases, no desired

• be formed by thermal decarboxylation of the desired 2-(perfluorophenyl)malonic acid. To prove this hypothesis, 2-(perfluorophenyl)malonate (3) was heated under reflux conditions with an excess of 48% aqueous HBr solution according to the method described in [36], but only traces of 2-(perfluorophenyl

When metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization meets visible-light photocatalysis

• Lucas Guillemard and
• Joanna Wencel-Delord

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1754–1804, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.147

• activation step to produce a palladacyclic intermediate. In parallel, the oxidative decarboxylation of the α-ketoacid induced by the photocatalyst in its excited state generates the corresponding acyl radical. The latter is intercepted by the palladacycle, leading to a Pd(III) species. Remarkably, the

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

An overview on disulfide-catalyzed and -cocatalyzed photoreactions

• Yeersen Patehebieke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1418–1435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.118

• are used as the photoredox catalyst to prepare the corresponding primary and secondary alcohols from terminal and internal olefins. The substrate scope is broad, with excellent regioselectivities and yields up to 96% (Scheme 17). Decarboxylation reactions Carboxylic acid often serves as an inexpensive

• and abundant source of biomass-derived molecules. Decarboxylative transformations of carboxylic acids into value-added chemical products (such as biofuels) are a key objective in organic synthesis [25]. In 2014, Wallentin and co-workers reported a type of decarboxylation reaction of α-amino acids, α

• hydrodecarboxylation product 55. Nicewicz and co-workers also reported the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids and malonic acid derivatives catalyzed by an acridinium photoredox catalyst (Mes–Acr–Ph) and PhSSPh in 2015 (Scheme 20) [27]. This direct method of the organocatalytic decarboxylation of carboxylic acids to

[3 + 2] Cycloaddition with photogenerated azomethine ylides in β-cyclodextrin

• Margareta Sohora,
• Leo Mandić and
• Nikola Basarić

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1296–1304, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.110

• inclusion complexes 2@β-CD and 3@β-CD was investigated, and we found out that β-CD does not affect the decarboxylation efficiency, while it affects the subsequent photochemical H-abstraction, resulting in different product distribution upon irradiation in the presence of β-CD. The formation of ternary

• decarboxylation and [3 + 2] cycloaddition take place in the ternary complex, whereas such a reactivity from bulky adamantane 3 is less likely. This proof of principle that decarboxylation and cycloaddition can be performed in the β-CD cavity has a significant importance for the design of new supramolecular

• most probably undergoes decarboxylation delivering 1AMY from the S1 state [49]. In CH3CN, 1AMY decays with a rate constant of 2.9 × 106 M−1 s−1, and reacts with methyl acrylate in [3 + 2] cycloaddition with the rate constant 2.7 × 107 M−1 s−1 [49]. Protic solvents such as CH3OH or H2O quench

Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization

• Melanie Iwanow,
• Tobias Gärtner,
• Volker Sieber and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1188–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.104

• solutions Xu et al. used energy-rich carbon precursors for the spherical carbon preparation via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Lithium, sodium or potassium propiolates are one class of such energy rich materials and exhibit leaving groups such as CO, CO2 or C2H2 eliminated by decarbonylation or decarboxylation

Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

• ), such as carboxylates or RAEs (Redox Active Esters), oxidative fragmentations, and reductive fragmentations of various redox-active groups (X) as well as hydrogen atom abstractions (Scheme 2). Decarboxylation Carboxylic acids are naturally abundant functionalities that provide an easy access to C(sp3

• ) radicals. Since the dawn of organic chemistry, several radical decarboxylations have been developed, including the Kolbe electrolysis [33][34], the Hunsdiecker reaction [35], and the Barton decarboxylation [36][37][38]. More recently, photoredox catalysis has appeared as a mild alternative to these

• difficult to be directly activated by the excited state photocatalyst. For these reasons, the photocatalyzed decarboxylation often proceeds on the corresponding carboxylates, which are easier to be oxidized. This photoinduced SET, followed by the loss of CO2 as the sole byproduct, gives access to the

Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications

• Laila F. Awad and
• Mohammed Salah Ayoup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1022–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.91

• diesters 20a–c. Partial hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation gave the N-benzyloxycarbonyl ᴅʟ-amino acid esters 22a–c, which upon enzymatic hydrolysis of the ester group using the subtilisin-type Carlsberg enzyme led to ᴅ-amino acid esters 23a–c and the corresponding Cbz-protected p, m-fluoro-, or

Recent applications of porphyrins as photocatalysts in organic synthesis: batch and continuous flow approaches

• Rodrigo Costa e Silva,
• Luely Oliveira da Silva,
• Aloisio de Andrade Bartolomeu,
• Timothy John Brocksom and
• Kleber Thiago de Oliveira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 917–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.83

• ) [36]. The authors hypothesized that the C–O bond cleavage could be achieved via cobalt-mediated alcohol carbonylation followed by radical decarboxylation of the alkoxycarbonyl intermediate. In a proof-of-concept study, they proceeded with the carbonylation of 1-phenylethanol using Co(II) tetrakis(4

Aldehydes as powerful initiators for photochemical transformations

• Maria A. Theodoropoulou,
• Nikolaos F. Nikitas and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 833–857, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.76

• highlighting organocatalytically-mediated reactions [7][8][9][10] with potential in the field of photoorganocatalysis. The power of metal-based photocatalysts is indisputable and can be pinpointed through the ease that they can catalyze difficult photocatalytic reactions, such as the decarboxylation of

Recent advances in Cu-catalyzed C(sp³)–Si and C(sp³)–B bond formation

• Balaram S. Takale,
• Ruchita R. Thakore,
• Elham Etemadi-Davan and
• Bruce H. Lipshutz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 691–737, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.67

• explored on redox-active alkyl esters derived from N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI, 37), in which case the reactions proceeded through a similar radical pathway due to, in part, the alkyl radical surrogate nature of the NHPI esters. The radical generated via decarboxylation of these esters is easily trapped by

Visible-light-induced addition of carboxymethanide to styrene from monochloroacetic acid

• Kaj M. van Vliet,
• Nicole S. van Leeuwen,
• Albert M. Brouwer and
• Bas de Bruin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 398–408, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.38

• (ppy)3]+ (+0.77 V vs SCE) is insufficient to oxidatively decarboxylate an acetate intermediate (≈ +1.2 V vs SCE). Unexpected electron transfer pathways can be considered, such as the self-decarboxylation that was previously observed for a [Cl3CCO2H][O2CCl3] mixture [57]. Inspired by the result above on

p-Pyridinyl oxime carbamates: synthesis, DNA binding, DNA photocleaving activity and theoretical photodegradation studies

• Panagiotis S. Gritzapis,
• Panayiotis C. Varras,
• Nikolaos-Panagiotis Andreou,
• Katerina R. Katsani,
• Konstantinos Dafnopoulos,
• George Psomas,
• Zisis V. Peitsinis,
• Alexandros E. Koumbis and
• Konstantina C. Fylaktakidou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 337–350, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.33

• studied. These compounds are categorized as highly photoreactive photobase generators (PBGs), providing amines upon rapid decarboxylation of the initially formed carbamoyloxyl radicals (R2NCOO∙) [49][50][51][52][53]. To the best of our knowledge oxime carbamates have never been photocleaved in the

• chemical reaction below (Scheme 3). The activation free energy for the decarboxylation reaction is only 1.09 kcal/mol and by using Equation 4 (see theoretical calculations section) we find a rate constant kr = 9.87∙1011 s−1, characterizing the reaction as an ultrafast one, with a corresponding life-time of

• the radical τ = 1ps. This is in complete agreement with the prediction made by McBurney and Walton [51] for the decarboxylation of N-arylcarbamoyloxyl radicals where they were expected to decarboxylate with great rapidity having almost no finite lives. Excitation of 12 to the singlet excited state (S1

Synthesis of aryl-substituted thieno[3,2-b]thiophene derivatives and their use for N,S-heterotetracene construction

• Nadezhda S. Demina,
• Nikita A. Kazin,
• Nikolay A. Rasputin,
• Roman A. Irgashev and
• Gennady L. Rusinov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2678–2683, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.261

• of 5- or 4-aryl-3-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylates, respectively, with methyl thioglycolate in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide. The saponification of the resulting esters, with decarboxylation of the intermediating acids, gave the corresponding thieno[3,2-b]thiophen-3(2H)-ones. The latter

• toluene/ethanol mixture (1:1, v/v), or pure toluene for compounds 3f,g,i. Next, we performed saponification of esters 3a–k by their treatment with an excess of sodium hydroxyde in an aqueous DMSO solution at 120 °C for 3 hours, where the intermediating acids underwent decarboxylation to give thieno[3,2-b

Photochromic diarylethene ligands featuring 2-(imidazol-2-yl)pyridine coordination site and their iron(II) complexes

• Andrey G. Lvov,
• Max Mörtel,
• Anton V. Yadykov,
• Frank W. Heinemann,
• Valerii Z. Shirinian and
• Marat M. Khusniyarov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2428–2437, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.235

• a cyclopentene bridge with 51% yield. Robinson-type reaction [37] of ethyl 4-(2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-3-oxobutanoate and chalkone 5 resulted in cyclohexenone derivative 6 (57% yield). The saponification/decarboxylation of 6 gave cyclohexenone 7. Thus, the previously developed methodology was

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups

• Xiaowei Li,
• Xiaolin Shi,
• Xiangqian Li and
• Dayong Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2213–2270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.218

• oxidative decarboxylation. Then, Cu(CF3)2 provides a CF3 group to alkyl radicals to obtain the final product. Very recently, MacMillan et al. [120] discovered an efficient approach to the decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of aliphatic carboxylic acids via the combination of photoredox and copper

• reaction proceeded efficiently for a wide range of alkyl and aryl-substituted α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids derivatives with excellent E/Z selectivity (Scheme 76). It's worth mentioning that the addition of Ag2CO3 additives was crucial for promoting the decarboxylation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

Switchable selectivity in Pd-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulations of γ-oxy-2-cycloalkenones with 3-oxoglutarates: C–C/C–C vs C–C/O–C bond formation

• Yang Liu,
• Julie Oble and
• Giovanni Poli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1107–1115, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.107

• reversibility of the O-1,4-addition step, in combination with the irreversible C-1,4-addition/decarboxylation path, the intramolecular conjugate addition step could be diverted from the kinetic (O-alkylation) to the thermodynamic path (C-alkylation) thanks to a simple temperature increase. Crucial for the

• -one bis-nucleophiles. Keywords: 1,4-addition; annulation; decarboxylation; palladium; Pd-catalyzed allylation reaction; Introduction The development of new strategies for the synthesis of complex carbocyclic and heterocyclic structures remains a general topic for the synthetic chemists [1]. In the

• or C–C/O–C annulation at will, thus providing an easy access to annulated cyclopentanic structures III or annulated furan-based motifs IV, respectively. Additionally, in the case of C–C/C–C bond forming annulations, the products III can undergo two decarboxylation steps leading to bis-cycloalkanone

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs): a useful access to the synthesis of benzo-fused γ-lactams

• Edorta Martínez de Marigorta,
• Jesús M. de Los Santos,
• Ana M. Ochoa de Retana,
• Javier Vicario and
• Francisco Palacios

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1065–1085, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.104

• ) and a subsequent addition of enolate 37 onto the aldehyde moiety in 33, with concomitant decarboxylation and cyclization to form a phthalide intermediate 38 (Scheme 10). Then, the known amine-substitution reaction would transform phthalide 38 into isoindolinone 36. A conceptually very similar

Tuning the stability of alkoxyisopropyl protection groups

• Zehong Liang,
• Henna Koivikko,
• Mikko Oivanen and
• Petri Heinonen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 746–751, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.70

• chlorocrotonic acid, in which the substitution of the chloride with the appropriate alkoxide is followed by a thermal decarboxylation step to afford the desired propene derivative [8]. We followed this route to prepare 1c–e and details of the syntheses are given in Supporting Information File 1. The 5’- and 3

Annulation of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones by thioacetamide: an approach to 5-azaisatins

• Aleksandr I. Kobelev,
• Ekaterina E. Stepanova,
• Maksim V. Dmitriev and
• Andrey N. Maslivets

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 364–370, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.32

• to substitute the S atom and form adduct A. Adduct A underwent a decomposition by releasing a molecule of compound 2 [18]. The formed compound B underwent intramolecular cyclization followed by hydrolysis of the imide group with subsequent decarboxylation and formation of the intermediate C that was

Tandem copper and photoredox catalysis in photocatalytic alkene difunctionalization reactions

• Nicholas L. Reed,
• Madeline I. Herman,
• Vladimir P. Miltchev and
• Tehshik P. Yoon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 351–356, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.30

• transition metals, Lewis acids, and organocatalysts has been productively utilized in asymmetric transformations [7][8][9], cross-couplings [10][11][12], and oxidative decarboxylation reactions [13][14], among others. The use of a cocatalyst to control these photochemical transformations enables reactions

Synthesis of nonracemic hydroxyglutamic acids

• Dorota G. Piotrowska,
• Iwona E. Głowacka,
• Andrzej E. Wróblewski and
• Liwia Lubowiecka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 236–255, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.22

• a few steps into (2S,5'S)-tricholomic acid [47]. The absolute configuration of (R)-(−)-carnitine was established by enzymatic decarboxylation of (2S,3R)-3-hydroxyglutamic acid followed by exhaustive methylation [121]. Fluoroglutamic acids are of special interest for PET imaging [122] and among other

Computational characterization of enzyme-bound thiamin diphosphate reveals a surprisingly stable tricyclic state: implications for catalysis

• Ferran Planas,
• Michael J. McLeish and
• Fahmi Himo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 145–159, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.15

• is an unusual cofactor in that, even without the enzyme, it can catalyze many of these reactions [2]. For example, the decarboxylation of pyruvate in water can be accomplished by ThDP, but when it is bound to the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), the decarboxylation rate is increased by 12 orders

• the AP and IP forms are present in the resting enzyme [54] and decarboxylation, rather than formation of the first intermediate, was found to be rate limiting [60]. On the other hand, product release was the slowest step for ZmPDC and ScPDC [61], so clearly not all ThDP-dependent enzymes behave in the

Gold-catalyzed ethylene cyclopropanation

• Silvia G. Rull,
• Andrea Olmos and
• Pedro J. Pérez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 67–71, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.7

• ], electroreductive dehalogenation [7] and decarboxylation of diethyl 1,1-cyclopropyldicarboxylate [8]. Other methods include the transesterification of other alkyl cyclopropanecarboxylates [9] and the esterification with ethanol of the cyclopropanecarboxylic acid [10]. This product finds applications as lubricant