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Search for "pyrene" in Full Text gives 102 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.

Binding mode and free energy prediction of fisetin/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes

  • Bodee Nutho,
  • Wasinee Khuntawee,
  • Chompoonut Rungnim,
  • Piamsook Pongsawasdi,
  • Peter Wolschann,
  • Alfred Karpfen,
  • Nawee Kungwan and
  • Thanyada Rungrotmongkol

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2789–2799, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.296

Graphical Abstract
  • carcinoma cells via caspase 3 cascade activation [11][12], to inhibit proliferation of human colon (HT-29) cancer cells [13], and to protect against the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene activated lung cancer [14]. In addition, fisetin can stimulate Nrf2 and HO-1 gene expressions that are important in mechanisms of
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Published 27 Nov 2014

Galactan synthesis in a single step via oligomerization of monosaccharides

  • Marius Dräger and
  • Amit Basu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2658–2663, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.279

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  • and reducing end functionality. Results and Discussion As part of a project on the synthesis of glycan fragments derived from arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) [17][18], we sought to prepare a β1→6 linked galactan as a chemical probe. We elected to prepare the galactan with a pyrene-containing aglycone
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Published 13 Nov 2014

Synthesis and optical properties of pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid carrying a clicked Nile red label

  • Nattawut Yotapan,
  • Chayan Charoenpakdee,
  • Pawinee Wathanathavorn,
  • Boonsong Ditmangklo,
  • Hans-Achim Wagenknecht and
  • Tirayut Vilaivan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2166–2174, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.224

Graphical Abstract
  • ] or a backbone-tethered label [18][19]. However, in most cases the formation of DNA duplexes does not yield significant fluorescence changes in the Nile red, unless it is used in combination with another dye such as pyrene to form an energy transfer pair [20][21]. A related phenoxazine dye – Nile blue
  • labels such as pyrene which usually destabilize acpcPNA–DNA duplexes [30][31], the Tm of the complementary DNA hybrid of Nile red-labeled PNA (58.8 °C by UV or 56.9 °C by fluorescence) was comparable to the Tm of unlabeled acpcPNA with an identical sequence (57.6 °C) [26]. Absorption spectra of 10mer-Nr
  • fluorescence increases were observed regardless of the nature of the inserted base. Based on these findings we propose that the extra DNA base is looped out to form a bulge which can accommodate the Nile red label. A similar binding mode has been proposed earlier for pyrene-labeled DNA [42]. When the inserted
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Published 11 Sep 2014

Influence of perylenediimide–pyrene supramolecular interactions on the stability of DNA-based hybrids: Importance of electrostatic complementarity

  • Christian B. Winiger,
  • Simon M. Langenegger,
  • Oleg Khorev and
  • Robert Häner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.164

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  • sciences. They play a crucial role in the stacking of nucleobases, thus stabilising the DNA double helix. The following paper describes a series of chimeric DNA–polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) hybrids. The PAH building blocks are electron-rich pyrene and electron-poor perylenediimide (PDI), and were
  • incorporated into complementary DNA strands. The hybrids contain different numbers of pyrene–PDI interactions that were found to directly influence duplex stability. As the pyrene–PDI ratio approaches 1:1, the stability of the duplexes increases with an average value of 7.5 °C per pyrene–PDI supramolecular
  • interaction indicating the importance of electrostatic complementarity for aromatic π–π stacking interactions. Keywords: DNA; hybridization; nucleic acids; perylenediimide; pyrene; Introduction When two aromatic molecules are in close proximity they often have a tendency to interact non-covalently in a face
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Published 11 Jul 2014

Pyrene-modified PNAs: Stacking interactions and selective excimer emission in PNA2DNA triplexes

  • Alex Manicardi,
  • Lucia Guidi,
  • Alice Ghidini and
  • Roberto Corradini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1495–1503, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.154

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  • 7, 14183, Huddinge, Sweden 10.3762/bjoc.10.154 Abstract Pyrene derivatives can be incorporated into nucleic acid analogs in order to obtain switchable probes or supramolecular architectures. In this paper, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) containing 1 to 3 1-pyreneacetic acid units (PNA1–6) with a
  • sequence with prevalence of pyrimidine bases, complementary to cystic fibrosis W1282X point mutation were synthesized. These compounds showed sequence-selective switch-on of pyrene excimer emission in the presence of target DNA, due to PNA2DNA triplex formation, with stability depending on the number and
  • positioning of the pyrene units along the chain. An increase in triplex stability and a very high mismatch-selectivity, derived from combined stacking and base-pairing interactions, were found for PNA2, bearing two distant pyrene units. Keywords: modified nucleobase; nucleic acids; PNA; pyrene excimer; SNP
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Published 02 Jul 2014

Metal and metal-free photocatalysts: mechanistic approach and application as photoinitiators of photopolymerization

  • Jacques Lalevée,
  • Sofia Telitel,
  • Pu Xiao,
  • Marc Lepeltier,
  • Frédéric Dumur,
  • Fabrice Morlet-Savary,
  • Didier Gigmes and
  • Jean-Pierre Fouassier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 863–876, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.83

Graphical Abstract
  • under a red laser line exposure at 635 nm. This result was very important as cationic polymerization in these irradiation conditions was not possible previously. Changing Vi or the anthracene derivative for a hydrocarbon (e.g. pyrene, naphthacene, pentacene) allows a tunable absorption of the system
  • recently achieved in FRP for the first time [54][55]: they involve hydrocarbon derivatives (e.g., pyrene, naphtacene, pentacene), an amine (e.g., ethyl dimethylaminobenzoate) and an alkyl halide (e.g., phenacyl bromide); the mechanism is similar to that shown in Scheme 12. As above, a tunable absorption of
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Published 15 Apr 2014

Columnar/herringbone dual crystal packing of pyrenylsumanene and its photophysical properties

  • Binod Babu Shrestha,
  • Shuhei Higashibayashi and
  • Hidehiro Sakurai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 841–847, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.80

Graphical Abstract
  • unidirectional columnar structures based on π–π stacking while the pyrene moieties generate herringbone structures due to CH–π interactions. The absorption and emission maxima of pyrenylsumanene were both red-shifted relative to those of sumanene and pyrene, owing to the extension of π-conjugation. Monomer
  • incorporating both bowl and planar structures. Pyrene was selected as the planar substituent when studying solid-state photophysical properties [21][22] and herein we report the columnar/herringbone dual crystal packing of pyrenylsumanene (1) in addition to its photophysical properties. Results and Discussion
  • results from the effects of intermolecular interactions in the crystal state [9]. The X-ray data indicate that the dihedral angle between the sumanene and pyrene moieties is 41.4° (Figure 2a). Most notably, 1 exhibits dual columnar and herringbone packing modes; the sumanene moiety undergoes columnar
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Published 11 Apr 2014

First synthesis of meso-substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinoporphyrins

  • Dileep Kumar Singh and
  • Mahendra Nath

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 808–813, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.76

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  • ) porphyrins (5, 6 and Zn–TPP) are shown in Figure 1a,b. Besides the Soret and Q bands in porphyrins 4g, 4h, 5 and 6, an additional absorption peak originates at 280 and 320 nm due to the presence of pyrene and fluorene units, respectively. Thus, the electronic absorption spectra of these compounds
  • demonstrated the features of both porphyrin and pyrene or fluorene subunits and suggest that there is no significant interaction between the attached chromophore and the porphyrin ring in the ground state. The fluorescence spectra of porphyrins 4f, 4g, 4h, 5 and 6 were recorded in CHCl3 at the excitation
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Published 08 Apr 2014

Charge-transfer interaction mediated organogels from 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid appended pyrene

  • Jun Hu,
  • Jindan Wu,
  • Qian Wang and
  • Yong Ju

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2877–2885, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.324

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  • 10.3762/bjoc.9.324 Abstract We describe herein the two-component charge-transfer (CT) interaction induced organogel formation with 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid appended pyrene (GA-pyrene, 3) as the donor, and 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF, 4) as the acceptor. The use of TNF (4) as a versatile electron acceptor
  • ability of 2,3-dihydroxyiminooleanolic acid, adenineoleanolic acid conjugates as well as the fan-shaped C3 and molecular tweezers based on glycyrrhetinic acid [42][43][44]. In this paper, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid–pyrene (GA-Pyrene, 3) as the electron donor, and 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF, 4) as the
  • electron acceptor, were synthesized and employed to direct the formation of organogels through the CT interaction. Results and Discussion Synthesis As shown in Scheme 1, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid reacted with 1-pyrenemethylamine in dichloromethane to give the GA-pyrene conjugate 3 with 72% yield. On the
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Published 16 Dec 2013

Bis(benzylamine) monomers: One-pot preparation and application in dendrimer scaffolds for removing pyrene from aqueous environments

  • Olivia N. Monaco,
  • Sarah C. Tomas,
  • Meghan K. Kirrane and
  • Amy M. Balija

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2320–2327, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.266

Graphical Abstract
  • , novel first-generation dendrimers and hybrid second-generation dendrimers have been synthesized. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, pyrene was shown to be removed from an aqueous environment upon exposure to thin dendrimer films, with the first-generation dendrimer removing 70% of the pyrene within 30 min
  • and the hybrid second-generation dendrimers removing 38–52%. Inclusion formation constants were calculated to be on the order of 109–1011 M−1 and are comparable to the values of previously reported macromolecules. These results illustrate that size may not influence pyrene removal as effectively as
  • composition. Keywords: amines; dendrimer; fluorescence studies; imines; pyrene; Introduction Highly-branched polymeric systems provide an attractive route for removing pollutants from water due to their interior cavities and their ease of formation [1]. While several promising approaches have been reported
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Published 31 Oct 2013

Molecular assembly of amino acid interlinked, topologically symmetric, π-complementary donor–acceptor–donor triads

  • M. B. Avinash,
  • K. V. Sandeepa and
  • T. Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1565–1571, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.178

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  • M. B. Avinash K. V. Sandeepa T. Govindaraju Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India. Fax: +91 80 2208 2627; Tel: +91 80 2208 2969 10.3762/bjoc.9.178 Abstract Amino acid interlinked pyrene and
  • molecular materials [7][8][9][10] is essentially dependant on their molecular assembly [11][12][13][14][15][16], it is extremely important to identify suitable donor–acceptor sequences for efficient energy or charge-transfer processes. It is with this conception that we have designed pyrene based D-A-D
  • triads due to the topological symmetry of pyrene with that of NDI (Figure 1). A variety of D-A systems [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] comprising pyrene and/or NDI have been reported in the literature, viz., supramolecular n/p heterojunctions [17], adhesive π-clamping
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Published 01 Aug 2013

New core-pyrene π structure organophotocatalysts usable as highly efficient photoinitiators

  • Sofia Telitel,
  • Frédéric Dumur,
  • Thomas Faury,
  • Bernadette Graff,
  • Mohamad-Ali Tehfe,
  • Didier Gigmes,
  • Jean-Pierre Fouassier and
  • Jacques Lalevée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 877–890, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.101

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  • Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France ENSCMu-UHA, 3 rue Alfred Werner, F-68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France 10.3762/bjoc.9.101 Abstract Eleven di- and trifunctional compounds based on a core-pyrene π structure (Co_Py) were synthesized and investigated for the formation of free radicals. The
  • photocatalysts. Successful results in terms of rates of polymerization and final conversions were obtained. The strong MO coupling between the six different cores and the pyrene moiety was studied by DFT calculations. The different chemical intermediates are characterized by ESR and laser flash photolysis
  • architectures (Scheme 2) [42][43][44] are linked PI–PI units (e.g., PI = pyrene) or PI-PI’ (e.g., PI = pyrene and PI’ = 2,2’-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone) and PI moieties (e.g., PI = benzophenone, thioxanthone, 2,2’-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, pyrene) linked to a trifunctional core (truxene, triazine
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Published 07 May 2013

Ring-opening reaction of 2,5-dioctyldithieno[2,3-b:3',2'-d]thiophene in the presence of aryllithium reagents

  • Hao Zhong,
  • Jianwu Shi,
  • Jianxun Kang,
  • Shaomin Wang,
  • Xinming Liu and
  • Hua Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 767–774, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.87

Graphical Abstract
  • trapped by the carbanion generated from an attack of pyrenyllithium (PyLi) on the central sulfur atom of 1. The presence of the pyrene carbanion intermediate is responsible for the formation of 5 by dry DMF quenching. However, if t-BuLi was used for the metal–halogen exchange, t-BuBr could not be
  • efficiently generated due to the fast elimination occurring between the formed t-BuBr and another equivalent of t-BuLi. The formed pyrene–Li attacks the sulfur center of 1 and generates the carbanion intermediate via a ring-opening mechanism, which was quenched only by dry DMF, resulting in 3i. Crystal
  • observed between two pyrene rings, as usually seen in the crystal (Figure 1, right). Conclusion In summary, aryllithium reagents are suitable for the ring opening of 2,5-dioctyldithieno[2,3-b:3',2'-d]thiophene. We obtained nine ring-opening products. Their yields indicated that strong nucleophilicity of
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Published 19 Apr 2013

Synthesis and structure of trans-bis(1,4-dimesityl-3-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene)palladium(II) dichloride and diacetate. Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of polybromoarenes with high catalytic turnover efficiencies

  • Jeelani Basha Shaik,
  • Venkatachalam Ramkumar,
  • Babu Varghese and
  • Sethuraman Sankararaman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 698–704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.79

Graphical Abstract
  • polychloroarenes did not give a clean reaction, and the reactions were sluggish in comparison to polybromoarenes. In addition, unlike the polybromo derivatives, the polychloroarene derivatives of pyrene, triphenylene and [2,2]paracyclophane are not readily available. Conclusion In conclusion, the dichloro complex
  • , 8H), 7.55–7.52 (m, 8H), 7.48–7.44 (m, 4H); 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 141.2, 137.4, 130.8, 129.6, 128.5, 128.2, 127.4, 126.1, 125.4; HRMS (ESI–QTOF): m/z calcd for C40H27 507.2113, found 507.2094. 1,3,6,8-Tetrakis(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)pyrene (20): Prepared from 1,3,6,8-tetrabromopyrene (18, 100 mg
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Published 10 Apr 2013

End-labeled amino terminated monotelechelic glycopolymers generated by ROMP and Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition

  • Ronald Okoth and
  • Amit Basu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 608–612, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.66

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  • of the glycopolymers 11 with TBAF yielded the amino-terminated monotelechelic glycopolymers 12. The complete disappearance of the TMS protons in 1H NMR (Figure 1, top spectrum) confirmed the successful and complete deprotection. Subsequent conjugation of 12 with the pyrene isothiocyanate 15, prepared
  • from the NHS ester of pyrene butyric acid 13 via intermediate 14, afforded the pyrene-end-labeled glycopolymers 16. The extent of pyrene labeling was determined by UV–vis spectroscopy and found to be essentially quantitative for the galactosyl and mannosyl polymers. The SGal polymer 12c only underwent
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Letter
Published 25 Mar 2013

Spin state switching in iron coordination compounds

  • Philipp Gütlich,
  • Ana B. Gaspar and
  • Yann Garcia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 342–391, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.39

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Published 15 Feb 2013

The β-cyclodextrin/benzene complex and its hydrogen bonds – a theoretical study using molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics and COSMO-RS

  • Jutta Erika Helga Köhler and
  • Nicole Grczelschak-Mick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 118–134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.15

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  • take place at the same time in different positions: the crystal structure of heptakis(6-O-triisopropylsilyl)-β-CD benzene pyrene solvate is a nice example for competing solvents that intercalate in the cavity of one β-CD (benzene), between β-CD dimers (pyrene), and in channels outside β-CDs (benzene
  • many inclusion complexes and remarkable influence on reactions, catalysis and supramolecular structures. Crystal structure of heptakis(6-O-triisopropylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin benzene pyrene solvate; [C105H210O35Si7,0.5(C16H10),3.5(C6H6)], taken from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre CCDC [9
  • ]. Colour code: benzene: red; pyrene: magenta; cyclodextrin corpus: light green; cyclodextrin side chains: dark green; hydrogen bonds: light blue, dotted lines. The two AM1-optimised stable conformers of BCDO23rO6l with benzene in a parallel (a and b) and vertical position (c and d). Top view from the O6
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Published 18 Jan 2013

Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows

  • Jonathan P. Knowles,
  • Luke D. Elliott and
  • Kevin I. Booker-Milburn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2025–2052, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.229

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  • chlorination of cyclohexane (72) with sulfuryl chloride under 15 W black-light irradiation (Scheme 23); however, the reaction was relatively inefficient and productivity was low (0.18 mmol/h) [75]. A biphasic photocyanation of pyrene (74, Scheme 24) was shown to be efficient in a polymer microchannel reactor
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Published 21 Nov 2012

Interaction of cyclodextrins with pyrene-modified polyacrylamide in a mixed solvent of water and dimethyl sulfoxide as studied by steady-state fluorescence

  • Akihito Hashidzume,
  • Yongtai Zheng and
  • Akira Harada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1312–1317, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.150

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  • , respectively. Using the fluorescence spectra, equilibrium constants of the formation of Py dimers and the complexation of β-CD and γ-CD with Py residues were roughly estimated based on simplified equilibrium schemes. Keywords: cyclodextrins; interaction; pyrene-modified polyacrylamide; steady-state
  • one to construct functional systems that convert photo energy based on molecular recognition. Among aromatic compounds, pyrene is the most examined as a fluorescence probe or label because it shows a relatively high fluorescence quantum yield and a relatively long fluorescence lifetime in both monomer
  • and excimer states [32][33]. Since pyrene is very hydrophobic, it may tend to form aggregates, e.g., dimers, in aqueous solutions. It is also known that pyrene forms inclusion complexes with β-CD and γ-CD in different manners; β-CD includes monomeric pyrene whereas γ-CD includes dimeric pyrene [34][35
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Published 16 Aug 2012

Fifty years of oxacalix[3]arenes: A review

  • Kevin Cottet,
  • Paula M. Marcos and
  • Peter J. Cragg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 201–226, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.22

Graphical Abstract
  • ammonium ions, Shinkai [88] prepared an oxacalixarene with pendent pyrene groups, 54, which fluoresced at 480 nm. Oxacalix[3]arene fluorescence was significantly quenched in the presence of n-hexyl ammonium cations (n-HexNH3+), but only in the partial-cone conformation, as the ammonium cation forced the
  • lower-rim pyrene groups apart. The same cation had a much higher affinity for cone-54 through its complementary binding sites, but approached these from the upper rim, leaving the excimer fluorescence unaffected. Yamato also pursued this path, preparing a tris(pyrenyl) derivative 55 in the cone
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Published 07 Feb 2012

Synthesis of (−)-julocrotine and a diversity oriented Ugi-approach to analogues and probes

  • Ricardo A. W. Neves Filho,
  • Bernhard Westermann and
  • Ludger A. Wessjohann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1504–1507, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.175

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  • reagent, to yield the designed probe prototype 10 in 80% yield (from 8). Pyrene derivative 10 exhibited strong blue luminescence in both solution and solid phase. This probe may be used for tracking the (−)-julocrotine in biological systems, in particular in promastigote and amastigote forms of protozoan
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Published 07 Nov 2011

Miniemulsion polymerization as a versatile tool for the synthesis of functionalized polymers

  • Daniel Crespy and
  • Katharina Landfester

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 1132–1148, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.130

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  • ]. Fluorescent particles of polystyrene were created in miniemulsion by copolymerizing styrene, the cationic polymerizable surfactant N,N-dimethyl-N-n-dodecyl-N-2-methacryloyloxyethyl ammonium bromide, and eventually the polymerizable dye 1-pyrenylmethyl methacrylate [60]. The pyrene dye encapsulated in the
  • particles displayed an excitation lifetime 17 times longer than pyrene dissolved in THF. Metal-catalyzed polymerizations At the end of the last century, many groups focused their research on the production of polyolefins in aqueous media. Ethylene as one of the most industrially relevant monomers was
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Published 01 Dec 2010

Donor-acceptor substituted phenylethynyltriphenylenes – excited state intramolecular charge transfer, solvatochromic absorption and fluorescence emission

  • Ritesh Nandy and
  • Sethuraman Sankararaman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 992–1001, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.112

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  • state rendering its fluorescence emission sensitive to environment and solvent polarity [20][21][22]. Pyrene is a prototypical example of a fluorophore and its monomer emission occurs around 380 nm. It has been shifted to as high as 600 nm by multiple substitution by groups that extend the conjugation
  • and also by substituting donor-acceptor groups along the conjugation [23][24][25]. In addition, pyrene also exhibits excimer emission at a longer wavelength compared to monomer emission which can be used in sensing applications [26][27][28][29][30]. The pyrene chromophore can act as a donor or as an
  • acceptor depending upon the substituent. Pyrene- π spacer-donor and pyrene- π spacer-acceptor type molecules have been widely studied and they have been used in sensing, photo and electro-luminescence applications [31][32][33][34][35][36]. Unlike pyrene, the triphenylene chromophore has not been widely
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Published 18 Oct 2010

Synthesis and crossover reaction of TEMPO containing block copolymer via ROMP

  • Olubummo Adekunle,
  • Susanne Tanner and
  • Wolfgang H. Binder

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 59, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.59

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  • addition of cold ethyl vinyl ether. The polymer was isolated by column chromatography (SiO2) (eluent: DCM). Kinetic experiments A pyrene stock solution was prepared from 70 mg of pyrene dissolved in 2 ml of CDCl3. Monomer A 7 (20.83 mg, 0.099 mmol) dissolved in CDCl3 (0.2 ml) was first introduced into the
  • NMR tube and then the pyrene stock solution (0.2 ml) was added. Before adding the initiator solution, the ratio of the monomer to the internal standard was determined by NMR. On the basis of this value, the monomer concentration at t = 0 was determined. A solution of the catalyst U3 (1.48 mg, 0.0019
  • was monitored by integrating the resonance peaks at 6.27 and 6.07 ppm. For determination of the monomer concentration at t = 0 and the monomer consumption, the corresponding signals at 6.27 and 6.07 ppm from monomer A 7 compared with the one at 8.20 ppm from the internal standard pyrene were
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Published 01 Jun 2010

Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors

  • Andreas Späth and
  • Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32

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Published 06 Apr 2010
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