Naphthalonitriles featuring efficient emission in solution and in the solid state

• Sidharth Thulaseedharan Nair Sailaja,
• Iván Maisuls,
• Jutta Kösters,
• Alexander Hepp,
• Andreas Faust,
• Jens Voskuhl and
• Cristian A. Strassert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2960–2970, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.246

• contributing to the emissive singlet state cannot be entirely ruled out; besides the obvious lack of solvent stabilization in frozen matrices, a TICT suppression at 77 K can also account for the blue-shifted emission in the frozen glassy matrix. However, further transient-absorption experiments and TD-DFT

Synthesis and investigation of quadruplex-DNA-binding, 9-O-substituted berberine derivatives

• Jonas Becher,
• Daria V. Berdnikova,
• Heiko Ihmels and
• Christopher Stremmel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2795–2806, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.230

• with one representative ligand from the series that such berberine–adenine conjugates exhibit a selective binding, specifically a selectivity to quadruplex DNA in competition with duplex DNA, and a preferential thermal stabilization of the G4-DNA forms 22AG and KRAS. Notably, the experimental data do

• ligands 4a–d and 22AG as well as for ligands 4a,b and a2 with log Kb values between 5.1 (4d and 22AG) and 5.9 (4a and 22AG). Thermal DNA denaturation analysis In addition, the thermal stabilization of the G4-DNA 22AG and a2 upon the binding of the ligands 4a–e was investigated by thermal DNA denaturation

• the two dyes. With this assay, the thermodynamic stabilization or destabilization of the quadruplex structure upon the complexation of the ligand is indicated by the shift of the melting temperature ΔTm. The analysis revealed an increasing stabilization of the quadruplex F21T toward dissociation with

3-Acetoxy-fatty acid isoprenyl esters from androconia of the ithomiine butterfly Ithomia salapia

• Florian Mann,
• Daiane Szczerbowski,
• Lisa de Silva,
• Melanie McClure,
• Marianne Elias and
• Stefan Schulz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2776–2787, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.228

• explained by the different stabilization of the respective ions (Figure 3). The abundance of m/z 68 is higher in isoprenyl esters due to the more stable allyl radical cation (Figure 3A). In contrast, prenyl ester fragmentation produces a stabilized allyl cation m/z 69 (Figure 3B), while isoprenyl esters

Selective and reversible 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 6-aryl-1,5-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes with 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones under microwave irradiation

• Alexander P. Molchanov,
• Mariia M. Efremova,
• Mariya A. Kryukova and
• Mikhail A. Kuznetsov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2679–2686, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.218

• pyrazolines 4a and 4b. At the same time, the reaction of DABCH 1b with chalcone 2a also gives adducts 3m and 3a and the same pyrazolines 4a and 4b. As it was marked in the literature, the reactions were expected to occur in ionic liquids more selectively than in organic solvents owing to the stabilization of

Thermodynamic and electrochemical study of tailor-made crown ethers for redox-switchable (pseudo)rotaxanes

• Henrik Hupatz,
• Marius Gaedke,
• Hendrik V. Schröder,
• Julia Beerhues,
• Arto Valkonen,
• Fabian Klautzsch,
• Sebastian Müller,
• Felix Witte,
• Kari Rissanen,
• Biprajit Sarkar and
• Christoph A. Schalley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2576–2588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.209

• potentials are shifted to lower values in pure DCE due to decreased charge stabilization. As expected, all TTF macrocycles display two reversible oxidation processes (E1/2ox1, TTF→TTF•+ and E1/2ox2, TTF•+→TTF2+). E1/2ox1 and E1/2ox2 of the free exTTFC8 and exTTFC7 crown ethers are anodically shifted compared

Comparative ligand structural analytics illustrated on variably glycosylated MUC1 antigen–antibody binding

• Christopher B. Barnett,
• Tharindu Senapathi and
• Kevin J. Naidoo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2540–2550, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.206

• able to affect the structural transition and suppresses the formation of amyloid fibril formation [25]. The solution structure of O-glycosylated prion peptide was not shifted significantly, with only minor shifts seen in the vicinity of the glycosylation site. Yet there is a stabilization of the β

NMR Spectroscopy of supramolecular chemistry on protein surfaces

• Peter Bayer,
• Anja Matena and
• Christine Beuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2505–2522, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.203

• combination of two or more GCP moieties with variable linkers enables the construction of multivalent ligands geared towards a specific spot on protein surface, which by design can lead to either stabilization [42][43][44][45] or inhibition [46] of a given protein–protein interaction. The inhibition of the

• stabilization of the ligand by additional crystal contacts to neighboring proteins [6][18][20][21][22][26][27][28]. For some supramolecular ligands, like sulfonatocalix[8]arene or phosphonatocalix[6]arene, the tendency to bridge two protein interfaces that do not usually interact in solution goes so far that

• domain (p53TD). 15N-HSQC titrations of the ligand showed sequential binding of the ligand at both edges of the tetramer interface for both the wild-type protein and its R337H mutant. Binding of the calixarene to p53TD-R337H resulted in a significant stabilization of the tetramer interface, which was

Conformational preferences of fluorine-containing agrochemicals and their implications for lipophilicity prediction

• Daniela Rodrigues Silva,
• Joyce K. Daré and
• Matheus P. Freitas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2469–2476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.200

• term overcomes the stabilization from hyperconjugation interactions (ΔENL), and classical electrostatic and steric interactions are the main factors governing conformational preferences of penoxsulam (I). It is worth mentioning that the structure of penoxsulam in the biological environment is already

Reactions of 3-aryl-1-(trifluoromethyl)prop-2-yn-1-iminium salts with 1,3-dienes and styrenes

• Thomas Schneider,
• Michael Keim,
• Bianca Seitz and
• Gerhard Maas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2064–2072, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.173

• of 1a and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene (DMBD), the regioselectivity of which is as expected for a highly asynchronous transition state with effective stabilization of the positive charge or a two-step ionic process (vide infra). The high electrophilic power of the 1-CF3-substituted propyn-1-iminium ion

Isolation and structure determination of a tetrameric sulfonyl dilithio methandiide in solution based on crystal structure analysis and ⁶Li/¹³C NMR spectroscopic data

• Jürgen Vollhardt,
• Hans Jörg Lindner and
• Hans-Joachim Gais

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2057–2063, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.172

• couplings shows, however, that the carbon lithium bonds in 2a-I have a covalent contribution as generally observed for organolithiums [55]. Three mechanisms most likely contribute to the stabilization of the negative charge of the carbon atoms of tetramer (2a)4·(THF)6 and hexamer (2a)6·Li2O·(THF)6

• , electrostatic interaction with and charge polarization by the positively charged sulfur atom [56] and silicon atom [57], and negative nC–σ*SPh hyperconjugation [56][58]. The anions of (2a)4·(THF)6 and (2a)6·Li2O·(THF)6 adopt conformations around the carbon sulfur bond, which would allow for stabilization by

Synergy between supported ionic liquid-like phases and immobilized palladium N-heterocyclic carbene–phosphine complexes for the Negishi reaction under flow conditions

• Edgar Peris,
• Raúl Porcar,
• María Macia,
• Jesús Alcázar,
• Eduardo García-Verdugo and
• Santiago V. Luis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1924–1935, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.159

• enhanced precatalyst preparation, stabilization and initiation, PEPPSI) [23][24]. In addition to pyridine ligands, other compounds with coordinating atoms such as C, N or P have been reported to tune the catalytic activity of the NHC–Pd complexes [25][26][27][28]. Thus, a ligand containing P as the

• catalyst but also will generate and release a series of Pd species accounting for the leaching. The second component, the SILLP, can act as scavenger of those species leached to the solution not only eliminating them from the solution but also contributing to their stabilization avoiding the formation of

• , Ananikov and co-workers reported that for Pd–NHC systems the reactivity of the systems is mainly determined by the cleavage of the metal−NHC bond, while the catalyst performance is strongly affected by the stabilization of in situ-formed metal clusters [15][30][40]. In the mechanism suggested by these

Polarity effects in 4-fluoro- and 4-(trifluoromethyl)prolines

• Vladimir Kubyshkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1837–1852, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.151

• substitution of proline with analogues can result in the conformational stabilization and polarity effects competing with each other [58]. Finally, it has been shown that fluoroprolines can alter donor–acceptor interactions of the proline ring with a tryptophan residue [59]. All these findings indicate that

• experimental 2-CH multiplicity with the one predicted for the pure conformers (Figure 4). As can be seen from the data, both fluoroprolines exhibited stabilization of certain side-chain conformers: the cis-isomer 1 stabilized the C4-endo envelope, whereas the trans-isomer 2 stabilized the C4-exo (Figure 5

• origin of the effect is orbital (the gauche-effect) rather than through space dipolar interaction (assuming that an interaction of dipoles would be attenuated in polar solvents, which was not observed). A stabilization of certain side-chain conformers was also observed in the trifluoromethylated

One-pot synthesis of oxazolidinones and five-membered cyclic carbonates from epoxides and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate: theoretical evidence for an asynchronous concerted pathway

• Esra Demir,
• Ozlem Sari,
• Yasin Çetinkaya,
• Ufuk Atmaca,
• Safiye Sağ Erdem and
• Murat Çelik

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1805–1819, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.148

• . Noteworthy, the C2–N4 bond length does not change much along the IRC for the formation of 10; however, it is shortened more rapidly to give 11. The presence of partial double bond between C2–C(Ph) (benzylic position) allows electron delocalization around the reacting center, which results in stabilization of

• the transition state and so lowering the activation energy barrier (Figure 3a). On the other hand, stabilization of the benzylic cation is not possible along the IRC path for TS1′ (Figure 3b), since the bond distance C2–C(Ph) is found as around 1.50 Å showing a single bond character. This can be the

Five-component, one-pot synthesis of an electroactive rotaxane comprising a bisferrocene macrocycle

• Natalie Lagesse,
• Luca Pisciottani,
• Maxime Douarre,
• Pascale Godard,
• Brice Kauffmann,
• Vicente Martí-Centelles and
• Nathan D. McClenaghan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.128

• –acceptor distances: 2.2–2.5 Å “strong, mostly covalent”, 2.5–3.2 Å “moderate, mostly electrostatic”, and 3.2–4.0 Å “weak, electrostatic” [23]. The corresponding stabilization energies were estimated to be in the ranges 40–14 kcal/mol, 15–4 kcal/mol, and < 4 kcal/mol, respectively. The macrocycle

An overview on disulfide-catalyzed and -cocatalyzed photoreactions

• Yeersen Patehebieke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1418–1435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.118

• -substituted cation 19 favors the radical cyclization path because the stabilization by an α-substituent makes its cation center more stable and less reactive. In contrast, the non-α-substituted cation 19 prefers the cationic cyclization. However, the two cyclization processes form the intermediates 20 and 21

Highly selective Diels–Alder and Heck arylation reactions in a divergent synthesis of isoindolo- and pyrrolo-fused polycyclic indoles from 2-formylpyrrole

• Carlos H. Escalante,
• Eder I. Martínez-Mora,
• Carlos Espinoza-Hicks,
• Alejandro A. Camacho-Dávila,
• Fernando R. Ramos-Morales,
• Francisco Delgado and
• Joaquín Tamariz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1320–1334, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.113

• displays a Cethynyl–H···π interaction (2.530 Å) between the acetylene proton of 8j and the N-phenyl ring of the N-phenylmaleimide (7c) (Table 7, and Figure 4d and Figure 5c). Such an interaction may explain the greater stabilization of the endo approach to give 9p as the major isomer. Due to the scarce X

Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization

• Melanie Iwanow,
• Tobias Gärtner,
• Volker Sieber and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1188–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.104

• /O elemental analysis, EDX, XPS, XRD and TGA. Keywords: activated carbon; catalysis; characterization techniques; metal supported on carbon catalysts; preparation methods; Introduction Support materials for metal catalysts allow the dispersion and stabilization of small metal particles on a surface

Photocatalysis with organic dyes: facile access to reactive intermediates for synthesis

• Stephanie G. E. Amos,
• Marion Garreau,
• Luca Buzzetti and
• Jerome Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103

• carboxylates. Aminyl and aminium radical generation The prevalent strategy for accessing aminium radicals is SET oxidations. The efficiency of this approach is closely related to the stabilization of the generated radical on the substrate (delocalization, electronic effects) or through a strain release ring

Fluorinated phenylalanines: synthesis and pharmaceutical applications

• Laila F. Awad and
• Mohammed Salah Ayoup

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1022–1050, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.91

• improve protein stability, natural hydrocarbon amino acids were replaced with Pff 77a. The effect of enhanced protein stability upon this replacement is referred as to ‘fluoro-stabilization effect’ [56]. 1.7. Knoevenagel condensation of methyl isocyanoacetate Three isomers of fluorinated phenylalanines

Bipyrrole boomerangs via Pd-mediated tandem cyclization–oxygenation. Controlling reaction selectivity and electronic properties

• Liliia Moshniaha,
• Marika Żyła-Karwowska,
• Joanna Cybińska,
• Piotr J. Chmielewski,
• Ludovic Favereau and
• Marcin Stępień

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 895–903, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.81

• HOMOs by about 0.5 eV while relative stabilization of the LUMO approaches 1 eV with respect to cNMI3H and cNMI2H. This comparably stronger LUMO stabilization in the NMI lactam systems results in a considerable decrease of their electrochemical gap (ΔE, by ca. 0.5–0.7 V), relative to the α-free analogues

Copper catalysis with redox-active ligands

• Agnideep Das,
• Yufeng Ren,
• Cheriehan Hessin and
• Marine Desage-El Murr

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 858–870, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.77

• presence of base (Cs2CO3). The results suggested that 2 is more efficient than 1 and this reactivity difference could be attributed to an increased stabilization of the involved reactive catalytic intermediates by the electron-donating acetate ions present in complex 2. The same team later reported on

• study of a new copper(II) complex. A family of o-phenylenediamido ligands was synthesized through the introduction of ureanyl groups, using a synthetic approach developed by Borovik [17][18] for the stabilization of metal–oxo and metal–hydroxo complexes via intramolecular H-bonding interactions. The

Synthesis of C₇₀-fragment buckybowls bearing alkoxy substituents

• Yumi Yakiyama,
• Shota Hishikawa and
• Hidehiro Sakurai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 681–690, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.66

• same stacking direction were arranged along the a axis, while an alternative stacking direction was observed along the c axis. Although relatively low diffraction data quality prohibited the detailed discussion about the interaction distances, the stabilization of the 1-dimensional stacking column of

Regioselectively α- and β-alkynylated BODIPY dyes via gold(I)-catalyzed direct C–H functionalization and their photophysical properties

• Takahide Shimada,
• Shigeki Mori,
• Masatoshi Ishida and
• Hiroyuki Furuta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 587–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.53

• nodal plane near the 1,7-positions in the HOMO and smaller MO coefficients at the 2,6-positions than those at the 3,5-positions. Rather, a stabilization of the LUMO energies is found in 5a and 6a even though the MO hybridization of the BODIPY core with π-orbitals of ethynyl moieties is less affected

Architecture and synthesis of P,N-heterocyclic phosphine ligands

• Wisdom A. Munzeiwa,
• Bernard Omondi and
• Vincent O. Nyamori

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 362–383, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.35

• attributed this to a stabilization of the NH proton by hydrogen bonds to the triazole nitrogen and methoxy oxygen atoms. The initial step in the synthesis of 120 is the enantioselective synthesis of the propargylamine 118 through the reaction of propargyl acetate 117 with the corresponding amine. This

Synthesis, liquid crystalline behaviour and structure–property relationships of 1,3-bis(5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzenes

• Afef Mabrouki,
• Malek Fouzai,
• Armand Soldera,
• Abdelkader Kriaa and
• Ahmed Hedhli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 149–158, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.17

• intermediate phase between 118.0 °C and 138.4 °C in heating and between 96.5 °C and 121.1 °C in cooling, indicating a remarkable stabilization in a temperature range of 20 °C. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) In order to achieve a further illustration of the liquid crystal behavior, POM observations were