Visible light photoredox-catalyzed deoxygenation of alcohols

• Daniel Rackl,
• Viktor Kais,
• Peter Kreitmeier and
• Oliver Reiser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2157–2165, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.223

• developed is limited to benzylic, α-carbonyl, and α-cyanoalcohols; with other alcohols a slow partial C–F bond reduction in the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoate moiety occurs. Keywords: C–O bond activation; deoxygenation; photochemistry; photoredox catalysis; visible light; Introduction The dwindling

• moiety of the benzoate – and not in the desired anti-bonding σ*(C–O) (Scheme 5). Protonation of the radical anion would lead to a neutral radical species, which in the calculations reflects in a shift of electron density towards the C–O bond to be cleaved. Consequently, a mixture of acetonitrile/water

• example under typical conditions 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoates such as 10 gave 12 where one trifluoromethyl group was completely reduced to a methyl group in 52% yield (Scheme 7). Apparently, electron transfer to the benzoate group is still possible however, the subsequent C–O bond cleavage does not

Efficient CO₂ capture by tertiary amine-functionalized ionic liquids through Li⁺-stabilized zwitterionic adduct formation

• Zhen-Zhen Yang and
• Liang-Nian He

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1959–1966, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.204

• cm−1 was assigned to the stretching vibration of the C=O bond in the zwitterionic product. In addition, a distinct broad band at around 2118 cm−1 corresponding to the ammonium cation was observed in the presence of water. To gain deeper insight into the reaction mechanism of CO2 absorption with

Proton transfers in the Strecker reaction revealed by DFT calculations

• Shinichi Yamabe,
• Guixiang Zeng,
• Wei Guan and
• Shigeyoshi Sakaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1765–1774, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.184

• complex 1. The reaction begins with the addition of NH3 to the carbonyl carbon of acetaldehyde to form a Mulliken charge-transfer complex 2. This complex was firstly proposed here. In 2, the C–O bond is elongated to1.345 Å, which has an alkoxide character and the complex is not stable in the gas phase

Magnesium bis(monoperoxyphthalate) hexahydrate as mild and efficient oxidant for the synthesis of selenones

• Andrea Temperini,
• Massimo Curini,
• Ornelio Rosati and
• Lucio Minuti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1267–1271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.127

• other hand the oxidation of 1b with Oxone in methanol and water gave the β-methoxy alcohol through transformation of the C–Se bond into a C–O bond even in the presence of a weak nucleophile like the hydroxy ion [6]. The oxidation of γ-(phenylseleno)alkyl tosylamide 1d with MMPP (2.4 equiv) in ethanol

Synthesis of ethoxy dibenzooxaphosphorin oxides through palladium-catalyzed C(sp²)–H activation/C–O formation

• Seohyun Shin,
• Dongjin Kang,
• Woo Hyung Jeon and
• Phil Ho Lee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.120

• We report an efficient Pd-catalyzed C(sp2)–H activation/C–O bond formation for the synthesis of ethoxy dibenzooxaphosphorin oxides from 2-(aryl)arylphosphonic acid monoethyl esters under aerobic conditions. Keywords: C–H activation; catalysis; cyclization; palladium; phosphorus heterocyclic compound

Silver and gold-catalyzed multicomponent reactions

• Giorgio Abbiati and
• Elisabetta Rossi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 481–513, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.46

• to the C=O bond of an oxocarbenium intermediate II, formed by a Au-catalyzed reaction between aldehydes and orthoformate 23. Other multicomponent processes Silver assisted multicomponent reactions Newly reported and notable synthetic strategies based on silver-mediated processes are discussed in this

Substrate dependent reaction channels of the Wolff–Kishner reduction reaction: A theoretical study

• Shinichi Yamabe,
• Guixiang Zeng,
• Wei Guan and
• Shigeyoshi Sakaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 259–270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.21

• -K reduction in the former step is the conversion of the C=O bond to the C=N–NH2 group. The latter step involves a shift of two hydrogen atoms from the terminal nitrogen atom to the carbon and the simultaneous extrusion of an N2 molecule. The Huang-Minglon modification is an alternative and

Gold-catalyzed reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes with electron-deficient terminal alkynes to produce acrylate derivatives

• Yin-wei Sun,
• Qin Xu and
• Min Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1969–1976, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.233

• these previous findings, we envisaged that oxabicyclic alkenes could also react with electron-deficient alkynes in the presence of gold catalysts to generate a new C–C or C–O bond thereby releasing the oxabicyclic alkenes of their ring strain. In this paper, we report the formation of (Z)-acrylate

• derivatives in the gold catalyzed intermolecular reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes with electron-deficient terminal alkynes under mild conditions [69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] (Scheme 1). Results and Discussion To generate a new C–O bond in the reaction of oxabicyclic alkene 1a with electron-deficient

Gold-catalyzed intermolecular coupling of sulfonylacetylene with allyl ethers: [3,3]- and [1,3]-rearrangements

• Jungho Jun,
• Hyu-Suk Yeom,
• Jun-Hyun An and
• Seunghoon Shin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1724–1729, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.198

• facile ionization of the C–O bond leading to an allyl cation and C (Path C, Scheme 1). Intriguingly, 2l having a α-Me substituent and no γ-substituent provided an exclusive formation of an apparent [3,3]-rearrangement product 3l (Table 2, entry 11). These experiments indicated that for those having an α

• amount of an excess reactant for the formation of the key intermediate A than propiolates and allows for the migration of even less electron-rich allyl group as in 2g [9]. A key mechanistic difference is the facile cleavage of the allyl C–O bond in A induced by the stronger polarizing effect of the tosyl

• facile dissociation of the allyl C–O bond leading to [1,3]- or [3,3]-rearrangement products depending on the substituents. For both [3,3]- and [1,3]-rearrangements, control experiments confirmed the intramolecular mechanism of the allyl migration. Our current efforts are aimed at the elucidation of the

Re₂O₇-catalyzed reaction of hemiacetals and aldehydes with O-, S-, and C-nucleophiles

• Wantanee Sittiwong,
• Michael W. Richardson,
• Charles E. Schiaffo,
• Thomas J. Fisher and
• Patrick H. Dussault

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1526–1532, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.174

• hydroperoxide (which would presumably lead to heterolytic fragmentation) and activation of the peroxide C–O was clearly disfavored relative to activation of the alkoxide C–O bond. Rapid alkoxide metathesis was also observed in the presence of a strong Brønsted acid. Our observations suggest that the seeming

Copper-catalyzed aerobic aliphatic C–H oxygenation with hydroperoxides

• Pei Chui Too,
• Ya Lin Tnay and
• Shunsuke Chiba

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1217–1225, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.138

• generate the corresponding C-radicals (Scheme 1a) [7]. The successive trapping of the resulting C-radicals with molecular O2 forms peroxy radicals (the C–O bond formation). Reduction of peroxy radicals generates alkoxides, cyclization of which with the amidine moiety finally affords dihydrooxazoles

Tandem dinucleophilic cyclization of cyclohexane-1,3-diones with pyridinium salts

• Mostafa Kiamehr,
• Firouz Matloubi Moghaddam,
• Satenik Mkrtchyan,
• Volodymyr Semeniuchenko,
• Linda Supe,
• Alexander Villinger,
• Peter Langer and
• Viktor O. Iaroshenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1119–1126, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.124

• -diketone deprotonation and nucleophilic attack of potassium 3-oxocyclohex-1-enolate on pyridinium cation, which yields an intermediate with a new C–C bond, and this is a key stage in the reaction. The C–O bond formation can be excluded in the initial stage (see Supporting Information File 2 for the

• the last reaction is a protonation of enamine in essence; the imaginary frequency inherent for TS 22a shows only proton displacement, without formation of a C–O bond. The latter was formed during IRC computation, starting from TS 22a. Previously, Hui Li and Chao-Guo Yan [50] proposed the nucleophilic

Complete σ* intramolecular aromatic hydroxylation mechanism through O₂ activation by a Schiff base macrocyclic dicopper(I) complex

• Albert Poater and
• Miquel Solà

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 585–593, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.63

• and C–O bond formation, followed finally by a proton transfer to an alpha aromatic carbon that immediately yields the product [CuII2(bsH2m-O)(μ-OH)]2+. Keywords: aromatic hydroxylation; C–H bond activation; C–H functionalization; copper; DFT calculations; mechanism; Schiff base; Introduction Bearing

• isomeric species was not located, probably due the higher rigidity that is imposed by the Schiff bases bsH2m with respect to the similar, previously described system H3m [40]. The two possible routes from d to e (C–O bond formation) corresponding to the attacks on the two phenyl rings are basically

• Gibbs energies obtained in these alternative pathways, one can conclude that the role played by species i and j in the whole reaction mechanism is irrelevant. After the formation of the C–O bond in species e, the previously described ligand H3m showed that the other aromatic ring could assist the

Some aspects of radical chemistry in the assembly of complex molecular architectures

• Béatrice Quiclet-Sire and
• Samir Z. Zard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 557–576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.61

• alkene by the homolytic cleavage of a C–O bond is a recent development that nevertheless holds much promise. It is open to numerous variations, in particular for the synthesis of highly functionalised ketones [64] and for the stereoselective formation of di- and tri-substituted alkenes [63]. Generation

Palladium-catalyzed C–N and C–O bond formation of N-substituted 4-bromo-7-azaindoles with amides, amines, amino acid esters and phenols

• Rajendra Surasani,
• Dipak Kalita,
• A. V. Dhanunjaya Rao and
• K. B. Chandrasekhar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2004–2018, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.227

• .8.227 Abstract Simple and efficient procedures for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of N-substituted 4-bromo-7-azaindole (1H-pyrrole[2,3-b]pyridine), with amides, amines, amino acid esters and phenols through C–N and C–O bond formation have been developed. The C–N cross-coupling reaction of

• report on coupling of amides, amino acid esters and phenols with N-protected 4-bromo-7-azaindole derivatives. Keywords: 7-azaindole; C–N bond; C–O bond; ligand; palladium catalyst; Introduction Palladium-catalyzed C–N and C–O bond-forming reactions between 4-substituted 7-azaindoles and amides, amines

• methods for the synthesis of substituted azaindole motifs, they are limited to N-1, C-2 or C-3 functionalized structures [5][6][7][8][10]. Furthermore, regioselective C–O-bond-forming reactions are interesting in organic synthesis due to the presence of these bonds in numerous natural products, biological

Metal–ligand multiple bonds as frustrated Lewis pairs for C–H functionalization

• Matthew T. Whited

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1554–1563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.177

• insertions or, in some cases, atom transfer [60]. One example with Aldridge's iron(II) aminoborylenes is presented in Scheme 9. In this case, Fe/B cooperation leads to scission of the C═O bond and oxygen-atom transfer to the borylene unit. As with cationic silylenes, the borylene complexes in Scheme 9 react

A quantitative approach to nucleophilic organocatalysis

• Herbert Mayr,
• Sami Lakhdar,
• Biplab Maji and
• Armin R. Ofial

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1458–1478, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.166

• reactions of 33− with benzhydrylium ions 18 as evidence for anchimeric assistance by the carboxylate group. As only part of the accelerating effect of the CO2− group can be due to Coulomb attraction, the formation of the C–O bond of the oxazolidone 34 is concluded to occur concomitantly with the formation

Photoreactions of cyclic sulfite esters: Evidence for diradical intermediates

• Rick C. White,
• Benny E. Arney Jr. and
• Heiko Ihmels

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1208–1212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.134

• lack of oxirane formation may be explained by initial cleavage of the C–O bond to give the biradical BR1, whose rotation about the C–C bond to give the relaxed biradical BR1rot is significantly faster than the loss of sulfur dioxide (Scheme 3). As a consequence, the elimination of SO2 results in a

Screening of ligands for the Ullmann synthesis of electron-rich diaryl ethers

• Nicola Otto and
• Till Opatz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1105–1111, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.122

• temperatures, 56 structurally diverse multidentate ligands were screened in a model system that uses copper iodide in acetonitrile with potassium phosphate as the base. The ligands differed largely in their performance, but no privileged structural class could be identified. Keywords: catalysis; C–O bond

• limitations due to the use of stoichiometric or superstoichiometric amounts of copper powder and typically requires high reaction temperatures (≈200 °C), thus tolerating only a limited number of functional groups. Alternatively, C–O bond formation can be accomplished by efficient Pd-catalyzed arylations of

Parallel and four-step synthesis of natural-product-inspired scaffolds through modular assembly and divergent cyclization

• Hiroki Oguri,
• Haruki Mizoguchi,
• Hideaki Oikawa,
• Aki Ishiyama,
• Masato Iwatsuki,
• Kazuhiko Otoguro and
• Satoshi Ōmura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 930–940, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.105

• reactions, four sp2-centers were efficiently converted into the corresponding sp3-centers, including an aminoacetal core. In nature, there are a variety of alkaloids that possess an aminoacetal group (Figure 2b). The aminoacetal groups embedded in the skeleton are prone to undergo C–O bond cleavage to form

A practical route to tertiary diarylmethylamides or -carbamates from imines, organozinc reagents and acyl chlorides or chloroformates

• Erwan Le Gall,
• Antoine Pignon and
• Thierry Martens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 997–1002, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.112

• . Indeed, although TBAF has been reported to constitute a mild deprotection reagent for a range of carbamates [38][39], the cleavage of the N–C=O bond, which is formed during the process, might be commonly achieved under rather harsh conditions. This is not the case with other potential activating agents

Recent advances in the gold-catalyzed additions to C–C multiple bonds

• He Huang,
• Yu Zhou and
• Hong Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 897–936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.103

• studies have been selected to demonstrate the significance of gold catalysis. 2 Gold-catalyzed C–O bond formations The carbon–oxygen bond is one of the most widespread types of bonds in nature. Gold catalytic addition of oxygen nucleophiles to electronically non-activated C–C multiple bonds represents an

• enriched secondary propargyl alcohols led to the chiral oxetan-3-one with no apparent racemization (Scheme 20). 3 Gold-catalyzed C–N bond formations Many organic compounds containing nitrogen exhibit important biological and pharmaceutical properties. As with gold-catalyzed C–O bond formation, the directly

Homoallylic amines by reductive inter- and intramolecular coupling of allenes and nitriles

• Peter Wipf and
• Marija D. Manojlovic

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 824–830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.94

• equatorial position, placing the electronegative carbamate substituent and the C–O bond in the tetrahydropyran ring into a gauche orientation (Figure 1). We propose a chelated transition state for the formation of 19, 21, and 23 (Scheme 3). After the initial hydrozirconation and transmetallation with

The arene–alkene photocycloaddition

• Ursula Streit and
• Christian G. Bochet

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 525–542, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.61

• reaction involves the formation of a new aryl C–C bond and the loss of the aryl C–O bond, and is therefore clearly a rearrangement product. Furthermore, Sakamoto showed that this reaction was not limited to benzophenones, but also occurred with acetophenones, albeit in slightly lower yields. For this

An efficient and practical entry to 2-amido-dienes and 3-amido-trienes from allenamides through stereoselective 1,3-hydrogen shifts

• Ryuji Hayashi,
• John B. Feltenberger,
• Andrew G. Lohse,
• Mary C. Walton and
• Richard P. Hsung

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 410–420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.53

• -dienes see [51][52]). Problems with the two primary approaches to access amido-dienes [47] are that acid-mediated condensations suffer from functional group tolerances, and metal-mediated coupling methods (for reviews on Cu-mediated C–N and C–O bond formations see [53][54][55], for some examples see [56