Palladium nanoparticles supported on chitin-based nanomaterials as heterogeneous catalysts for the Heck coupling reaction

• Tony Jin,
• Malickah Hicks,
• Davis Kurdyla,
• Sabahudin Hrapovic,
• Edmond Lam and
• Audrey Moores

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2477–2483, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.201

• transformations [7][8][9]. Furthermore, the chiral nature of polysaccharides has also been used as a tool for enantioselective catalysis such as carbonyl hydrogenations and amino acid hydrolysis, proving the unique ability of these biomass-based supports [10][11]. Chitin is another type of biomass feedstock that

Recent developments in enantioselective photocatalysis

• Callum Prentice,
• James Morrisson,
• Andrew D. Smith and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2363–2441, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.197

• Kingdom 10.3762/bjoc.16.197 Abstract Enantioselective photocatalysis has rapidly grown into a powerful tool for synthetic chemists. This review describes the various strategies for creating enantioenriched products through merging enantioselective catalysis and photocatalysis, with a focus on the most

• recent developments and a particular interest in the proposed mechanisms for each. With the aim of understanding the scope of each strategy, to help guide and inspire further innovation in this field. Keywords: enantioenrichment; enantionselective catalysis; enantioselective photocatalysis

• ; photocatalysis; photochemistry; Introduction Enantioselective catalysis has become a central focus for organic synthetic chemistry, particularly since the Nobel prize was awarded to Sharpless, Knowles, and Noyori for their pioneering work in the field. In the last 15 years, photocatalysis has become a

Synthetic approaches to bowl-shaped π-conjugated sumanene and its congeners

• Shakeel Alvi and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2212–2259, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.186

• can not only be useful for enantioselective synthesis of π-bowls but also to produce novel building blocks for molecular switches, chemical machines, molecular motor, ferroelectric memories, molecular devices, and sensory materials etc. Interestingly, electronic switching, thermal transport and

Controlling the stereochemistry in 2-oxo-aldehyde-derived Ugi adducts through the cinchona alkaloid-promoted electrophilic fluorination

• Yuqing Wang,
• Gaigai Wang,
• Anatoly A. Peshkov,
• Ruwei Yao,
• Muhammad Hasan,
• Manzoor Zaman,
• Chao Liu,
• Stepan Kashtanov,
• Olga P. Pereshivko and
• Vsevolod A. Peshkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1963–1973, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.163

• alkaloid-promoted electrophilic fluorination producing enantioenriched post-Ugi adducts fluorinated at the peptidyl position. Keywords: cinchona alkaloids; electrophilic fluorination; enantioselective synthesis; 2-oxo-aldehydes; Ugi reaction; Introduction Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) [1][2][3][4][5][6

• ], no general asymmetric protocol for the four-component mode has been developed until very recently. In 2018, Houk, Tan and co-workers described an efficient enantioselective procedure operating in the presence of catalytic amounts of chiral phosphoric acids (Table 2) [57]. Two synthetic protocols have

• previously tested the reactivity of 8 in the intermolecular aldol addition to ethyl glyoxalate [62]. As these attempts met with failure, we have turned our attention to enantioselective fluorination reactions [63][64][65]. Specifically, we decided to explore the enantioselective electrophilic fluorination of

Synthesis of monophosphorylated lipid A precursors using 2-naphthylmethyl ether as a protecting group

• Jundi Xue,
• Ziyi Han,
• Gen Li,
• Khalisha A. Emmanuel,
• Cynthia L. McManus,
• Qiang Sui,
• Dongmian Ge,
• Qi Gao and
• Li Cai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1955–1962, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.162

• developing a robust strategy in regards to the potential application of our route to the production of other lipid A analogs. Results and Discussion The acyl chain (R)-3-(2-naphthylmethoxy)tetradecanoic acid 7 was prepared via an enantioselective route as previously reported (Scheme 1) [16]. Lauroyl chloride

• (3) was treated with Meldrum’s acid (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione) followed by decarboxylation in methanol to give methyl 3-oxotetradecanoate (4) in 77% yield. The enantioselective hydrogenation of the β-carbonyl group using (R)-Ru(OAc)2(BINAP) at 65 °C and under 1.5 MPa H2 afforded methyl (R

• the 4′-OH group. This work is currently underway in our lab. Chemical structures of hexa-acylated Escherichia coli lipid A, monophosphorylated lipid X (the reducing monosaccharide lipid A precursor), and disaccharide lipid A precursor (“disaccharide lipid X”). Enantioselective synthesis of Nap

Stereoselective Biginelli-like reaction catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid bearing two hydroxy groups

• Xiaoyun Hu,
• Jianxin Guo,
• Cui Wang,
• Rui Zhang and
• Victor Borovkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1875–1880, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.155

• reported in 2005 by the Akiyama’s group [16]. This work clearly demonstrated the potential of these catalysts in enantioselective transformations. An additional important point of this work was the use of enantiopure tartaric acid as a precursor for the catalyst preparation being a conventional natural

• yield and enantioselectivity of the reaction dropped dramatically, hence confirming our initial proposal that the free hydroxy groups in the chiral phosphoric acid 3 played an important role in this enantioselective transformation. Based on these results, a plausible transition-state structure was

NHC-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of β-trifluoromethyl-β-hydroxyamides

• Alyn T. Davies,
• Mark D. Greenhalgh,
• Alexandra M. Z. Slawin and
• Andrew D. Smith

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1572–1578, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.129

• moderate to good yield as a single diastereoisomer. Keywords: enantioselective catalysis; formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition; N-heterocyclic carbene; ring opening; trifluoromethyl group; Introduction The trifluoromethyl unit holds a prominent and privileged position within organic chemistry [1][2][3][4][5][6

• practical methodologies capable of the enantioselective incorporation of the trifluoromethyl unit into organic molecules has been developed widely [10][11][12], with a series of elegant organocatalytic strategies utilized toward these aims [13]. One general strategy for the organocatalytic construction of

• stereogenic trifluoromethyl centers is through enantioselective addition of enolates or their equivalents to prochiral trifluoromethyl ketones (Figure 1A). Within this area, a common catalytic approach has utilized aliphatic ketones as enolate equivalents using prolinamide, cinchona, or hybrid catalysts that

An overview on disulfide-catalyzed and -cocatalyzed photoreactions

• Yeersen Patehebieke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1418–1435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.118

• and co-workers reported an excellent thiyl radical-catalyzed enantioselective cyclization reaction of vinylcyclopropanes with alkenes [7]. For the extension of this concept, in 2018, Miller and co-workers reported a UV-light-promoted disulfide-bridged peptide-catalyzed enantioselective cycloaddition

• peptide-catalyzed enantioselective cycloaddition. Disulfide-catalyzed [3 + 2] methylenecyclopentane annulations. Disulfide as a HAT cocatalyst in the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Proposed mechanism of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction using disulfide as a HAT cocatalyst. Disulfide-catalyzed ring

• disulfide-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of ophirin B. Disulfide-catalyzed isomerization in the total synthesis of (+)-hitachimycin. Disulfide-catalyzed isomerization in the synthesis of (−)-gloeosporone. Acknowledgements I thank Prof. Xiao Wang (Nanjing University) for helpful discussions. Funding I

Copper-catalysed alkylation of heterocyclic acceptors with organometallic reagents

• Yafei Guo and
• Syuzanna R. Harutyunyan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1006–1021, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.90

• acceptors in highly enantioselective C–C bond-forming reactions with organometallics. The work highlighted in this minireview is divided into two sections, based on the position where the bond is formed. The first part focuses on acceptors in which the reacting unsaturated double bond is embedded into the

• enantioselective methods for the synthesis of these compounds resulting in high yield and enantioselectivity has proven challenging. As a result, significant effort has been invested into copper-catalysed asymmetric conjugate addition reactions using organometallics. In 2005, Feringa and co-workers reported on the

• aluminium reagents and commercial alkylaluminium reagents were examined in this methodology, providing the corresponding products with a moderate yield but high enantioselectivity (Scheme 2B). In 2009, Feringa and co-workers presented the first highly enantioselective 1,2-addition of dialkylzinc reagents to

Recent applications of porphyrins as photocatalysts in organic synthesis: batch and continuous flow approaches

• Rodrigo Costa e Silva,
• Luely Oliveira da Silva,
• Aloisio de Andrade Bartolomeu,
• Timothy John Brocksom and
• Kleber Thiago de Oliveira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 917–955, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.83

• enantioselective and chemoselective oxidations of many organic compounds. Notably, the Gryko’s group recently described an enantio- and diastereoselective approach involving a porphyrin-based photooxygenation of aldehydes with sequential reduction to yield chiral diols in yields up to 91% and significant er (up to

Copper catalysis with redox-active ligands

• Agnideep Das,
• Yufeng Ren,
• Cheriehan Hessin and
• Marine Desage-El Murr

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 858–870, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.77

• precursors affords both enantiomers Δ-10 (from CuClO4) and Λ-10 from (Cu(CH3CN)4PF6). UV–vis and circular dichroism spectroscopic studies evidence that the helical chirality exhibited by these two catalysts could be reversed by redox stimuli. These complexes could perform enantioselective Michael addition

• trifluoromethylation of heteroaromatics with redox-active iminosemiquinone ligands. Reversal of helical chirality upon redox stimuli and enantioselective Michael addition with a redox-reconfigurable copper catalyst. Interaction of guanidine-copper catalyst with oxygen and representative coupling products. a4 mol

Preparation of 2-phospholene oxides by the isomerization of 3-phospholene oxides

• Péter Bagi,
• Réka Herbay,
• Nikolett Péczka,
• Zoltán Mucsi,
• István Timári and
• György Keglevich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 818–832, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.75

• ][4]. A heterocyclic ring containing a P atom appears in many popular P(III)-ligands, such as BPE, DuPhos, TangPhos, DuanPhos, ZhangPhos [5][6][7][8][9][10][11], among which a number of species may be considered as privileged ligands for transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective transformations [12

Combining enyne metathesis with long-established organic transformations: a powerful strategy for the sustainable synthesis of bioactive molecules

• Valerian Dragutan,
• Ileana Dragutan,
• Albert Demonceau and
• Lionel Delaude

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 738–755, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.68

• ) as the final product. Kempene diterpenes The first enantioselective synthesis of kempene diterpenes 14a–c, natural compounds exhibiting a significant antibiotic activity against B. subtilis, relying on the domino enyne metathesis of the adequate dienyne precursors as a key step, was disclosed by Metz

Recent advances in Cu-catalyzed C(sp³)–Si and C(sp³)–B bond formation

• Balaram S. Takale,
• Ruchita R. Thakore,
• Elham Etemadi-Davan and
• Bruce H. Lipshutz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 691–737, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.67

• reactions are discussed. Keywords: C–B bonds; copper catalysis; C–Si bonds; enantioselective reactions; sp3 carbon functionalization; Introduction Transition-metal-catalyzed silylation and borylation are useful transformations [1], widely studied because organosilicon [2][3] and organoboron compounds [4

• could be isolated (Scheme 34). Another class of heterocycles, α-silylated N-alkylated indoles 201–205 recently reported by Xu and co-workers, were formed using a nonracemic Cu–NHC catalyst through the enantioselective addition of the PhMe2Si group to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl indoles 200 (Scheme 35). The

• (L26) in combination with catalytic amounts of Cu(OAc)2 and stoichiometric Ph2SiH2 at ambient temperature to convert various alkenes to the desired enantiomerically pure silylated products (Scheme 40). A highly regio- and enantioselective dearomative silyation of indoles using NHC L27–ligated CuCl has

Asymmetric synthesis of CF₂-functionalized aziridines by combined strong Brønsted acid catalysis

• Xing-Fa Tan,
• Fa-Guang Zhang and
• Jun-An Ma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 638–644, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.60

• Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China 10.3762/bjoc.16.60 Abstract A diastereo- and enantioselective approach to access chiral CF2-functionalized aziridines from difluorodiazoethyl phenyl sulfone (PhSO2CF2CHN2) and in situ-formed aldimines is described. This multicomponent reaction is enabled by a

• , and difluoromethyl vinyl sulfonium salts as the fluorinating partner en route to various CF2-substituted aziridines [27][28][29][30][31], and a general protocol to chiral CF2-aziridines remains an unsolved challenge. Thus, herein we report a diastereo- and enantioselective aza-Darzens reaction between

Synthesis of disparlure and monachalure enantiomers from 2,3-butanediacetals

• Adam Drop,
• Hubert Wojtasek and
• Bożena Frąckowiak-Wojtasek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 616–620, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.57

• enantioselective reactions, such as the Sharpless epoxidation [19][20][21][22][23][24], asymmetric dihydroxylation [25][26], chloroallyloboronation [27], or iodolactonization [28]. Most recently a method using the asymmetric chlorination of dodecanal by LiCl in the presence of a chiral imidazolidinone catalyst has

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate reduction of α,β-unsaturated esters with chiral phenol–carbene ligands

• Shohei Mimura,
• Sho Mizushima,
• Yohei Shimizu and
• Masaya Sawamura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 537–543, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.50

• , Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan 10.3762/bjoc.16.50 Abstract A chiral phenol–NHC ligand enabled the copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate reduction of α,β-unsaturated esters. The phenol moiety of the chiral NHC ligand played a critical role in producing the enantiomerically enriched products. The

• catalyst worked well for various (Z)-isomer substrates. Opposite enantiomers were obtained from (Z)- and (E)-isomers, with a higher enantiomeric excess from the (Z)-isomer. Keywords: catalyst; chiral NHC; conjugate reduction; copper catalysis; enantioselective reaction; Introduction Since the leading

• generated copper hydride in situ, has successfully been utilized for enantioselective reactions with β,β-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The pioneering work of Buchwald and co-workers on the enantioselective conjugate reduction of α,β-unsaturated esters using a

Architecture and synthesis of P,N-heterocyclic phosphine ligands

• Wisdom A. Munzeiwa,
• Bernard Omondi and
• Vincent O. Nyamori

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 362–383, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.35

• attributed this to a stabilization of the NH proton by hydrogen bonds to the triazole nitrogen and methoxy oxygen atoms. The initial step in the synthesis of 120 is the enantioselective synthesis of the propargylamine 118 through the reaction of propargyl acetate 117 with the corresponding amine. This

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to challenging Michael acceptors

• Delphine Pichon,
• Jennifer Morvan,
• Christophe Crévisy and
• Marc Mauduit

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 212–232, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.24

• Delphine Pichon Jennifer Morvan Christophe Crevisy Marc Mauduit Université de Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France 10.3762/bjoc.16.24 Abstract The copper-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition (ECA) of organometallic

• accomplished in this stimulating field. Keywords: acylimidazole; N-acyloxazolidinone; N-acylpyrrole; N-acylpyrrolidinone; aldehyde; amide; copper catalysis; electron-deficient alkenes; enantioselective conjugate addition; Michael acceptor; thioester; Introduction Generating high molecular complexity and

• controlling multiple stereogenic centers in a minimum number of steps is nowadays one of the most important challenges in organic chemistry for the synthesis of complex chiral molecules. The transition metal (TM)-catalyzed enantioselective conjugate addition (ECA) of nucleophiles to electron-deficient alkenes

Why do thioureas and squaramides slow down the Ireland–Claisen rearrangement?

• Dominika Krištofíková,
• Juraj Filo,
• Mária Mečiarová and
• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2948–2957, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.290

• difficult due to their rather nonpolar transition states, which are difficult to be addressed by catalysts [29]. Several stereoselective [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements are realized with chiral Brønsted acids [30][31][32][33][34]. Jacobsen reported guanidinium-catalyzed enantioselective Claisen

A review of asymmetric synthetic organic electrochemistry and electrocatalysis: concepts, applications, recent developments and future directions

• Munmun Ghosh,
• Valmik S. Shinde and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2710–2746, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.264

• by Wattanakit described several approaches for the development of chiral metal electrodes for enantioselective recognition and asymmetric synthesis developed over the past decade [18]. Concurrent with pioneering works in the field of asymmetric induction in electrochemical reduction on chiral mercury

• catalyze the enantioselective hydrogenation of prochiral ketones 18. The prochiral ketones such as acetophenone, 1-tetralone and 1-indanone were reduced to their corresponding alcohols 20a, 20b and 20c, respectively, with moderate optical yields, with formation of (S) as major enantiomer (Scheme 5). After

• . Notably, the highest optical yields were achieved using strychnine (Scheme 8) [31]. Similarly, by applying modified electrolytic conditions, in 1993, Schoo and Schäfer increased the enantioselectivity of the alkaloid-catalyzed enantioselective electroreduction of 4-methylcoumarin (8) relative to that

Synthetic terpenoids in the world of fragrances: Iso E Super^® is the showcase

• Alexey Stepanyuk and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2590–2602, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.252

• described structure [28][32]. Synthetic aspects of individual Iso E Super® components The first target-specific synthesis of (−)-Georgywood® (35) utilised the (S)-Corey–Bakshi–Shibata catalyst (36) for the enantioselective Diels–Alder cycloaddition (Scheme 5). The corresponding enantiomer (+)-Georgywood

Synthesis of acremines A, B and F and studies on the bisacremines

• Nils Winter and
• Dirk Trauner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2271–2276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.219

• isolated from fungi of the genus Acremonium. Here, we present the asymmetric total synthesis of acremine F which hinges on a modestly enantioselective dihydroxylation and a subsequent kinetic resolution via a highly selective asymmetric reduction. Chemoselective oxidation of acremine F gave access to

• reduction conditions to afford cyclohexa-1,4-diene 13 [9]. Enantioselective Sharpless dihydroxylation proceeded in good chemoselectivity but with modest yield and optical purity (25% ee). Unfortunately, all attempts to improve the enantioselectivity of this reaction failed. We discovered, however, that at a

• modestly enantioselective oxidation and a highly enantioselective reduction with kinetic resolution to access the acremine framework. The route proved to be scalable and delivered 300 mg of the natural product. Acremine F could further be converted into acremines A (1) and B (2) by a selective oxidation

Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed incorporation of fluorine-containing groups

• Xiaowei Li,
• Xiaolin Shi,
• Xiangqian Li and
• Dayong Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2213–2270, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.218

• trifluoromethylation before 2011, and Besset [21] focused on the direct introduction of fluorinated groups into alkenes and alkynes. Then, Toste [1] covered advances in catalytic enantioselective fluorination, mono‑, di‑, and trifluoromethylation, and trifluoromethylthiolation reactions. Recently, Zhang [14] offered a

• that the allylic fluorination was achieved by an SN2-type attack of fluoride on an electrophilic Pd(II)-allyl intermediate. One year later, the same author extended this method to a highly regio- and enantioselective fluorination of acyclic allylic chlorides. Compared to the previous process, this

• Sodeoka [40] reported the first example of an enantioselective monofluorination of α-keto esters catalyzed by Pd-μ-hydroxo complexes with cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) as the best solvent (Scheme 6). Also, they achieved the diastereoselective reduction of the remaining keto group with lithium tri(sec

1,2,3-Triazolium macrocycles in supramolecular chemistry

• Mastaneh Safarnejad Shad,
• Pulikkal Veettil Santhini and
• Wim Dehaen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2142–2155, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.211

• binaphthyl system and the Lewis acidic metal center facilitated the enantioselective synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides. Various catalyst was screened by changing the linker length (n = 4 to 8) and nucleophilic counter anion (X = I, Cl, Br), and 16c was found to be the best catalyst for the

• introducing a variety of chiral building blocks in the 1,2,3-triazolium macrocycles valuable insight may be provided into the enantioselective recognition and transformation of guest molecules. In the past decades, organocatalytic routes have emerged as an effective and ecofriendly approach towards the