A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

• Nian Li,
• Ruzal Sitdikov,
• Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
• Joost Steverlynck,
• Bo Li and
• Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

CuAAC-inspired synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-bridged porphyrin conjugates: an overview

• Dileep Kumar Singh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 349–379, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.29

• porphyrin and peripheral cholic acid moiety (Scheme 31). At first, the zinc derivative of porphyrin-tetracholic acid conjugate 148a was synthesized by the CuAAC click reaction between porphyrin 146 and 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-24-azido-5β-cholane (147) in the presence of CuBr(PPh3)3 in Et3N/THF mixture in 73

• properties of the cholic acid units in porphyrin conjugates were also studied. The zinc-metalated porphyrin-cholic acid conjugate tends to form J-aggregates in various solvents with different polarities, whereas demetallated porphyrin-cholic acid conjugates show different patterns. The research group of

• . The CuAAC click reaction has been shown to bind a variety of chromophores bearing azide or alkyne groups to the porphyrin periphery, including coumarin, xanthone, DNA, ferrocene, corrole, fluorescein, carborane, BODIPY, graphene, carboline, fullerene, NDI, β-cyclodextrin, cholic acid, quinolone, etc

Cholyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrid compounds: design, synthesis and antimicrobial assessment

• Anas J. Rasras,
• Mohamed El-Naggar,
• Nesreen A. Safwat and
• Raed A. Al-Qawasmeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 631–638, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.63

• exhibited selective activity against fungi only. Keywords: antibacterial; cholic acid; heterocyclic; Mannich reaction; oxadiazole; Introduction Microbial infections caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria embarrass the health care system worldwide [1]. Pathogens such as Escherichia coli

• enhanced the biological activities like anticancer [15][16], antibacterial [17], antimalarial [18], anti-inflammatory [19], and lead to a promising scaffold for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [20]. Our previous work showed that a combination between cholic acid and heterocyclic scaffolds improved the

• antibacterial property (Figure 1) [21]. In 2018, Sharma et al. presented a new pyridinyl-substituted cholic acid analogue that was effective against an epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile (Figure 1) [22]. Recently, Chuchkov et al. prepared a hybrid structure between heterocycle penciclovir and cholic acid

1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts in organic synthesis

• Ruan Carlos B. Ribeiro,
• Patricia G. Ferreira,
• Amanda de A. Borges,
• Luana da S. M. Forezi,
• Fernando de Carvalho da Silva and
• Vitor F. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 53–69, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.5

• recognition of cholylglycine, which is a combination of cholic acid and glycine. The β-cyclodextrin/graphene oxide composite forms an inclusion complex with a β-NQS guest. The amino group of cholylglycine can bind to β-NQS by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, resulting in a decrease in the electrochemical

Synthesis of new bile acid-fused tetrazoles using the Schmidt reaction

• Dušan Đ. Škorić,
• Olivera R. Klisurić,
• Dimitar S. Jakimov,
• Marija N. Sakač and
• János J. Csanádi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2611–2620, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.174

• different ketone and enone precursors from cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid was established. Newly obtained tetrazole derivatives were characterized by NMR and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. In a number of cases, preliminary antiproliferative tests of new compounds showed strong and

• . Results and Discussion In order to investigate possibilities for the synthesis of bile acid B-ring- and bile acid C-ring-fused tetrazoles by a variation of the Schmidt reaction, the appropriate ketone and enone derivatives were prepared firstly. This was achieved using cholic acid, deoxycholic acid (1

• ), and chenodeoxycholic acid (9), respectively, as starting material. Ethyl cholate (5) and 7-oxo derivative 12 were prepared from cholic acid following well-known procedures [40][41]. The synthesis of other oxo compounds is outlined in Scheme 1 and Scheme 2. Deoxycholic acid (1) and chenodeoxycholic

Chemical approaches to discover the full potential of peptide nucleic acids in biomedical applications

• Nikita Brodyagin,
• Martins Katkevics,
• Venubabu Kotikam,
• Christopher A. Ryan and
• Eriks Rozners

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1641–1688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.116

Recent advances in the application of isoindigo derivatives in materials chemistry

• Andrei V. Bogdanov and
• Vladimir F. Mironov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1533–1564, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.111

• matrix (in positive and negative modes), which is a rarity for the MALDI method. The detection limits were below 164 pmol for reserpine and below 245 pmol for cholic acid. More recently, another new application of polyisoindigos was discovered as a new conductive binder inside electrodes containing

Steroid diversification by multicomponent reactions

• Leslie Reguera,
• Cecilia I. Attorresi,
• Javier A. Ramírez and
• Daniel G. Rivera

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1236–1256, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.121

• either totally lipophilic (e.g., cholesterol) or amphipathic when possessing both polar and nonpolar groups (e.g., cholic acid). As shown in Figure 1, members of this family can be found in both plant and animal kingdoms, where they exert an amazing array of cellular functions such as structural and

• required a high temperature set by classic heating or microwave irradiation. Using cholic acid as carboxylic acid component, Cui and co-workers [37] developed a novel MCR resembling the Ugi-4CR, but relying on the reactivity of ynamides as surrogates of the isocyanide component. Ynamides are alkynes with a

Latest development in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA): a critical review

• Fabio Tonin and
• Isabel W. C. E. Arends

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 470–483, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.33

• gallstones and improves the liver function in case of cholestatic diseases. UDCA can be obtained from cholic acid (CA), which is the most abundant and least expensive bile acid available. The now available chemical routes for the obtainment of UDCA yield about 30% of final product. For these syntheses

• several protection and deprotection steps requiring toxic and dangerous reagents have to be performed, leading to the production of a series of waste products. In many cases the cholic acid itself first needs to be prepared from its taurinated and glycilated derivatives in the bile, thus adding to the

• ) in the treatment against biliary calculus, since it possesses high efficacy and total absence of side effects [11]. UDCA is commonly produced by transformation of cholic acid (CA), which is the most abundant and least expensive bile acid available. Because of the molecular complexity of bile acids

Pd- and Cu-catalyzed approaches in the syntheses of new cholane aminoanthraquinone pincer-like ligands

• Nikolay V. Lukashev,
• Gennadii A. Grabovyi,
• Dmitry A. Erzunov,
• Alexey V. Kazantsev,
• Gennadij V. Latyshev,
• Alexei D. Averin and
• Irina P. Beletskaya.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 564–570, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.55

• in the arylation of cholic acid derived amine 3c with 6a affording 34% of 5e. Thus, Pd-catalyzed amination seems to be a very competitive route for the preparation of arylated aminocholanes. Complexation of bile acid derived ligands Steroidal ligands are known to be excellent hosts for different ions

An easy assembled fluorescent sensor for dicarboxylates and acidic amino acids

• Xiao-bo Zhou,
• Yuk-Wang Yip,
• Wing-Hong Chan and
• Albert W. M. Lee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 75–81, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.11

• (i.e., chromophore or fluorophore) as sensing probes for dicarboxylates [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Additionally, chiral recognition of carboxylates has been actively explored in the sensor field [14][15][16]. By using cholic acid as the molecular scaffold for the construction of sensing probes, we have