Beyond symmetric self-assembly and effective molarity: unlocking functional enzyme mimics with robust organic cages

• Keith G. Andrews

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 421–443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.30

• enzyme dynamics. The wider history of supramolecular and cavity catalysis [3][13][15][16][17][18][19][21][48][49], and catalysis using confined transition-metal catalysts [50][51][52], dendrimers [53] or synzymes [54], micelles [55] or vesicles [56], catalytic antibodies [57][58][59] or molecularly

Factors influencing the performance of organocatalysts immobilised on solid supports: A review

• Zsuzsanna Fehér,
• Dóra Richter,
• Gyula Dargó and
• József Kupai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2129–2142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.183

• systems [104][105][106] and dendrimers [107][108][109] have also emerged as alternative soluble supports for catalyst immobilisation. In these systems the catalyst moieties can be built in at the core, at the periphery, or at intermediate positions, affecting the catalytic performances differently [110

Light-responsive rotaxane-based materials: inducing motion in the solid state

• Adrian Saura-Sanmartin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 873–880, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.64

• and pseudorotaxanes, such as covalent organic frameworks [75], carbon nanotubes [17], metal-coordinated monolayers and multilayers [76][77], and dendrimers [78], among others. The future development of light-responsive rotaxane-based materials will benefit from advances in the areas of photoresponsive

Ionic multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for light emitting electrochemical cells

• Merve Karaman,
• Abhishek Kumar Gupta,
• Subeesh Madayanad Suresh,
• Tomas Matulaitis,
• Lorenzo Mardegan,
• Daniel Tordera,
• Henk J. Bolink,
• Sen Wu,
• Stuart Warriner,
• Ifor D. Samuel and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1311–1321, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.136

• TADF emitter, imCzDPS (λPL = 440 nm, ΦPL = 44%, neat film) [19]. The EL of the LEEC was red-shifted at λEL of 470 nm compared to the PL. Following these initial reports Edman and co-workers demonstrated how neutral TADF small molecules [20], polymers [21], and dendrimers [22] could be employed in LEECs

Recent developments and trends in the iron- and cobalt-catalyzed Sonogashira reactions

• Surendran Amrutha,
• Sankaran Radhika and
• Gopinathan Anilkumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 262–285, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.31

• dendrimers were grown on graphene nanosheets for catalyzing the reaction using highly active Pd-Co bimetallic nanoparticles under copper and solvent-free conditions at room temperature. K2CO3 was found to be the suitable base which provided a relatively good yield (Scheme 28) [41]. The graphite sheets could

Cryogels: recent applications in 3D-bioprinting, injectable cryogels, drug delivery, and wound healing

• Luke O. Jones,
• Leah Williams,
• Tasmin Boam,
• Martin Kalmet,
• Chidubem Oguike and
• Fiona L. Hatton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2553–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.171

• cryogels have also been prepared comprising polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, whereby the cryogels were stable under acidic conditions, and degrade at physiological solution pH (7.4) [47]. 3.3. Dual temperature and pH-responsive cryogels During cryogel design and production a diverse range of starting

• polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have been shown to be effective for minimally invasive drug delivery [83]. The reinforced cryogels main function was to provide scaffolding for cell growth and also incorporated the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid drug betamethasone sodium phosphate (BSP) for delivery when

Design, synthesis and photophysical properties of novel star-shaped truxene-based heterocycles utilizing ring-closing metathesis, Clauson–Kaas, Van Leusen and Ullmann-type reactions as key tools

• Shakeel Alvi and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1374–1384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.96

• applicability in the synthesis of dendrimers as well as C3-tripods and also in the host–guest chemistry [17][18][19][20][21]. This architecturally simple yet effective rigid system was first prepared in 1894 by Kipping [22] involving the trimerization of 3‐phenylpropionic acid under acidic conditions but

[2 + 1] Cycloaddition reactions of fullerene C₆₀ based on diazo compounds

• Yuliya N. Biglova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 630–670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.55

• (Scheme 30). An interesting approach was used in reference [150], and the syntheses of phenylacetylene dendrimers of the 1st (see 179) and 2nd generation (see 180) are reported (Figure 13). In reference [151], the reaction of fullerene with 3.3',4.4'-tetrakis(methoxycarbonyl)benzophenone tosylhydrazone

• . Polysubstituted diphenylmethanofullerenes 169–177. Fullerene-containing phenylacetylene dendrimers of the 1st and 2nd generation. Dibenzosuberane-substituted fullerene derivatives 196 and 197. Methods for the synthesis of methanofullerenes C60. Synthesis of diphenyl-substituted fulleroids 1 and 2. The reaction

NMR Spectroscopy of supramolecular chemistry on protein surfaces

• Peter Bayer,
• Anja Matena and
• Christine Beuck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2505–2522, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.203

• ], guanidiniocarbonylpyrrole (GCP) ligands [41][42][43][44][45][46], cucurbiturils [47][48][49][50][51], porphyrins [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60], metal complexes [61][62][63], foldamers [64][65][66][67], nanoparticles [34][68], imprinted polymers [69][70][71][72], and dendrimers [73][74]. In this review, we focus

Fluorescent phosphorus dendrimers excited by two photons: synthesis, two-photon absorption properties and biological uses

• Anne-Marie Caminade,
• Artem Zibarov,
• Eduardo Cueto Diaz,
• Aurélien Hameau,
• Maxime Klausen,
• Kathleen Moineau-Chane Ching,
• Jean-Pierre Majoral,
• Jean-Baptiste Verlhac,
• Olivier Mongin and
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2287–2303, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.221

• Different types of two-photon absorbing (TPA) fluorophores have been synthesized and specifically functionalized to be incorporated in the structure of phosphorus dendrimers (highly branched macromolecules). The TPA fluorophores were included in the periphery as terminal functions, in the core, or in the

• dendrimers have water-solubilizing functions as terminal groups, and fluorophores at the core or in the branches. They have been used as fluorescent tools in biology for different purposes, such as tracers for imaging blood vessels of living animals, for determining the phenotype of cells, for deciphering

• gather several organic fluorophores (having TPA properties) in a single molecule. Dendrimers are highly branched macromolecules, which possess many properties [12] due, in particular, to a large number of terminal functions, easily modifiable. A schematized structure of a dendrimer is depicted in Figure

Self-assembly behaviors of perylene- and naphthalene-crown macrocycle conjugates in aqueous medium

• Xin Shen,
• Bo Li,
• Tiezheng Pan,
• Jianfeng Wu,
• Yangxin Wang,
• Jie Shang,
• Yan Ge,
• Lin Jin and
• Zhenhui Qi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1203–1209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.117

• water-soluble crown macrocycle 3 was synthesized according to reported protocols, by using potassium cations as template [86][87]. The primary amine group in 3 offers diverse reaction pathways to design crown ethers appended LMW gelators, dendrimers and polymers [88][89][90][91][92]. In order to

Catalyst-free assembly of giant tris(heteroaryl)methanes: synthesis of novel pharmacophoric triads and model sterically crowded tris(heteroaryl/aryl)methyl cation salts

• Rodrigo Abonia,
• Luisa F. Gutiérrez,
• Braulio Insuasty,
• Jairo Quiroga,
• Kenneth K. Laali,
• Chunqing Zhao,
• Gabriela L. Borosky,
• Samantha M. Horwitz and
• Scott D. Bunge

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 642–654, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.60

• compounds [13][14][15][16]. Due to their valuable properties, they are also well exploited by the chemical industry as dyes and photochromic agents [17][18], protective groups in organic synthesis [19] and as building blocks for dendrimers [20] and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties [21] (Scheme 1

Synthesis of C₃-symmetric star-shaped molecules containing α-amino acids and dipeptides via Negishi coupling as a key step

• Sambasivarao Kotha and
• Saidulu Todeti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 371–377, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.33

• peptide dendrimers. Keywords: amino acids; cyclotrimerization; Negishi coupling; peptide; Introduction Optically active C3-symmetric molecules are valuable synthons to design dendrimers, chiral ligands, polymers, and supramolecules [1][2][3][4]. In this regard, 1,3,5-triarylbenzene derivatives are

Application of olefin metathesis in the synthesis of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and POSS-containing polymeric materials

• Patrycja Żak and
• Cezary Pietraszuk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 310–332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.28

• proposed synthetic method based on the gradual development of the organic part can be used for the synthesis of new star polymers, dendrimers or hyperbranched molecules. Further examples of the use of cross metathesis of OVS with styrenes in order to form functionalizable dendrimer cores have been reported

• isolated yields exceeding 60%. Chromophore-functionalized silsesquioxane-core dendrimers were obtained to investigate their photophysical properties [12][14]. In the synthesized compounds chromophore properties were only slightly influenced by the core. The possibility of fine-tuning of the photophysical

Design, synthesis and structure of novel G-2 melamine-based dendrimers incorporating 4-(n-octyloxy)aniline as a peripheral unit

• Cristina Morar,
• Pedro Lameiras,
• Attila Bende,
• Gabriel Katona,
• Emese Gál and
• Mircea Darabantu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1704–1722, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.145

• from 4-(n-octyloxy)aniline, seven G-2 melamine-based dendrimers were obtained in 29–79% overall yields. Their iterative convergent- and chemoselective synthesis consisted of SN2-Ar aminations of cyanuric chloride and final triple N-acylations and Williamson etherifications (→ G-2 covalent trimers) or

• step-by-step structural elucidation of novel G-2 melamine dendrimers based on 4-(n-octyloxy)aniline are reported. Our study demonstrates the crucial influence of the nature (covalent vs ionic) of the dendritic construction in tandem with that of its central building blocks on the aptitude of dendrimers

• to self-organise in solution and to self-assembly in the solid state. Keywords: amination; dendrimers; melamines; nano-aggregates; 4-(n-octyloxy)aniline; Introduction N-Substituted melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine)-based dendrimers are a class of macromolecules reported as early as 2000 by E

Recent advances in phosphorescent platinum complexes for organic light-emitting diodes

• Cristina Cebrián and
• Matteo Mauro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1459–1481, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.124

• emitters with a dendrimeric design. Indeed, these results were among the best values ever reported for PhOLEDs based on metal-containing dendrimers, and even compared well with vacuum-deposited devices of non-dendritic structurally-related platinum(II) complexes. As a further development of the work, the

Nanoreactors for green catalysis

• M. Teresa De Martino,
• Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen,
• Floris P. J. T. Rutjes and
• Jan C. M. van Hest

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 716–733, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.61

• , namely: (polymer) vesicles, micelles, dendrimers and nanogels. The ability and efficiency of catalytic nanoreactors to carry out organic reactions in water, to perform cascade reaction and their ability to be recycled will be discussed. Keywords: catalysis; dendrimers; green chemistry; nanogels

• more achievable. Nanocompartments such as polymersomes [40], micelles [41], dendrimers [42], and nanogels [43][44] represent smart and compact devices to carry out reactions in aqueous media. Besides, their facile recyclability make them very suitable as nanoreactors for a multitude of applications in

• , polymersomes, dendrimers and nanogels. The choice of discussing these nanoreactors stems from their accredited relevance in the field of catalysis and the significant number of examples published in literature. The advantageous aspects of these four classes of nanoreactors over non-supported homogeneous

Carbohydrate inhibitors of cholera toxin

• Vajinder Kumar and
• W. Bruce Turnbull

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 484–498, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.34

• divalent and tetravalent molecules [51]. Even the galactose containing dendrimers 20 bind as strongly as that of GM1 [52]. As an improved design of ligand for CT, the GM1 mimic synthesised by Bernardi and co-workers was attached to the dendrimer synthesised by the Pieters group and hence compounds 19 and

Binding abilities of polyaminocyclodextrins: polarimetric investigations and biological assays

• Marco Russo,
• Daniele La Corte,
• Annalisa Pisciotta,
• Serena Riela,
• Rosa Alduina and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2751–2763, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.271

• their potential applications in various fields. Linear or branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers [1][2][3][4][5], as well as polypropyleneimine (PPI) [6][7][8] and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] dendrimers, have been used as proton sponges, capping agents for the

Phosphonic acid: preparation and applications

• Charlotte M. Sevrain,
• Mathieu Berchel,
• Hélène Couthon and
• Paul-Alain Jaffrès

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2186–2213, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.219

• dendrimers 67 [192]. The use of BrSiMe3 was also applied to diverse organometallic compounds as exemplified in Figure 20. This procedure was applicable to compounds featuring CpFe(CO)2 68 [193] or ferrocenyl 69 [194][195] moieties but also to palladium or platinium pincer complexes 70 [196] or arene–chrome

• microwave heating. The final product was isolated in 63% yield [223]. The Moedritzer–Irani reaction was also applied to introduce phosphonic acid functions on polymer or dendrimers possessing reactive amine. Accordingly, phosphonic acids were introduced on polyethyleneglycol 113 [188], polyethylene imine

Encaging palladium(0) in layered double hydroxide: A sustainable catalyst for solvent-free and ligand-free Heck reaction in a ball mill

• Wei Shi,
• Jingbo Yu,
• Zhijiang Jiang,
• Qiaoling Shao and
• Weike Su

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1661–1668, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.160

• . Thus, Pd catalysts anchored on heterogeneous solid support materials such as MCM-41 [29], alumina [30], silica [31], carbon nanotubes [32], microporous polymers [33], SBA-15 [34], or some dendrimers [35] were preferred to develop a ligandless and recyclable catalyst system. However, to the best of our

Interactions between shape-persistent macromolecules as probed by AFM

• Johanna Blass,
• Jessica Brunke,
• Franziska Emmerich,
• Cédric Przybylski,
• Vasil M. Garamus,
• Artem Feoktystov,
• Roland Bennewitz,
• Gerhard Wenz and
• Marcel Albrecht

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.95

• persistent macromolecules with high structural rigidity are able to form stable aggregates based on multiple supramolecular interactions, which can be detected and quantified without the presence of side effects, such as self-passivation or coiling processes. Dendrimers, nanoparticles and shape-persistent

The effect of cyclodextrin complexation on the solubility and photostability of nerolidol as pure compound and as main constituent of cabreuva essential oil

• Joyce Azzi,
• Pierre-Edouard Danjou,
• David Landy,
• Steven Ruellan,
• Lizette Auezova,
• Hélène Greige-Gerges and
• Sophie Fourmentin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 835–844, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.84

• to produce functional foods with enhanced functionality and stability [6]. Various encapsulation materials are used for food applications such as liposomes, phytosomes, cyclodextrins, dendrimers and many others [7][8][9]. The use of cyclodextrins (CDs) in food industry is currently flourishing due to

Dinuclear thiazolylidene copper complex as highly active catalyst for azid–alkyne cycloadditions

• Anne L. Schöffler,
• Ata Makarem,
• Frank Rominger and
• Bernd F. Straub

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1566–1572, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.151

• ][22][23][24][25][26], nucleoside, nucleotide, and oligonucleotide chemistry [27][28][29], in fluorogenic reactions [30], and in the syntheses of dendrimers [25][31]. The detailed mechanism of this reaction and the exact role of copper(I) and the species involved in the catalytic cycle had remained

A journey in bioinspired supramolecular chemistry: from molecular tweezers to small molecules that target myotonic dystrophy

• Steven C. Zimmerman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 125–138, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.14

• ] and dendrimers [64][65] – work that ultimately led Cyrus Anderson, Darrell Kuykendall, Ying Li, Taiho Park, Kwansima Quansah, and Mauricio Suarez to a broader range of supramolecular polymers, including liquid crystals [66], network blends [67], alternating copolymers [68], reversible adhesives [69