Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions

• Francesco Mele,
• Ana M. Constantin,
• Andrea Porcheddu,
• Raimondo Maggi,
• Giovanni Maestri,
• Nicola Della Ca’ and
• Luca Capaldo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33

• yield of 79%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the deformation and reduction in size of SAOED particles upon milling. Interestingly, carbon determination experiments revealed that SAOED is quickly poisoned by organic matter, thus hampering recyclability. This can be to some extent

Synthesis and characterizations of highly luminescent 5-isopropoxybenzo[rst]pentaphene

• Islam S. Marae,
• Jingyun Tan,
• Rengo Yoshioka,
• Zakaria Ziadi,
• Eugene Khaskin,
• Serhii Vasylevskyi,
• Ryota Kabe,
• Xiushang Xu and
• Akimitsu Narita

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 270–276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.19

• by scanning electron microscopy. The intriguing optical properties of BPP and its derivatives may lead to their application as fluorophores. Keywords: benzo[rst]pentaphene; intramolecular charge transfer; nanocrystals; photoluminescence; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Introduction Polycyclic

• intriguing rod-like nano- to microcrystals and/or longer wires, which were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results and Discussion BPP 2 could be prepared by the “DPEX” reaction [12] in 60% yield on a 0.1 g scale from dialdehyde 1 with a concentration of 0.60 mM (Table 1, entry 1). However

Applications of microscopy and small angle scattering techniques for the characterisation of supramolecular gels

• Connor R. M. MacDonald and
• Emily R. Draper

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2608–2634, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.220

• supramolecular gels. Keywords: characterisation; electron microscopy; gelators; small angle scattering; supramolecular materials; Introduction Supramolecular gels are a versatile class of materials, and are of interest in many diverse applications from energy storage to cell culture [1][2]. The versatile

• force microscopy (AFM), electron microscopy (EM) techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) are the most common techniques for imaging self-assembled

• techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), have proven to be some of the most robust and popular supramolecular characterisation techniques. SEM raster scans a fine beam of electrons over a sample surface. As electrons strike the surface, interactions

Supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts as macroscopic soft scaffolds

• Ka-Lung Hung,
• Leong-Hung Cheung,
• Yikun Ren,
• Ming-Hin Chau,
• Yan-Yi Lam,
• Takashi Kajitani and
• Franco King-Chi Leung

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1590–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.142

• moiety. The excellent photoswitchability in organic medium and the photoresponsiveness in aqueous medium, driven by visible light, were investigated by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The assembled supramolecular nanostructures were confirmed by electron microscopy, while the supramolecular packing was

• Information File 1). Negative-stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to investigate the supramolecular transformations in aqueous medium. An aqueous solution of DA11 (82 mM, 5.0 wt %) was diluted to 4.1 mM (0.25 wt %), revealing large-aspect-ratio supramolecular nanofiber assemblies bundled

• soft scaffold of DA11 was imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal bundled nanofibers partially aligned with the long axis of the macroscopic soft scaffold (Figure 4b). The degree of alignment (structural parameters and orientational order) of macroscopic soft scaffolds of DA11 were

Electron-beam-promoted fullerene dimerization in nanotubes: insights from DFT computations

• Laura Abella,
• Gerard Novell-Leruth,
• Josep M. Ricart,
• Josep M. Poblet and
• Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 92–100, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.10

• electron microscopy (TEM) is a technique that has been used for a long time to provide images of molecules, but also to monitor the reactions triggered by the energy transfer of the electron beam to the atoms that build the molecules. In particular, the advances in TEM as well as in methods to anchor

Optimizing reaction conditions for the light-driven hydrogen evolution in a loop photoreactor

• Pengcheng Li,
• Daniel Kowalczyk,
• Johannes Liessem,
• Mohamed M. Elnagar,
• Dariusz Mitoraj,
• Radim Beranek and
• Dirk Ziegenbalg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 74–91, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.9

• activity of the hydrogen evolution. The efficiency of the loop photoreactor is also compared with results from literature obtained in a Schlenk tube system [30]. Results and Discussion Photocatalyst characterization The surface morphology of the Pt-PCN photocatalyst has been analyzed by scanning electron

• microscopy (SEM) at different magnifications, as shown in Figure 1a–d. The images reveal a layered structure exhibiting a rough surface with agglomerated, irregular, and dense particles. Figure 2a–e shows the elemental mapping analysis of Pt-PCN conducted using SEM-EDX. A homogeneous distribution of Pt

Preparing a liquid crystalline dispersion of carbon nanotubes with high aspect ratio

• Keiko Kojima,
• Nodoka Kosugi,
• Hirokuni Jintoku,
• Kazufumi Kobashi and
• Toshiya Okazaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 52–58, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.7

• buoyancy resulting from particle porosity [22][23][27][28]. Indeed, the DWCNT agglomerates having corresponding size can be seen in the optical microscope image of the dispersion (Figure 1b). The shapes of DWCNTs in the dispersion were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force

• examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (HITACHI High-Tech, SU8200) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) (OLYMPUS, OLS-4500). Additionally, the ζ-potential of the DWCNTs was determined by measuring the ζ potential analyzer (Malvern Panalytical, ZETASIZER Pro Red label) in a disposable cell (Malvern

pH-Responsive fluorescent supramolecular nanoparticles based on tetraphenylethylene-labelled chitosan and a six-fold carboxylated tribenzotriquinacene

• Nan Yang,
• Yi-Yan Zhu,
• Wei-Xiu Lin,
• Yi-Long Lu and
• Wen-Rong Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 635–645, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.45

• of a large number of nanoparticles. Conversely, solutions with concentrations below the CAC values did not show an apparent Tyndall effect (Figure S3 in Supporting Information File 1), which provides further support for the accuracy of the CAC values. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used

Preparation of β-cyclodextrin/polysaccharide foams using saponin

• Max Petitjean and
• José Ramón Isasi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 78–88, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.7

• correlated to the foam stability. Morphology of the matrices studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The different microstructures of the samples have been analysed for the three polysaccharide combinations. Those of β-cyclodextrin/LBG matrices will be shown here, since all the polysaccharides

• different times and the percent emergence of the liquid fraction was plotted vs time (see also Figure 1). Characterization of matrices: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of gold-sputter-coated samples was carried out using a Phenom Pro 739 microscope. Infrared analysis was carried out for the crushed

Mechanochemical bottom-up synthesis of phosphorus-linked, heptazine-based carbon nitrides using sodium phosphide

• Blaine G. Fiss,
• Georgia Douglas,
• Michael Ferguson,
• Jorge Becerra,
• Jesus Valdez,
• Trong-On Do,
• Tomislav Friščić and
• Audrey Moores

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1203–1209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.125

• University, Québec City, Québec, Canada Facility for Electron Microscopy Research (FEMR), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada 10.3762/bjoc.18.125 Abstract Herein, we present the bottom-up

• electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS). The STEM-EELS data for a g-h-PCN sample prior to annealing showed equal distribution of carbon and nitrogen with minimal phosphorus present, and particles roughly 400 nm in length (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4a). Upon annealing

• Electron Microscopy Research (FEMR), the MC2 facility, McGill University Institute for Advanced Material (MIAM) for the use of their microscopy and spectroscopy equipment. Funding We are grateful for the support of the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant and

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters: sensing and boosting spin-flipping by aggregation

• Ashish Kumar Mazumdar,
• Gyana Prakash Nanda,
• Nisha Yadav,
• Upasana Deori,
• Upasha Acharyya,
• Bahadur Sk and
• Pachaiyappan Rajamalli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.122

• % water/THF) of BPy-pTC were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM image showed the spherical nanoaggregates of BPy-pTC, with 95 nm diameter (Figure 3f). The BPy-p3C compound emitted in the green region at λem = 530 nm in THF, with a PLQY of 3.6% (Figure 3a). Similar to BPy-pTC

First series of N-alkylamino peptoid homooligomers: solution phase synthesis and conformational investigation

• Maxime Pypec,
• Laurent Jouffret,
• Claude Taillefumier and
• Olivier Roy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 845–854, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.85

• length, corresponding to the amide I C=O stretching of the N-(methylamino)amides functions. Preliminary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of dimer 2 seems to suggest ordered self-assembled multilayered structures (Figure S5 in Supporting Information File 1). This observation now needs to be

Tetraphenylethylene-embedded pillar[5]arene-based orthogonal self-assembly for efficient photocatalysis in water

• Zhihang Bai,
• Krishnasamy Velmurugan,
• Xueqi Tian,
• Minzan Zuo,
• Kaiya Wang and
• Xiao-Yu Hu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 429–437, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.45

• binding interaction between m-TPEWP5 and G is strong enough to form a stable complex in an aqueous solution. The morphology of the supramolecular m-TPEWP5G and m-TPEWP5G-EsY systems was monitored by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As shown in Figure 3, m-TPEWP5G self-assembled to form a worm

Recent developments and trends in the iron- and cobalt-catalyzed Sonogashira reactions

• Surendran Amrutha,
• Sankaran Radhika and
• Gopinathan Anilkumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 262–285, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.31

• polymer) (Co@imine-POP) has been synthesized by immobilizing cobalt onto a nitrogen-rich porous organic polymer (Scheme 20) [35]. Using scanning electron microscopy, the surface morphology of the catalyst was evaluated. Nowadays, covalent organic frameworks (COF) were found to be a suitable support in

Synthesis and bioactivity of pyrrole-conjugated phosphopeptides

• Qiuxin Zhang,
• Weiyi Tan and
• Bing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 159–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.17

• derivatives. Enzymatic conversion To further investigate the reason for the different activities in cell assays among the three compounds, 1, 4a and 6b, we employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the morphologies of the assemblies of these compounds before and after enzymatic

Green synthesis of C5–C6-unsubstituted 1,4-DHP scaffolds using an efficient Ni–chitosan nanocatalyst under ultrasonic conditions

• Soumyadip Basu,
• Sauvik Chatterjee,
• Suman Ray,
• Suvendu Maity,
• Prasanta Ghosh,
• Asim Bhaumik and
• Chhanda Mukhopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 133–142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.14

• characterized by powder Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, etc. It was effectively utilized in the eco-friendly synthesis of

Adjusting the length of supramolecular polymer bottlebrushes by top-down approaches

• Tobias Klein,
• Franka V. Gruschwitz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Ivo Nischang,
• Stephanie Hoeppener and
• Johannes C. Brendel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2621–2628, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.175

• ][27][28]. Both methods are applied for fragmentation of initially µm-long SPBs based on BTU–PEO and BTP–PEO conjugates. The resulting nanofibers were characterized in detail by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM), as well as by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation measurements

• ). cryoTEM investigations were performed at the electron microscopy facilities of the Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), which were purchased with grants from the DFG and the European funds for Regional Development (EFRE). The funding of the collaborative research center PolyTarget, projects A05 and Z01

Exfoliated black phosphorous-mediated CuAAC chemistry for organic and macromolecular synthesis under white LED and near-IR irradiation

• Azra Kocaarslan,
• Zafer Eroglu,
• Önder Metin and
• Yusuf Yagci

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2477–2487, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.164

• detector was calibrated with polystyrene standards having narrow molecular-weight distributions. The data were analyzed using Eco-SEC analysis software. A Hitachi HT7700 (TEM) with EXALENS (120 kV) working at a high-resolution (HR) mode was used to obtain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, high

Constrained thermoresponsive polymers – new insights into fundamentals and applications

• Patricia Flemming,
• Alexander S. Münch,
• Andreas Fery and
• Petra Uhlmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2123–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.138

An initiator- and catalyst-free hydrogel coating process for 3D printed medical-grade poly(ε-caprolactone)

• Jochen Löblein,
• Thomas Lorson,
• Miriam Komma,
• Tobias Kielholz,
• Maike Windbergs,
• Paul D. Dalton and
• Robert Luxenhofer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2095–2101, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.136

• , the high PCL signal intensity covers most of the signals originating from the thin PHEMA coating directly deposited on fibers (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4; a 3D Raman reconstruction is provided in Supporting Information File 2). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) corroborates this fiber

Antiviral therapy in shrimp through plant virus VLP containing VP28 dsRNA against WSSV

• Santiago Ramos-Carreño,
• Ivone Giffard-Mena,
• Jose N. Zamudio-Ocadiz,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Ricardo Valencia-Yañez,
• Jaime Ruiz-Garcia,
• Maria Teresa Viana and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1360–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.95

• in a horizontal agarose gel system (FBSB710 Fisher Scientific) for 4 h at 50 volts (virus buffer), 4 °C and then, the gel was stained with ethidium bromide. The image was captured using a documentation system (MS Major Science). Transmission electron microscopy analysis of VLPs. 6 µL of VLP-dsRNAvp28

• to the wild type CCMV (lane 2 and 3, respectively, in Figure 1). In contrast, the free dsRNAvp28 ran faster (lane 4 in Figure 1) in comparison with the sample and wild type CCMV, as an indication of VLPs formation. The VLPs assembly at each stage was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM

Photoinduced post-modification of graphitic carbon nitride-embedded hydrogels: synthesis of 'hydrophobic hydrogels' and pore substructuring

• Cansu Esen and
• Baris Kumru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1323–1334, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.92

• , Figure S1). Scanning electron microscopy was performed to investigate the morphology of freeze-dried HGCM and HGCM-vTA. As shown in Figure 2a, HGCM exhibits a significantly porous and uniform morphology. Formation of accessible pores for vTA was the key point to reach in order to activate g-CN nanosheets

• performed via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES Optima 8000). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX elemental mapping were performed using a JSM-7500F (JEOL) microscope equipped with an Oxford Instruments X-Max 80 mm2 detector for the determination of both elemental

• . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of a) HGCM and b) HGCM-vTA in combination with their elemental mapping results via EDX. a) Equilibrium swelling ratios of HG, HGCM, HGCM-vTA at specified time intervals. b) Thermogravimetric analysis of HGCM and HGCM-vTA. c) RhB dye releasing efficiency versus time

Enhanced target cell specificity and uptake of lipid nanoparticles using RNA aptamers and peptides

• Roslyn M. Ray,
• Anders Højgaard Hansen,
• Maria Taskova,
• Bernhard Jandl,
• Jonas Hansen,
• Citra Soemardy,
• Kevin V. Morris and
• Kira Astakhova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 891–907, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.75

• assessed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA, Table 3) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). After postinsertion, LNP sizes were found by NTA to range from 54–66 nm (Table 3), while TEM analysis revealed average sizes between 45–52 nm (Supporting

• ”, and “Make measurements” boxes were all checked. Intensity threshold parameters were set to a single threshold with the score compartment set to cytoplasm: Alexa Fluor 647 mean. Mean cytoplasm Alexa Flour 647 values were used and represented as mean ± SEM. Negative staining electron microscopy of LNPs

• Specimens diluted at 1:1000 were absorbed onto glow-discharged, carbon-coated 200 mesh electron microscopy (EM) grids. Samples were prepared by conventional negative staining with 1% (w/v) uranyl acetate. EM images were collected with an FEI Tecnai 12 transmission electron microscope (Thermo Fisher

A new and efficient methodology for olefin epoxidation catalyzed by supported cobalt nanoparticles

• Lucía Rossi-Fernández,
• Viviana Dorn and
• Gabriel Radivoy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 519–526, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.46

• confirming the heterogeneous nature of the catalytic method. The freshly prepared CoNPs/MgO catalyst was characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and

• determined with a Shimadzu GC-14B instrument equipped with a flame-ionisation detector and a 30 m column (HP-5MS, 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm), using nitrogen as carrier gas. Catalyst characterization The freshly prepared catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in a JEOL 100CX2 instrument

¹⁹F NMR as a tool in chemical biology

• Diana Gimenez,
• Aoife Phelan,
• Cormac D. Murphy and
• Steven L. Cobb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 293–318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.28

• their functional architecture. Such an approach typically includes the use of a variety of high-resolution proteomic tools, cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography to achieve full molecular characterization at the atomic level. However, macromolecules such as DNA/RNA and proteins are not