Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions

• Francesco Mele,
• Ana M. Constantin,
• Andrea Porcheddu,
• Raimondo Maggi,
• Giovanni Maestri,
• Nicola Della Ca’ and
• Luca Capaldo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33

• technique for high-throughput experimentation [83]. A further area of development would be the possibility of integrating options for the in-situ monitoring of reactions, such as X-ray and Raman techniques [47][48][84][85][86][87]. In conclusion, in recognizing that both photochemistry and mechanochemistry

Multi-faceted reactivity of N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) under mechanochemical conditions: fluorination, fluorodemethylation, sulfonylation, and amidation reactions

• José G. Hernández,
• Karen J. Ardila-Fierro,
• Dajana Barišić and
• Hervé Geneste

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 182–189, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.20

• solution, the mechanochemical reactions were accomplished in the absence of solvents, in short reaction times, and in yields comparable to or higher than their solvent-based counterparts. Keywords: amidation; ball mill; fluorination; in situ monitoring; mechanochemistry; NFSI; Raman monitoring

Mechanochemistry of nucleosides, nucleotides and related materials

• Olga Eguaogie,
• Joseph S. Vyle,
• Patrick F. Conlon,
• Manuela A. Gîlea and
• Yipei Liang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 955–970, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.81

• observations at a molecular scale [97] and from in situ monitoring of bulk-scale reactions [98]. The limited work relating to the chemical transformation of nucleoside and nucleotide substrates has been mainly focussed upon exploiting the (lack of) solvent requirements. This can allow access to unprecedented

Solvent-free copper-catalyzed click chemistry for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic hybrids based on quinoline and 1,2,3-triazole

• Martina Tireli,
• Silvija Maračić,
• Stipe Lukin,
• Marina Juribašić Kulcsár,
• Dijana Žilić,
• Mario Cetina,
• Ivan Halasz,
• Silvana Raić-Malić and
• Krunoslav Užarević

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2352–2363, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.232

• the reaction and generation of highly luminescent compounds which hindered in situ monitoring by Raman spectroscopy. However, in situ monitoring of the milling processes was enabled by using Cu(0) catalysts in the form of brass milling media which offered a direct insight into the reaction pathway of

The effect of milling frequency on a mechanochemical organic reaction monitored by in situ Raman spectroscopy

• Patrick A. Julien,
• Ivani Malvestiti and
• Tomislav Friščić

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2160–2168, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.216

• ], which have all revealed a non-linear relationship between milling frequency and reaction conversion. Results and Discussion In situ monitoring of the model condensation reaction A preliminary investigation of the model condensation reaction was conducted by milling of o-phenylenediamine (108 mg, 1.0

• starting materials and the product exhibit characteristic signals, and the PMMA spectrum is featureless (Figure 2). Fitting the dataset A principal challenge associated with in situ monitoring of a milling reaction is the variation of the amount of sample in the beam due to the motion of the milling

• with the in situ Raman spectroscopy data. Averaging the triplicate measurements of the time-dependent variation of product spectral contribution for each frequency (Figure 4) reveals remarkable sensitivity of the reaction rate on small changes in milling frequency. The in situ monitoring data indicates

Mechanochemical synthesis of small organic molecules

• Tapas Kumar Achar,
• Anima Bose and
• Prasenjit Mal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1907–1931, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.186

• under the LAG (liquid-assisted grinding) synthesis (Scheme 58) [190]. Initially, in situ monitoring of mechanochemical thiocarbamoylation suggests the formation of reactive intermediate which gradually disappears with the formation of thiocarbamoylated product. Furthermore isolation and spectroscopic

NMR reaction monitoring in flow synthesis

• M. Victoria Gomez and
• Antonio de la Hoz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 285–300, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.31

• with a line of <1 Hz in ethanol. As a proof-of-concept, the integrated flow system (microreactor-stripline NMR chip) was tested in the acylation of benzyl alcohol with acetyl chloride (Figure 7) using DIPEA as the base. The kinetics were studied by in situ monitoring and it was found that 70

Continuous-flow catalytic asymmetric hydrogenations: Reaction optimization using FTIR inline analysis

• Magnus Rueping,
• Teerawut Bootwicha and
• Erli Sugiono

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 300–307, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.32

• reaction, the product formation ( = 1495 cm−1) and substrate consumption ( = 1479 cm−1) can be determined in real time. Analysis of the spectra provided us with an optimal temperature of 60 °C for this reaction. In general the IR-flow-cell technology is a good tool for in situ monitoring and provides a