Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

• Lucas Fortier,
• Corentin Lefebvre and
• Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

• explored the scalability of these systems, demonstrating their efficacy in multigram-scale photooxidations. The use of silicon-based phthalocyanin complexes in continuous-flow reactors not only increased the productivity of β-citronellol oxidation but also reduced the process mass intensity by a factor of

HPW-Catalyzed environmentally benign approach to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines

• Luan A. Martinho and
• Carlos Kleber Z. Andrade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 628–637, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.55

• was applied to a broader range of aromatic/heteroaromatic or aliphatic aldehydes, 2-aminopyridines/2-aminothiazoles and isocyanides. Regarding some Green Chemistry metrics, our methodology proved superior at least considering E-factor and mass intensity. As can be seen in entry 6 of Table 2, our

• protocol showed a lower E-factor by far, which makes it a cleaner and environmentally friendly process. Through the mass intensity parameter, our procedure also showed a lower mass loss compared to the total raw material used to produce a given mass of product. The calculations of these parameters can be

Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges

• Jorge García-Lacuna and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1720–1740, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.182

• ]. Moreover, a high process mass intensity, good space time yield and high product purity were obtained, proving these inline separation techniques can be used as a green and effective purification tool. Previously, Jamison and co-workers performed a total synthesis of atropine in flow using a similar setup

One-pot double annulations to confer diastereoselective spirooxindolepyrrolothiazoles

• Juan Lu,
• Bin Yao,
• Desheng Zhan,
• Zhuo Sun,
• Yun Ji and
• Xiaofeng Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1607–1616, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.171

• ), optimum efficiency (OE), mass productivity (MP), mass intensity (MI), process mass intensity (PMI), E factor (E), and solvent intensity (SI) are listed in Table 3 and Table 4 and are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 (the green metrics and detailed calculation process is described in Supporting Information

A proposed sustainability index for synthesis plans based on input provenance and output fate: application to academic and industrial synthesis plans for vanillin as a case study

• John Andraos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.196

• from biofermentation, chemical synthesis, and solvent extraction processes. In addition, these plans are compared and ranked according to Borda count and poset (partially ordered set) pairwise dominance analyses using the following attributes: process mass intensity (PMI), sacrificial reagent (SR

• ) consumption, input enthalpic energy (IEE) consumption, Rowan solvent greenness index (RSGI), and sustainability index (SI). Keywords: Borda count; green chemistry; input enthalpic energy; process mass intensity; poset dominance analysis; Rowan solvent greenness index; sacrificial reagent; sustainability

• air, water, soil, and sediment. Based on the definition of variables in Equations 1, 2, and 3 we can then define the following key parameters. The process mass intensity (PMI) [13] is defined according to Equation 4. The mass fractions of valorized inputs (FVI) and valorized waste outputs (FVO) are

Natural dolomitic limestone-catalyzed synthesis of benzimidazoles, dihydropyrimidinones, and highly substituted pyridines under ultrasound irradiation

• Kumar Godugu,
• Venkata Divya Sri Yadala,
• Mohammad Khaja Mohinuddin Pinjari,
• Trivikram Reddy Gundala,
• Lakshmi Reddy Sanapareddy and
• Chinna Gangi Reddy Nallagondu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1881–1900, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.156

• reported. Evaluation of the green chemistry metrics for the synthesis of benzimidazoles 3, dihydropyrimidinones 7, and highly functionalized pyridines 11 In order to evaluate the “greenness” of the proposed methodologies, the green chemistry metrics, such as the atom economy (AE), E-factor, process mass

• intensity (PMI), Curzon’s reaction mass efficiency (RME), and generalized or global reaction mass efficiency (gRME) were evaluated by adopting established standard empirical formulae [88][89]. The obtained results are summarized in Tables 8–10. This study revealed that the reactions displayed a good to

The weight of flash chromatography: A tool to predict its mass intensity from thin-layer chromatography

• Freddy Pessel,
• Jacques Augé,
• Isabelle Billault and
• Marie-Christine Scherrmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2351–2357, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.228

• approach to evaluate the minimum mass intensity of flash chromatography from the retention factor values determined by thin-layer chromatography. Keywords: environmental factor; flash chromatography; green metrics; mass intensity; purification; Introduction As part of a more respectful environmental

• reaction, but also other materials used for the work-up and for the purification steps. The Sheldon E factor [1][2] and the mass intensity MI [3][4][5], which are defined according to Equation 1 and Equation 2, respectively, are classical metrics based on the economy of material for evaluating the

• , but also the amount of non-reacting starting materials, auxiliaries, catalysts or any additives such as acids, bases, salts, solvents of the reaction or solvents required for the work-up and the purification. We demonstrated that the mass intensity could be easily calculated for linear and convergent

Tunable microwave-assisted method for the solvent-free and catalyst-free peracetylation of natural products

• Manuela Oliverio,
• Paola Costanzo,
• Monica Nardi,
• Carla Calandruccio,
• Raffaele Salerno and
• Antonio Procopio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2222–2233, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.214

• di-glycosylated derivative of quercetin (13), demonstrated that an additional acetylation run could give rise also to a quercetin peracetylation. An evaluation of the greenness of the process was performed by calculation of atom economy (AE), reaction mass efficiency (RME), mass intensity (MI) and

Continuous formation of N-chloro-N,N-dialkylamine solutions in well-mixed meso-scale flow reactors

• A. John Blacker and
• Katherine E. Jolley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2408–2417, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.262

• literature batch procedures. The atom economy of our process was increased compared to the use of N-chlorosuccinimide [3], or NaOCl/t-BuOH, Table 3, entries 2 and 3 [20]. There are also improvements to the total mass intensity of the flow procedure, primarily by avoiding work-up and purification procedures

EcoScale, a semi- quantitative tool to select an organic preparation based on economical and ecological parameters

• Koen Van Aken,
• Lucjan Strekowski and
• Luc Patiny

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2006, 2, No. 3, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-3

• the percentage of the mass of desired product relative to the mass of all non-benign materials used in the synthesis. It introduces the important issue of (eco)toxicity. Mass intensity [13] The mass intensity is defined as the ratio of the total mass used in a process (step) and the mass of the end