Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• used acylimidazole 170 to prepare methyl cinnamate (44) without preactivation (Scheme 54C) [97]. Recently, Sundén and co-workers (2024) applied a hybrid NHC-based catalyst (cat 5) which, in its active form ox-cat 5, converts cinnamaldehyde (162) to the corresponding esters 24, 171–173 via internal

The effect of neighbouring group participation and possible long range remote group participation in O-glycosylation

• Rituparna Das and
• Balaram Mukhopadhyay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 369–406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.27

Evaluating the halogen bonding strength of a iodoloisoxazolium(III) salt

• Dominik L. Reinhard,
• Anna Schmidt,
• Marc Sons,
• Julian Wolf,
• Elric Engelage and
• Stefan M. Huber

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2401–2407, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.204

• preactivation process between the XB donor, the gold complex, or the amide can be assumed. Such a sigmoidal curve for this reaction has also been observed in one of the previous studies on the XB activation of gold complexes [15]. The prototypic iodolium 1BArF showed significantly better results reaching ≈85

Competing electrophilic substitution and oxidative polymerization of arylamines with selenium dioxide

• Vishnu Selladurai and
• Selvakumar Karuthapandi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1221–1235, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.105

• . have very recently reported the synthesis of the black solid 4,4'-selenodianiline without the use of catalysts, preactivation, or any blocking groups (Scheme 1) [37]. In contrast, Kim et al., utilizing a CuI-catalyzed reaction [38], have reported that 4,4'-selenodianiline is a pale brown solid, which

Photocatalytic sequential C–H functionalization expediting acetoxymalonylation of imidazo heterocycles

• Deepak Singh,
• Shyamal Pramanik and
• Soumitra Maity

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 666–673, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.48

• either on harsh reaction conditions or require the preactivation of substrates, which limits their synthetic efficiency. A photocatalytic quaternary C-3 alkylation has also been reported recently (Scheme 1A) [21][22]. During the course of our study, the Wu group reported a solvent-controlled

• chemodivergent formation of C-3 ethoxycarbonylmethylated and hydroxyalkylated IPs under visible light using water or alcohol as the source of the oxygenated group under degassed conditions [22]. However, all these photochemical methods require the usage of a substantial amount of base, the preactivation with a

C3-Alkylation of furfural derivatives by continuous flow homogeneous catalysis

• Grédy Kiala Kinkutu,
• Catherine Louis,
• Myriam Roy,
• Juliette Blanchard and
• Julie Oble

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 582–592, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.43

• ). On the contrary, when preheating was removed with 5 mol % comp4 (entry 1 in Table 2), a drastic decrease in yield was observed, from 62% to 44% (entry 1 vs entry 7). This allowed us to assume that such preactivation is no longer necessary with 1 mol % of comp4. Thus, a lower catalyst loading, i.e., a

Synthesis of protected precursors of chitin oligosaccharides by electrochemical polyglycosylation of thioglycosides

• Md Azadur Rahman,
• Kana Kuroda,
• Hirofumi Endo,
• Norihiko Sasaki,
• Tomoaki Hamada,
• Hiraku Sakai and
• Toshiki Nokami

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1133–1139, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.117

• oligosaccharides based on electrochemical preactivation of building blocks, is an alternative method for the synthesis of chitin oligosaccharides [3][4], it is also time-consuming and too sophisticated to prepare oligosaccharides composed of a single repeating structure. Thus, we assume that the electrochemical

Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides

• Giulio Fittolani,
• Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas,
• Denisa Vargová,
• Manishkumar A. Chaube and
• Martina Delbianco

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1981–2025, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.129

• (6mer, 8mer, 10mer and 12mer) following a convergent preactivation-based iterative strategy [135]. These compounds were subsequently conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, revealing that the length of the glucans affected the immunogenic properties. A pre-activation-based iterative one-pot

Enhanced target cell specificity and uptake of lipid nanoparticles using RNA aptamers and peptides

• Roslyn M. Ray,
• Anders Højgaard Hansen,
• Maria Taskova,
• Bernhard Jandl,
• Jonas Hansen,
• Citra Soemardy,
• Kevin V. Morris and
• Kira Astakhova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 891–907, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.75

• columns. Initially, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group removal from the Rink linker was achieved by applying 20% piperidine in DMF (2 × 30 min). Preactivation of Fmoc amino acid (4 equiv) prior each coupling was performed with 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide

Recent developments in photoredox-catalyzed remote ortho and para C–H bond functionalizations

• Rafia Siddiqui and
• Rashid Ali

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 248–280, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.26

• regioselectivity, the requirement of directing groups and preactivation of the compounds were the major drawbacks [141][142][143]. On the other hand, when the reaction was carried out with photoredox catalyst 6 and 11, respectively, no product was obtained, showcasing the necessity of a highly oxidizing photoredox

Enzyme-free genetic copying of DNA and RNA sequences

• Marilyne Sosson and
• Clemens Richert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 603–617, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.47

• the extension of RNA primers with ribonucleotides without preactivation lies in the different pH optima of the two reactions. The activation, which now has to occur in the same solution as the extension, is most easily performed under slightly acidic conditions, whereas the extension reaction is

Preactivation-based chemoselective glycosylations: A powerful strategy for oligosaccharide assembly

• Weizhun Yang,
• Bo Yang,
• Sherif Ramadan and
• Xuefei Huang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2094–2114, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.207

• protective group manipulation and aglycon adjustment often need to be performed on oligosaccharide intermediates, which lower the overall synthetic efficiency. Preactivation-based glycosylation refers to strategies where the glycosyl donor is activated by a promoter in the absence of an acceptor. The

• as sulfate esters and deoxy glycosides have been successfully synthesized. The preactivation-based chemoselective glycosylation is a powerful strategy for oligosaccharide assembly complementing the more traditional premixed method. Keywords: chemoselectivity; glycosides; preactivation; synthesis

• . In comparison, the preactivation-based iterative glycosylation is unique, where a glycosyl donor is preactivated in the absence of an acceptor to produce a reactive intermediate (Scheme 1b) [18][19][20][21]. Upon complete donor activation, the acceptor is added to the reaction mixture, which

Silyl-protective groups influencing the reactivity and selectivity in glycosylations

• Mikael Bols and
• Christian Marcus Pedersen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 93–105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.12

• was still highly β-selective [61]. Independently of the work by the Boons group, Crich et al. showed that using preactivation conditions on the equivalent D-arabinofuranosyl donor resulted in rupture of the β-selectivity [62]. Ito and co-workers studied the influence of tethering the 3- and 5-OH by a

TMSBr-mediated solvent- and work-up-free synthesis of α-2-deoxyglycosides from glycals

• Mei-Yuan Hsu,
• Yi-Pei Liu,
• Sarah Lam,
• Su-Ching Lin and
• Cheng-Chung Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1758–1764, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.164

• and high susceptibility to hydrolysis, which are the main obstacles to constructing glycosidic linkages stereoselectively [8]. Some approaches, such as the AgPF6-DTBMS [9] and preactivation approach [10], can directly yield stereoselective glycosylations. Indirect methods that utilize auxiliary groups

• . Subsequently, 65 was coupled with the primary hydroxy saccharide acceptor 23 through a chloride-mediated preactivation glycosylation to afford 66 in 71% yield with moderate selectivity (α:β = 1:2) [16]. Two possible mechanisms are proposed for the α-selectivity observed here (Scheme 2). It is well-accepted

One-pot synthesis of 4′-alkyl-4-cyanobiaryls on the basis of the terephthalonitrile dianion and neutral aromatic nitrile cross-coupling

• Roman Yu. Peshkov,
• Elena V. Panteleeva,
• Wang Chunyan,
• Evgeny V. Tretyakov and
• Vitalij D. Shteingarts

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1577–1584, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.153

• approach to a large number of functionalized biaryls with good or excellent yields. Nevertheless, the methodology has some disadvantages: the catalytic systems are quite expensive, the ligands are often hardly accessible and require special synthetic efforts, and preactivation of the substrates via

Molecular-oxygen-promoted Cu-catalyzed oxidative direct amidation of nonactivated carboxylic acids with azoles

• Wen Ding,
• Shaoyu Mai and
• Qiuling Song

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2158–2165, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.233

• , preactivation of the free carboxylic acids is always required, and stoichiometric activating reagents or coupling reagents are mandatory in the classic methods of amide formation (Scheme 1a) [23]. In some cases, corrosive byproducts (HCl) are unavoidable and the activating reagent is difficult to remove from

Efficient routes toward the synthesis of the D-rhamno-trisaccharide related to the A-band polysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Aritra Chaudhury,
• Sajal K. Maity and
• Rina Ghosh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1488–1494, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.153

• would have similar reactivity towards glycosylative activation. Hence, a preactivation-based glycosylation protocol was devised for the first step leading to the disaccharide 11 using 1-benzenesulfinyl piperidine–triflic anhydride (BSP–Tf2O) [46]. The subsequent step was carried out using NIS–TMSOTf to

Multivalent display of the antimicrobial peptides BP100 and BP143

• Imma Güell,
• Rafael Ferre,
• Kasper K. Sørensen,
• Esther Badosa,
• Iteng Ng-Choi,
• Emilio Montesinos,
• Eduard Bardají,
• Lidia Feliu,
• Knud J. Jensen and
• Marta Planas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2106–2117, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.237

• microwave instrument at 60 °C for 10 min. The resin was washed with DMF (3 × 1 min), CH2Cl2 (3 × 1 min) and dichloroethane (DCE) (3 × 1 min) and the reductive amination step was repeated. Then, Fmoc-Leu-OH (10 equiv) was dissolved in DCE/DMF (10:1), DIPCDI (5 equiv) was added, and after preactivation for 10

Acylsulfonamide safety-catch linker: promise and limitations for solid–phase oligosaccharide synthesis

• Jian Yin,
• Steffen Eller,
• Mayeul Collot and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2067–2071, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.232

• reaction conditions on solid support since cleavage only occurs following preactivation. Thus, different modification reactions, such as Staudinger reduction, ester saponification or sulfation, necessary for the synthesis of GAGs, can be performed on solid support in an automated carbohydrate synthesizer

• reactions result in the preactivation of the safety-catch linker, which can lead to cleavage in presence of nucleophiles. Similar results were observed when the experiments were repeated. The desired product 22 was detected in trace amounts only in the case of the coupling of thioglycoside 17 activated by

Palladium-catalyzed dual C–H or N–H functionalization of unfunctionalized indole derivatives with alkenes and arenes

• Gianluigi Broggini,
• Egle M. Beccalli,
• Andrea Fasana and
• Silvia Gazzola

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1730–1746, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.198

• reoxidized with the Ag(I) and Cu(II) salts. Intermolecular reactions involving arenes The formation of homo-coupling products is one of the most common drawbacks in intermolecular reactions between arenes without preactivation of the substrates. In 2006, Lu and co-workers reported one of the first articles

Synthesis of trifunctional cyclo-β-tripeptide templates

• Frank Stein,
• Tahir Mehmood,
• Tilman Plass,
• Javid H. Zaidi and
• Ulf Diederichsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1576–1583, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.180

• peptide penetratin 8 (9.00 mg, 1.98 μmol, 1.43 equiv) was dissolved in DMF (30.0 μL) and DIEA (2.42 μL, 14.0 μmol, 10.0 equiv) and stock solutions of HOBt and HBTU in DMF (4.16 μL, 2.08 μmol, 1.50 equiv) were added. After 5 min of preactivation, the solution was added to the cyclic β-tripeptide 15 (1.20