Recent advances in controllable/divergent synthesis

• Jilei Cao,
• Leiyang Bai and
• Xuefeng Jiang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 890–914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.73

• control The precise regulation of product selectivity represents a fundamental challenge in transition-metal-catalyzed organic transformations, with significant implications for complex molecule synthesis. In this context, ligand-modulated divergent catalysis has emerged as a paradigm-shifting strategy

• for the time-controlled palladium-catalyzed divergent synthesis of silacycles [43]. Metal-free temperature-controlled regiodivergent borylative cyclizations of enynes [45]. Nickel-catalyzed switchable site-selective alkene hydroalkylation by temperature regulation [46]. Copper-catalyzed

Orthogonal photoswitching of heterobivalent azobenzene glycoclusters: the effect of glycoligand orientation in bacterial adhesion

• Leon M. Friedrich and
• Thisbe K. Lindhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 736–748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.57

• periphery of the FimH form the basis of the higher FimH affinity of the E isomers (as was argued in similar case [15]) (cf. Supporting Information File 1, Figure S25 and Figure S26). A possible allosteric regulation of the CRD structure [55][56], on the other hand, which might be effected by one of the

Synthesis of electrophile-tethered preQ₁ analogs for covalent attachment to preQ₁ RNA

• Laurin Flemmich and
• Ronald Micura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 483–489, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.35

• naturally in mRNA riboswitches in bacteria and is involved in ligand-dependent gene regulation. Therefore, this riboswitch (like others) has become an attractive target for drug design. To date, most known RNA–small molecule binders interact in a non-covalent manner. The compounds presented here are part of

Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions

• Francesco Mele,
• Ana M. Constantin,
• Andrea Porcheddu,
• Raimondo Maggi,
• Giovanni Maestri,
• Nicola Della Ca’ and
• Luca Capaldo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33

• optimal temperature regulation using a fan. To overcome the challenge posed by the non-transparency of milling jars, a glass capsule was utilized. Teflon balls were employed to grind the reagents, thereby minimizing wear on the milling vessel. As a benchmark reaction, they selected the photochemical

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

• Pablo Quijano Velasco,
• Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
• Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

• consists of a fluid delivery system, mixing tools, reactors, quenching units, pressure regulation units, and collection vessels. The fluid delivery is normally executed using either high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), a syringe, or peristaltic pumps. A passive mixing stage where the reagents are

Multicomponent reactions driving the discovery and optimization of agents targeting central nervous system pathologies

• Lucía Campos-Prieto,
• Aitor García-Rey,
• Eddy Sotelo and
• Ana Mallo-Abreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3151–3173, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.261

• various tissues, with a prominent expression in the adult brain, where it contributes to metabolic processes, aging, and epigenetic regulation. In this context, the group of Hasaninejad et al. (2017) [49] described the synthesis of spirooxindole, spiroacenaphthylene, and bisbenzo[b]pyran derivatives using

Cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes for polymer materials: challenge on simultaneous realization of inexpensive production and defined structures

• Yosuke Akae

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3026–3049, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.252

• considerably studied. However, in a small-molecule system, high-yield synthesis is still not so conventional except with the urea end-capping method. In the next section, the structural regulation system is explored and discussed in terms of its applicability to polymer systems. Structural control of the (poly

• such structural regulation of the rotaxane framework, NMR was deployed as a very powerful evaluation method, especially the nuclear Overhauser effect or rotating-frame Overhauser effect, which is used to analyze the spatial adjacency of the components. It provides critical data for detecting the

• wheel on the stilbene moiety was used for this system, no structural change was induced by the change in the solvent. The self-inclusion of [2]rotaxane in water was induced by the hydrophobic interaction. As shown above, various structural regulation systems were developed for CD-based rotaxane. However

N-Glycosides of indigo, indirubin, and isoindigo: blue, red, and yellow sugars and their cancerostatic activity

• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2840–2869, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.240

• the signaling effects mentioned above. In fact, ROS were shown to be upstream of all proapoptotic signaling and to play a decisive role in apoptosis regulation which might lead to new strategies for the therapy of melanoma. As mentioned above, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second

Computational toolbox for the analysis of protein–glycan interactions

• Ferran Nieto-Fabregat,
• Maria Pia Lenza,
• Angela Marseglia,
• Cristina Di Carluccio,
• Antonio Molinaro,
• Alba Silipo and
• Roberta Marchetti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2084–2107, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.180

• for humans, animals and plants, including drug design [14][15], vaccine development [15][16] and numerous other possibilities in the field of carbohydrate chemistry and biology. Notably, the regulation of the host immune response is often mediated by glycans, particularly through their recognition by

• proteins versatility places them at the core of almost every biological event, including cell–cell communication and regulation of immune responses. In the majority of cases, these mechanisms are significantly influenced by the molecular interactions occurring between glycans and receptor proteins. A well

The Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reaction in its maturity: innovation and improvements since its 21st birthday (2019–2023)

• Cristina Martini,
• Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan and
• Andrea Basso

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1839–1879, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.162

Chemical and biosynthetic potential of Penicillium shentong XL-F41

• Ran Zou,
• Xin Li,
• Xiaochen Chen,
• Yue-Wei Guo and
• Baofu Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 597–606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.52

• clusters (BGCs), several methods can be utilized, for instance, epigenetic regulation, co-culture, precursor feeding, heterologous expression, and changing fermentation parameters [11][12][13][14]. In the present study, we focused on a newly identified Penicillium strain, Penicillium shentong XL-F41. To

Switchable molecular tweezers: design and applications

• Pablo Msellem,
• Maksym Dekthiarenko,
• Nihal Hadj Seyd and
• Guillaume Vives

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 504–539, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.45

• proximity, either by direct interaction or via a small intercalating molecule. Therefore, switchable molecular tweezers can be considered a prototype of a mechanical molecular device capable of allosteric regulation and dual control through switching and guest binding. While the primary application of

• . Vives and co-workers reported bis(platinum–salphen)terpyridine tweezers 20 that can intercalate in the U form extended aromatic guests such as coronene and perylene [52]. The opening of the tweezers with the addition of Zn2+ released the guest demonstrating an example of negative allosteric regulation

• fullerene complexation in the cavity, thus enabling an allosteric regulation of the complexation properties of the system by a Pd(II) stimulus. An example of direct utilization of the rotation around the single bond of the bipyridine unit was reported by Caltagirone and co-workers in tweezers 29 (Figure 16a

Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel–Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles

• Periklis X. Kolagkis,
• Eirini M. Galathri and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 379–426, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.36

Elucidating the glycan-binding specificity and structure of Cucumis melo agglutinin, a new R-type lectin

• Jon Lundstrøm,
• Emilie Gillon,
• Valérie Chazalet,
• Nicole Kerekes,
• Antonio Di Maio,
• Ten Feizi,
• Yan Liu,
• Annabelle Varrot and
• Daniel Bojar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 306–320, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.31

• biology, and biomedicine. These carbohydrate-binding proteins boast a range of functions, acting as recognition modules in cell–molecule and cell–cell interactions, thereby playing vital roles in immune defense, regulation of growth, and apoptosis [1]. In plants, they serve as essential components in

Studying specificity in protein–glycosaminoglycan recognition with umbrella sampling

• Mateusz Marcisz,
• Sebastian Anila,
• Margrethe Gaardløs,
• Martin Zacharias and
• Sergey A. Samsonov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1933–1946, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.144

• regulation of cell growth, proliferation and promotion of cell adhesion, anticoagulation, and wound repair [6][7][8][9]. All these processes are mediated through their direct interactions with diverse protein targets such as collagens, chemokines [10][11], and growth factors [12][13][14], which makes them

Quinoxaline derivatives as attractive electron-transporting materials

• Zeeshan Abid,
• Liaqat Ali,
• Sughra Gulzar,
• Faiza Wahad,
• Raja Shahid Ashraf and
• Christian B. Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1694–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.124

• -phenylindoloquinoxaline (PhIQ) derivatives, shown in Figure 6 as Qx50 series, by chemically modifying the PhIQ groups. In particular, substituents at the 2- and 3-positions of PhIQs were introduced, allowing regulation of the reduction–oxidation potentials of the compounds. The PhIQs exhibited fluorescent solvatochromism

Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies

• Mattia Lepori,
• Simon Schmid and
• Joshua P. Barham

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1055–1145, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.81

• been introduced [42][43][44]. Since radical ion conPET chemistry gives access to different reducing species of the same catalyst and both are photoactive, König and co-workers developed a synthetic protocol that allows the chromoselective (wavelength-dependent) regulation of catalytic behavior and thus

Intermediates and shunt products of massiliachelin biosynthesis in Massilia sp. NR 4-1

• Till Steinmetz,
• Blaise Kimbadi Lombe and
• Markus Nett

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 909–917, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.69

• underlie discrete regulation mechanisms, which explains their context-dependent production [27]. The examples of P. aeruginosa and B. anthracis suggest that siderophore biosynthesis sometimes requires specific triggers beyond iron deficiency, which may not be met under laboratory conditions. The six

Total synthesis of insect sex pheromones: recent improvements based on iron-mediated cross-coupling chemistry

• Eric Gayon,
• Guillaume Lefèvre,
• Olivier Guerret,
• Adrien Tintar and
• Pablo Chourreu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 158–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.15

• , dialkyl phosphates used as leaving groups lead to overall transformations which display a poor atom economy. Moreover, diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), used as a classic starting material in the dienol phosphates synthesis, is also registered under REACH regulation, and its use brings several toxicity

Supramolecular approaches to mediate chemical reactivity

• Pablo Ballester,
• Qi-Qiang Wang and
• Carmine Gaeta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1463–1465, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.152

• advantages of heteroleptic over homoleptic cages and they showed examples of nanomechanical motion influencing catalytic activity. They also discuss the regulation of the catalytic activity of heteroleptic systems by an external stimulus. We are very grateful to all colleagues who contributed to this issue

Synthesis and HDAC inhibitory activity of pyrimidine-based hydroxamic acids

• Virginija Jakubkiene,
• Gabrielius Ernis Valiulis,
• Markus Schweipert,
• Asta Zubriene,
• Daumantas Matulis,
• Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes and
• Sigitas Tumkevicius

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 837–844, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.84

• (HDACs) play an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of cells through the deacetylation of nuclear histone and non-histone proteins and are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of various diseases. Here, the synthesis of new compounds in which a hydroxamic acid residue is attached

Heteroleptic metallosupramolecular aggregates/complexation for supramolecular catalysis

• Prodip Howlader and
• Michael Schmittel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 597–630, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.62

• complexes by Chan using complementary ligand binding [39], sometimes combined with conformational regulation [40], and of Newkome/Li [41] applying mainly geometric complementarity [42]. Clever utilized shape complementarity [21] for building heteroleptic palladium(II) cages whereas Crowley developed a

Site-selective reactions mediated by molecular containers

• Rui Wang and
• Yang Yu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 309–324, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.35

• , directing groups are introduced to the substrates covalently to achieve site-selective C–H bond activation, which prospered greatly in the past decades [7][8][9]. Template regulation is also introduced to locate reactive centers in a noncovalent way through hydrogen bonding [10][11][12]. Even though

GlycoBioinformatics

• Kiyoko F. Aoki-Kinoshita,
• Frédérique Lisacek,
• Niclas Karlsson,
• Daniel Kolarich and
• Nicolle H. Packer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2726–2728, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.184

• , type and linkage of glycoconjugate (e.g., N-linked, O-linked glycoprotein, glycolipid, proteoglycan), association with, and regulation of, expression in particular tissues or cell types, and interaction with biological surroundings. With this definition, it is obvious that glycobioinformatics is

A visible-light-induced, metal-free bis-arylation of 2,5-dichlorobenzoquinone

• Pieterjan Winant and
• Wim Dehaen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2315–2320, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.149

• nature makes them crucial players in both the regulation of reactive oxygen species and biological stress levels in human tissue [9], as well as in the photosynthesis of plants and bacteria [10]. Aside from their use in therapeutics, quinones possess unique photophysical and electronic properties